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and forty millions (leaving out Lorraine。  Alsace; the three Evéchés

and the West Indies)。…Ibid。; 360。  In 1786 the importations from the

West Indies amounted to one hundred and seventy…four millions; of

which St。  Domingo furnished one hundred and thirty…one millions; the

exports to the West Indies amounted to sixty…four millions; of which

St。  Domingo had forty…four millions。  These exchanges were effected

by five hundred and sixty…nine vessels carrying one hundred and sixty…

two thousand tons; of which Bordeaux provided two hundred and forty…

six vessels; carrying seventy…five thousand tons。  … On the ruin of

manufactures cf。  the reports of préfets in the year X。; with details

from each department。  … Arthur Young (II。; 444) states that the

Revolution affected manufactures more seriously than any other branch

of industry。



'17' Reports of préfets。  (Orme; year IX。) 〃The purchasers have

speculated on the profits for the time being; and have exhausted their

resources。  Many of them have destroyed all the plantations; all the

enclosures and even the fruit trees。〃 … Felix Rocquam; ibid。; 116。

(Report by Fourcroy on Brittany。) 〃The condition of rural structures

everywhere demands considerable capital。  But no advances; based on

any lasting state of things; can be made。〃 … Ibid。; 236。  (Report of

Lacuée on the departments around Paris。) 〃The doubtful owners of

national possessions cultivate badly and let things largely go to

ruin。〃



'18' Reports by préfets; years X。  and XI。  In general; the effect of

the partition of communal possessions was disastrous; especially

pasture and mountain grounds。  … (Doubs。) 〃The partition of the

communal property has contributed; in all the communes; rather to the

complete ruin of the poor than to any amelioration of their fate。〃 …

(Lozére。) 〃The partition of the communal property by the law of June

10; 1792; has proved very injurious to cultivation。〃 These partitions

were numerous。  (Moselle。) 〃Out of six hundred and eighty…six

communes; one hundred and seven have divided per capitum; five hundred

and seventy…nine by families; and one hundred and nineteen have

remained intact。〃



'19' Ibid。  (Moselle。) Births largely increase in 1792。  〃But this is

an exceptional year。  All kinds of abuses; paper…money; the non…

payment of taxes and claims; the partition in the communes; the sale

for nothing of national possessions; has spread so much comfort among

the people that the poorer classes; who are the most numerous; have

had no dread of increasing their families1 to which they hope some day

to leave their fields and render them happy。〃



'20' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Memoires;〃 II。; 29。  (February 1; 1794。) 〃The late

crop in France was generally good; and; in some provinces; it was

above the average。。。  I have seen the statements of two returns made

from twenty…seven departments; they declare an excess of fifteen;

twenty; thirty and thirty…five thousand bushels of grain。  There is no

real dearth。〃



'21' Schmidt; ibid。; I。; 110; and following pages。  … Buchez et Roux;

XX。; 416。  (Speeches of Lequinio; November 27; 1792。) … Moniteur;

XVII。; 2。  (Letter by Clement; Puy…de…Dome; June 15; 1793。) 〃For the

past fifteen days bread has been worth sixteen and eighteen sous the

pound。  There is the most frightful distress in our mountains。  The

government distributes one…eighth of a bushel to each person;

everybody being obliged to wait two days to take his turn。  One woman

was smothered and several were wounded。〃



'22' Cf。  〃La Revolution;〃 I。; 208; II。; 294; 205; 230。  … Buchez et

Roux; XX。; 431。  (Report of Lecointe…Puyraveau; Nov。  30; 1792。) (Mobs

of four; five and six thousand men in the departments of Eure…et…

Loire; Eure; Orme; Calvados; Indre…et…Loire; Loiret; and Sarthe cut

down the prices of produce。  The three delegates of the Convention

disposed to interfere have their lives saved only on condition of

announcing the rate dictated to them。  … Ibid。; 409。  (Letter of

Roland; Nov。27; 1792。) … XXI。; 198。  (Another letter by Roland; Dec。

6; 1792。) 〃All convoys are stopped at Lissy; la Ferté; Milan; la

Ferté…sous…Jouarre 。  。  。  Carts loaded with wheat going to Paris

have been forced to go back near Lonjumeau and near Meaux。〃



'23' Archives Nationales; F。  7; 3265。  (Letter of David; cultivator;

and administrator of the department of Seine…Inférieure; Oct。11; 1792;

letter of the special committee of Rouen; Oct。22; letter of the

delegates of the executive power; Oct。20; etc。) 〃Reports from all

quarters state that the farmers who drive to market are considered and

treated in their parishes as aristocrats。  。  。  。  。  Each department

keeps to itself: they mutually repel each other。〃



'24' Buchez et Roux; XX。; 409。  (Letter of Roland; Nov。  271 1792。)

〃The circulation of grain has for a long time encountered the greatest

obstacles; scarcely a citizen now dares to do that business。〃 … Ibid。;

417。  (Speech by Lequinio。) 〃The monopoly of wheat by land…owners and

farmers is almost universal。  Fright is the cause of it。  。  。  。

And where does this fear come from? From the general agitation; and

threats; with the bad treatment in many places of the farmers; land…

owners and traffickers in wheat known as bladiers。〃 … Decrees of

Sep。16; 1792; and May 4; 1793。



'25' Buchez et Roux; XIX。  (Report by Cambon; Sep。22; 1792。) 〃The

taxes no longer reach the public treasury; because they are used for

purchasing grain in the departments。〃 Ibid。; XIX。; 29。  (Speech by

Cambon; Oct。12; 1792。) 〃You can bear witness in your departments to

the sacrifices which well…to…do people have been obliged to make in

helping the poor class。  In many of the towns extra taxes have been

laid for the purchase of grain and for a thousand other helpful

measures。〃



'26' Buchez et Roux; XX。; 409。  (Letter of Roland; Nov。29; 1792) …

XXI。; 199。  (Deliberations of the provisional executive council; Sep。

3; 1792。) … Dauban; 〃La Demagogie en 1793;〃 p。  64。  (Diary kept by

Beaulieu。) Ibid。; 152。)



