the origins of contemporary france-4-第109章
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Archives Nationales; F。 7; 31167。 (Reports of Niv?se 28; year II。)
The women 〃denounce the butchers and pork sellers who pay no attention
to the maximum law; giving only the poorest meat to the poor。〃 Ibid。;
(Reports of Niv?se 6。) 〃It is frightful to see what the butchers give
the people。〃
'68' Mercier; 363。 〃The women struggled with all their might against
the men and contracted the habit of swearing。 The last on the row
knew how to worm themselves up to the head of it。〃 Buchez et Roux;
XXVIII。; 364。 (〃Journal de la Montague;〃 July 28; 1793。 〃One citizen
was killed on Sunday; July 21; one of the Gravilliers (club) in trying
to hold on to a six pound loaf of bread which he had just secured for
himself and family。 Another had a cut on his arm the same day in the
Rue Froid…Manteau。 A pregnant woman was wounded and her child died in
her womb。〃
'69' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。1410。 (Reports of August 6
and 7; 1793。)
'70' Dauban; 144。 (Reports of Vent?se 19。)
'71' Dauban; 199。 (Reports of Vent?se 19。) … Dauban; 〃La Demagogie en
1793;〃 p。 470。 〃Scarcely had the peasants arrived when harpies in
women's clothes attacked them and carried off their goods。。。。
Yesterday; a peasant was beaten for wanting to sell his food at the
'maximum' rate。〃 (October 19; 1793。) … Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃 144;
173; 199。 (Reports of Vent?se 13; 17 and 19。) … Archives des Affaires
étrangères; vol。 1410。 (Reports of June 26 and 27; 1793。) Wagons and
boats are pillaged for candles and soap。
'72' Dauban; 45。 (Reports of Pluvi?se 17。) 222。 (Reports of Vent?se
23。) … 160。 (Reports of Vent?se 15。) … 340。 (Reports of Germinal
28。) … 87。 (Reports of Vent?se 5。)
'73' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 116。 (Order of Paganel; Castres;
Pluvi?se 6 and 7; year II。 〃The steps taken to obtain returns of food
have not fulfilled the object。 。 。 。 The statements made are
either false or inexact。〃) Cf。; for details; the correspondence of the
other representatives on mission。 … Dauban;〃 Paris en1794。〃 190。
(Speech by Fouquier…Tinville in the Convention; Vent?se 19。) 〃The
mayor of Pont St。 Maxence has dared to say that 'when Paris sends us
sugar we will then see about letting her have our eggs and butter。'〃
'74' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。 1411。 (Reports of August
7 and 8; 1793。) 〃Seven thousand five hundred pounds of bread; about to
be taken out; have been stopped at the barriers。〃 … Dauban; 45。
(Orders of the day。 Pluvi?se 17。) Lamps are set up at all the posts;
〃especially at la Greve and Passy; so as to light up the river and see
that no eatables pass outside。〃 … Mercier; I。; 355。 … Dauban; 181。
(Reports of Vent?se 18。) … 210。 (Reports of Vent?se 21。) … 190。
Speech by Fouquier; Vent?se 19。) 〃The butchers in Paris who cannot
sell above the maximum carry the meat they buy to the Sèvres butchers
and sell it at any price they please。 〃 … 257。 (Reports of Vent?se
27。) 〃You see; about ten o'clock in the evening; aristocrats and other
egoists coming to the dealers who supply Egalité's mansion (the Duke
of Orleans) and buy chickens and turkeys which they carefully conceal
under their overcoats。〃
'75' Dauban; 255。 (Orders of the day by Henriot; Vent?se 27。) 〃I have
to request my brethren in arms not to take any rations whatever。 This
little deprivation will silence the malevolent who seek every
opportunity to humble us。〃 … Ibid。;359。 〃On Floreal 29; between five
and six o'clock in the morning; a patrol of about fifteen men of the
Bonnet Rouge section; commanded by a sort of commissary; stop
subsistences on the Orleans road and take them to their section。〃
'76' Dauban; 341。 (Letter of the Commissioner on Subsistences;
Germinal 23。) 〃The supplies are stolen under the people's eyes; or
what they get is of inferior quality。〃 The commissioner is surprised
to find that; having provided so much; so little reaches the
consumers。
'77' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。1411。 (Reports of August
11…12 and 31; and Sept。 1; 1793。) … Archives Nationales; F。 7;
31167。) (Reports of Niv?se 7 and 12; year II。)
'78' Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794; 60; 68; 69; 71; 82; 93; 216; 231。 …
Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de Paris;〃 187; 190。 … Archives Nationales; F。 7;
31167。 (Report of Leharivel; Niv?se 7。) … The gunsmiths employed by
the government likewise state that they have for a long time had
nothing to eat but bread and cheese。
'79' Dauban; 231。 (Report of Perriére; Vent?se 24。) 〃Butter of which
they make a god。〃
'80' Ibid。; 68。 (Report of Vent?se 2。)
'81' Archives Nationales; F。7; 31167。 (Report of Niv?se 28。) … Dauban;
144。 (Report of Niv?se 14。)
'82' Dauban; 81。 (Report of Latour…Lamontagne; Vent?se 4。)
'83' Souvenirs et Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux;〃 83。 〃Friday; June
15; 1794; a proclamation is made that all who have any provisions in
their houses; wheat; barley; rye; flour and even bread; must declare
them within twenty four hours under penalty of being regarded as an
enemy of the country and declared 'suspect;' put under arrest and
tried by the courts。〃 … Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la Revolution
Fran?aise;〃 II。。 214。 A seizure is made at Passy of two pigs and
forty pounds of butter; six bushels of beans; etc。; in the domicile of
citizen Lucet who had laid in supplies for sixteen persons of his own
