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p。  10。  (The Delécluze family live in Mendon in 1794 and for most of

1795。  M。 Delécluze; senior; and his son go to Meaux and obtain of a

farmer a bag of good flour weighing three hundred and twenty five

pounds for about ten louis d'or and fetch it home; taking the greatest

pains to keep it concealed。  Both father and son 〃after having covered

the precious sack with hay and straw in the bottom of the cart; follow

it on foot at some distance as the peasant drives along。〃 Madame

Delécluze kneads the bread herself and bakes it。



'120' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 74。  The following shows some of

the municipal expenditures。  (Deliberations of the commune of Annecy;

Thermidor 8; year II I。) 〃Amount received by the commune from the

government; 1;200;000 francs。  Fraternal subscriptions; 400;000

francs。  Forced loan; 2;400;000 francs。  Amount arising from grain

granted by the government; but not paid for; 400;000 francs。〃 (Letter

from the municipality of Lille; Fructidor 7 ) 〃The deficit; at the

time we took hold of the government; which; owing to the difference

between the price of grain bought and the price obtained for bread

distributed among the necessitous; had amounted to 2;270;023 francs;

so increased in Thermidor as to amount to 8;312;956 francs。〃

consequently; the towns ruin themselves with indebtedness to an

incredible extent。  … Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 72。  (Letter of

the municipality of Tours; Vendémiaire 19; year IV。) Tours has not

sufficient money with which to buy oil for its street lamps and which

are no longer lit at night。  A decree is passed to enable the agent

for provisions at Paris to supply its commissaries with twenty

quintals of oil which; for three hundred and forty lamps; keeps one

hundred agoing up to Germinal 1。  The same at Toulouse。  (Report of

Destrene; Moniteur; June 24; 1798。) On November 26; 1794; Bordeaux is

unable to pay seventy two francs for thirty barrels of water to wash

the guillotine。  (Granier de Cassagnac; I。; 13。  Extract from the

archives of Bordeaux。) Bordeaux is authorized to sell one thousand

casks of wine which had formerly been taken on requisition by the

government; the town to pay for them at the rate at which the Republic

bought them and to sell them as dear as possible in the way of regular

trade。  The proceeds are to be employed in providing subsistence for

its inhabitants。  (Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 72; orders of

Vendémiaire 4; year IV。) As to aid furnished by the assignats granted

to towns and departments cf。  the same files; 400;000 francs to

Poitiers; Pluvi?se 18; four millions to Lyons; Pluvi?se 17; three

millions a month to Nantes; after Thermidor 14; ten millions to the

department of Herault in Frimaire and Pluvi?se ; etc。



'121' Archives Nationales; II。; § 1; file 2。  (Deliberations of the

commune of Troyes; Vent?se 15; year III。) … 〃Un Sejour en France。〃

(Amiens; May 9; 1795。) 〃As we had obtained a few six franc crowns and

were able to get a small supply of wheat。  。  。  。  Mr。  D  and the

servants eat bread made of three fourths bran and one fourth flour。

When we bake it we carefully close the doors; paying no attention to

the door bell; and allow no visitor to come in until every trace of

the operation is gone。  。  。  The distribution now consists of a

mixture of sprouted wheat; peas; rye; etc。; which scarcely resembles

bread。〃 (April 12。) 〃The distribution of bread (then) was a quarter of

a pound a day。  Many of those who in other respects were well off; got

nothing at all。〃



'122' Ibid。  (Letters of the municipality of Troyes; Vent?se 15; year

III。; and Germinal 6。) Letter of the three deputies; sent by the

municipality to Paris; Pluvi?se ; year III。  (no date。)



'123' 〃Un Sejour en France。〃 (Amiens; Jan。  30; 1795。) Archives

Nationales。  AF。;II。; 74。  (Deliberation of the commune of Amiens;

Thermidor 8; and Fructidor 7; year III。)



'124' 〃Souvenirs et Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux;〃 p。  97。  (The

women stop carts loaded with wheat; keep them all night; stone and

wound Representative Bernier; and succeed in getting; each; eight

pounds of wheat。)



'125' Archives Nationales; AF。;II。; 73。  (Letter of the municipality

of Dieppe; Prairial 22。) … AF。;II。; 74。  (Letter of the municipality

of Vervins; Messidor 7。  Letter of the municipality of Lille;

Fructidor 7。)



'126' 〃Correspondance de Mallet du Pan avec la Cour de Vienne;〃 I。;

90。  Ibid。; 131。  One month later a quintal of flour at Lyons is worth

two hundred francs and a pound of bread forty…five sous。



'127' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 13。  (Letter of the deputies

extraordinary of the three administrative bodies of Chartres;

Thermidor 15: 〃In the name of this commune dying of hunger 〃) … 〃The

inhabitants of Chartres have not even been allowed to receive their

rents in grain; all has been poured into the government storehouses。〃



'128' Ibid。  (Petition of the commune of La Rochelle; Fructidor 25;

that of Painb?uf; Fructidor 9; that of the municipality of Nantes;

Thermidor 14; that of Rouen; Fructidor 1。) … Ibid。; AF。;II; 72。

(Letter of the commune of Bayonne; Fructidor 1。) 〃Penury of provisions

for more than two years。  。  。  。  The municipality; the past six

months; is under the cruel necessity of reducing its subjects to half…

a…pound of corn…bread per day。  。  。  。  at the rate of twenty…five

sous the pound; although the pound costs over five francs。〃 After the

suppression of the 〃maximum 〃 it loses about twenty…five thousand

francs per day。



'129' Ibid。  (Letter of Representative Porcher; Caen; Prairial 24;