'27' Schmidt; I。; 110…130。  … Decrees against the export of coin or

ingots; Sep。  5 and 15; 1792。…Decree on stocks or bonds payable to

bearer; Aug。14; 1792。



'28' We might today call this sentiment a desire to acquire and

retain。  (Sentiment of acquisiton)。  (SR。)



'29' Taine's remark in a footnote。  (SR。)



'30' Archives Nationales; D。; 55; I。; file 2。  (Letter by Joifroy;

national agent in the district of Bar…sur…Aube; Germinal 5; year III。)

〃Most of the farmers; to escape the requisition; have sold their

horses and replaced them with oxen。〃 … Memoirs (in ms。) of M。 Dufort

de Cheverney (communicated by M。 Robert de Crévec?ur)。  In June;

1793; 〃the requisitions fall like hail; every week; on wheat; hay;

straw; oats; etc。;〃 all at prices fixed by the contractors; who make

deductions; postpone and pay with difficulty。  Then come requisitions

for hogs。  〃This was depriving all the country folks of what they

lived on。〃 As the requisitions called for live hogs; there was a hog

St。  Bartholomew。  Everybody killed his pig and salted it down。〃

(Environs of Blois。) In relation to refusing to gather in crops; see

further on。  … Dauban; 〃Paris in 1794; p。229。  (Ventose 24; general

orders by Henriot。) 〃Citizen Guillon being on duty outside the walls;

saw with sorrow that citizens were cutting their wheat to feed rabbits

with。〃



'31' Decree of Messidor 23; year II。; on the consolidation with the

national domain of the assets and liabilities of hospitals and other

charitable institutions。  (See reports of prefets on the effect of

this law; on the ruin of the hospitals; on the misery of the sick; of

foundlings and the infirm; from years IX。  to XIII。) … Decrees of

August 8 and 12; 1793; and July 24; 1794; on academies and literary

societies。  … Decree of August 24; 1793; § 29; on the assets and

liabilities of communes。



'32' Schmidt; I。; 144。  (Two billions September 27; 1793; one billion

four hundred millions June 19; 1794。) … Decree of August 24; September

13; 1793; on the conversion of title…deeds and the formation of the

Grand Ledger。  … Decrees of July 31; August 30 and September 5; on

calling in the assignats à face royale。  … Decrees of August 1 and

September 5; 1793; on the refusal to accept assignats at par。



'33' Archives Nationales; F。7; 4421。  (Documents on the revolutionary

taxes organized at Troyes; Brumaire 11; year II。) Three hundred and

seventy…three persons are taxed; especially manufacturers; merchants

and land…owners; the minimum of the tax is one hundred francs; the

maximum fifty thousand francs; the total being one million seven

hundred and sixty…two thousand seven hundred francs。  Seventy…six

petitions attached to the papers show exactly the situation of things

in relation to trade; manufactures and property; the state of fortunes

and credit of the upper and lower bourgeois class。



'34' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 17。  〃I have seen the thirty…

second list of émigrés at Marseilles; merely of those whose

possessions have been confiscated and sold; there are twelve thousand

of them; and the lists were not finished。〃 … Reports of préfets。  (Var

by Fanchet; year IX。) 〃The emigration of 1793 throws upon Leghorn and

the whole Italian coast a very large number of Marseilles and Toulon

traders。  These men; generally industrious; have established (there)

more than one hundred and sixty soap factories and opened a market for

the oil of this region。  This event may be likened to the Revocation

of the Edict of Nantes。〃 … Cf。  the reports on the departments of the

Rh?ne; Aude; Lot and Garonne; Lower Pyrenees; Orme; etc。



'35' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。  332。  (Letter of

Désgranges; Bordeaux; Brumaire 12; year II。) 〃Nobody here talks about

trade any more than if it had never existed。〃



'36' Dr。 Ja?n; 〃Choix de documents et lettres privées trouvees dans

des papiers de famille;〃 p。144。  (Letter of Géd?on Ja?n; banker at

Paris; November 18; 1793。) 〃Business carried on with difficulty and at

a great risk occasion frequent and serious losses; credit and

resources being almost nothing。〃



'37' Archives Nationales; F。7; 2475。  (Letters of Thullier; procureur…

syndic of the Paris department; September 7 and 10; 1793。  … Report by

a member of the Piques section; September 8 and 10; 1793。  … Cf。  the

petitions of traders and lawyers imprisoned at Troyes; Strasbourg;

Bordeaux; etc。  … Archives Nationales; AF。;II。; 271。  Letter of

Francastel: 〃At least three thousand monopolist aristocrats have been

arrested at Nantes。。。。  and this is not the last purification。〃



'38' Decrees of May 4; 15; 19; 20 and 23; and of August 30; 1793。  …

Decrees of July 26; August 15; September II; 1793; and February 24;

1794。  … Camille Boursier; 〃Essai sur la Terreur en Anjou;〃 p。  254。

(Letter of Buissart to his friend Maximilian Robe

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