household。
'84' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。 Orders of the Committee of
Public Safety; Pluvi?se 23; referring to the law of Brumaire 25;
forbidding the extraction of more than fifteen pounds of bran from a
quintal of flour。 Order directing the removal of bolters from
bakeries and mills; he who keeps or conceals these on his property
〃shall be treated as 'suspect' and put under arrest until peace is
declared。〃 … Berryat Saint Prix; 357; 362。 At Toulouse; three persons
are condemned to death for monopoly。 At Montpelier; a baker; two
dealers and a merchant are guillotined for having invoiced; concealed
and kept a certain quantity of gingerbread cakes intended solely for
consumption by anti…revolutionaries。
'85' 〃Un Séjour en France;〃 (April 22; 1794)。
'86' Ludovic Sciout; IV。; 236。 (Proclamation of the representatives
on mission in Finisterre。) 〃Magistrates of the people tell all farmers
and owners of land that their crops belong to the nation and that they
are simply its depositaries。〃 Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 92。
(Orders by B?; representative in Cautal; Pluvi?se 8。) 〃Whereas; as all
citizens in a Republic form one family。 。 。 。 all those who refuse
to assist their brethren and neighbors under the specious pretext that
they have not sufficient supplies must be regarded as 'suspect '
citizens。〃
'87' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。 (Orders of the Committee of
Public Safety; Prairial 28。) The maximum price is fourteen francs the
quintal; after Messidor 30; it is not to be more than eleven francs。
'88' Ibid。; AF。; II。; 116 and 106; orders of Paganel; Castres;
Pluvi?se 6 and 7。 Orders of Dartigoyte; Floréal 23; 25; and 29。
'89' Ibid。; AF。; II。; 147。 (Orders of Maignet; Avignon; Prairial 2。)
'90' Moniteur; XXIII。; 397 (Speech by Dubois…Crancé; May 5; 1795。)
〃The Committee on Commerce (and Supplies) had thirty…five thousand
employees in its service。〃
'91' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。 (Orders of the Committee of
Public Safety; Prairial 28。) Decret of Messidor 8; year II。 〃All
kinds of grain and the hay of the present crop are required by the
government。〃 A new estimate is made; each farmer being obliged to
state the amount of his crop; verification; confiscation in case of
inaccurate declarations; and orders to thrash out the sheaves。 …
Dauban; 490。 (Letter of the national agent of Villefort; Thermidor
19。) Calculations and the reasoning of farmers with a view to avoid
sowing and planting: 〃Not so much on account of the lack of hands as
not to ruin oneself by sowing and raising an expensive crop which;
they say; affords them small returns when they sell their grain at so
low a price。〃 Archives Nationales; AF。; II。 106。 (Letter of the
national agent in Gers and Haute…Garonne; Floréal 25。) 〃They say here;
that as soon as the crop is gathered; all the grain will be taken
away; without leaving anything to live on。 It is stated that all salt
provisions are going to be taken and the agriculturists reduced to the
horrors of a famine。〃
'92' Moniteur; XXII。; 21。 (Speech by Lindet; September 7; 1794。) 〃We
have long feared that the ground would not be tilled; that the meadows
would be covered with cattle while the proprietors and farmers were
kept in prison。〃 Archives Nationales; D。; § I; No。 I。 (Letter from
the district of Bar…sur…Seine; Vent?se 14; year III。) 〃The 'maximum'
causes the concealment of grain。 The quit…claims ruined the consumers
and rendered them desperate。 How many wretches; indeed; have been
arrested; … ?attacked; confiscated; fined and ruined for having gone
off fifteen or twenty leagues to get grain with which to feed their
wives and children?〃
'93' AF。; II。; 106。 (Circular by Dartigoyte; Floréal 25。) 〃You must
apply this rule; that is; make the municipal officers responsible for
the non cultivation of the soil。〃 〃If any citizen allows himself a
different kind of bread; other than that which all the cultivators and
laborers in the commune use; I shall have him brought before the
courts conjointly with the municipality as being the first culprit
guilty of having tolerated it。 。 。 Reduce; if necessary; three
fourths of the bread allowed to non laboring citizens because
muscadins and muscadines: have resources and; besides; lead an idle
life。〃
'94' AF。; II。; III。 (Letters of Ferry; Bourges; Messidor 23; to his
〃brethren in the popular club;〃 and 〃to the citoyennes (women) of
Indre…et…Cher。〃)
'95' Moniteur; XXI。; 171。 (Letter from Avignon; Messidor 9; and
letter of the Jacobins of Arles。
'96' Moniteur; XXI。; 184。 (Decree of Messidor 21。)
'97' Gouverneur Morris。 (correspondence with Washington。 Letters of
March 27 and April 10; 1794。) He says that there is no record of such
an early spring。 Rye has headed out and clover is in flower。 It is
astonishing to see apricots in April as large as pigeons' eggs。 In
the south; where the dearth is most severe; he has good reason to
believe that the ground is supplying the inhabitants with food。 A
frost like that of the year before in the month of May (1793) would
help the famine more than all the armies and fleets in Europe。
'98' Stalin was to test the system and prove Taine right。 (SR。)
'99' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 73。 (Letter by the Directory of
Calvados; Prairial 26; year III。) 〃We have not a grain of wheat in
store; and the prisons are full of cultivators。〃 Archives Nationales;
D。; § 1; file No。3。 (Warrants of arre