Messidor 3 and 26。  Letter of the municipality of Caen; Messidor 3。)



'130' Ibid。  AF。;II。; 71。  (Letter of the municipality of Auxerre;

Messidor 19。) 〃We have kept alive thus far through all sorts of

expedients as if by miracle。  It has required incalculable efforts;

great expenditure; and really supernatural means to accomplish it。

But there is still one month between this and the end of Thermidor。

How are we going to live! Our people; the majority of whom are farmers

and artisans; are rationed at half…a…pound a day for each person and

this will last but ten or twelve days at most。〃



'131' Meissner; 〃Voyage à Paris;〃 339。  〃There was not a morsel of

bread in our inn。  I went myself to five or six bakeries and pastry

shops and found them all stripped。〃 He finds in the last one about a

dozen of small Savoy biscuits for which he pays fifteen francs。  …

See; for the military proceedings of the government in relation to

bread; the orders of the Committee of Public Safety; most of them by

the hand of Lindet; AF。; II。; 68…74。



'132' Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de Paris;〃 vols。  II。  and III 。;passim。



'133' Archives Nationales; AF。;II。; 68。  (Orders of Vent?se 20; year

III。  ; Germinal 19 and 20; Messidor 8; etc。)



'134' ibid。  Orders of Niv?se 5 and 22。



'135' Ibid。  Orders of Pluvi?se 19; Vent?se 5; Floréal 4 and 24。  (The

fourteen brewers which the Republic keeps agoing for itself at Dunkirk

are excepted。) … The proceedings are the same in relation to other

necessary articles; … returns demanded of nuts; rape…seed; and other

seeds or fruits producing oil; also the hoofs of cattle and sheep;

with requisitions for every other article entering into the

manufacture of oil; and orders to keep oil…mills agoing。  〃All

administrative bodies will see that the butchers remove the fat from

their meat before offering it for sale; that they do not themselves

make candles out of it; and that they do not sell it to soap…

factories; etc。  〃 … (Orders of Veridémiaire 28; year III。)  The

executive committee will collect eight hundred yoke of oxen and

distribute them among the dealers in hay in order to transport wood

and coal from the woods and collieries to the yards。  They will

distribute proportionately eight hundred sets of wheels and harness。

The wagoners will be paid and guarded the same as military convoys;

and drafted as required。  To feed the oxen; the district

administrators will take by pre…emption the necessary fields and

pasturages; etc。〃 (Orders of Pluvi?se 10; year III。)



'136' Moniteur; XXIV。; 397。  … Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de Paris。〃 (Reports

of Frimaire 16; year IV。) 〃Citizens in the departments wonder how it

is that Paris costs them five hundred and forty six millions per month

merely for bread when they are starving。  This isolation of Paris; for

which all the benefits of the Revolution are exclusively reserved。

has the worst effect on the public mind。〃 … Meissner; 345。



'137' Mercier; 〃Paris Pendant la Révolution;〃 I。; 355…357。  … Schmidt;

〃Pariser Zustande;〃 I。; 224。  (The Seine is frozen over on November 23

and January 23; the thermometer standing at sixteen degrees

(Centigrade) below zero。) … Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de Paris。〃 (Reports of

the Police; Pluvi?se 2; 3 and 4。)



'138' Schmidt; 〃Pariser Zustande;〃 I。; 228; and following pages。

(February 25; the distribution of bread is reduced to one and one…half

pounds per person; March 17; to one and onehalf pounds for workmen and

one pound for others。  Final reduction to one…quarter of a pound;

March 31。) … Ibid。; 251; for ulterior rates。  … Dufort de Cheverney;

(MS。  Mémoires; August; 1795。) M。 de Cheverney takes up his quarters

at the old Louvre with his friend Sedaine。  〃I had assisted them with

food all I could: they owned to me that; without this; they would have

died of starvation notwithstanding their means。〃



'139' Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de Paris。〃 (Reports of Germinal 15 and 27;

and Messidor 28; year III。; Brumaire 14 and Frimaire 23; year IV。) …

Ibid。  (Germinal 15; year III。) Butter is at eight francs the pound;

eggs seven francs for four ounces。  … Ibid。; (Messidor 19) bread is at

sixteen francs the pound; (Messidor 28) butter at fourteen francs the

pound; (Brumaire 29) flour at 14;000 francs the bag of 325 pounds。



'140' Ibid。  (Report of Germinal 12; year III。) 〃The eating houses and

pastry…cooks are better supplied than ever。〃 ?〃Memoires (manuscript)

of M。 de Cheverney。〃 〃My sister…in…law; with more than forty thousand

livres income; registered in the 'Grand Ledger;' was reduced to

cultivating her garden; assisted by her two chambermaids。  M。 de

Richebourg; formerly intendant…general of the Post…Office; had to sell

at one time a clock and at another time a wardrobe to live on。  'My

friends;' he said to us one day; 'I have been obliged to put my clock

in the pot。' 〃 … Schmidt。  (Report of Frimaire 17; year IV。) 〃A

frequenter of the Stock…Exchange sells a louis at five thousand

francs。  He dines for one thousand francs and loudly exclaims: 'I have

dined at four francs ten sous。  They are really superb; these

assignats! I couldn't have dined so well formerly at twelve francs。'〃



'141' Schmidt。  (Reports of Frimaire 9; year IV。) 〃The reports

describe the sad condition of those who; with small incomes and hav

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