the origins of contemporary france-4-第14章

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moderates；　egoists；　all　gentlemen　without　distinguishing　those　who

have　done　nothing　for　the　revolution　from　those　who　have　acted　against

it；　await　in　retirement　the　ulterior　measures　required　by　the

interests　of　the　Republic。　　I　have　said　without　distinction　of　the

indifferent　from　the　suspects；　for　we　hold　to　these　words　of　Solon's：

〃　He　who　is　not　with　us　is　against　us。〃



＇113＇　The　trousers　used　in　pre…Revolutionary　France　by　the　nobility

was　called　culottes；　they　terminated　just　below　the　knee　where　the

long　cotton　or　silken　stockings　would　begin。　　The　less　affluent　used

long　trousers　and　no　socks　and　became　known　as　the　Sans…culottes　which

became　；　as　mentioned　in　vol。　　II。　　a　nickname　for　the　revolutionary

proletariat。　　（SR。）



＇114＇　Moniteur；　（Speech　by　Danton；　March　26；　1794。）　〃In　creating

revolutionary　committees　the　desire　was　to　establish　a　species　of

dictatorship　of　citizens　the　most　devoted　to　liberty　over　those　who

rendered　themselves　suspects。〃



＇115＇　Mallet…Dupan；　II。；　8。　　（February；　1794）。　　〃At　this　moment　the

entire　people　is　disarmed。　　Not　a　gun　can　be　found　either　in　town　or

country。　　If　anything　attests　the　super…natural　power　which　the

leaders　of　the　Convention　enjoy；　it　is　to　see；　in　one　instant；　through

one　act　of　the　will　and　nobody　offering　any　resistance；　or　complaining

of　it；　the　nation　from　Perpignan　to　Lille；　deprived　of　every　means　of

defense　against　oppression；　with　a　facility　still　more　unprecedented

than　that　which　attended　the　universal　arming　of　the　nation　in　1789。〃

…　〃A　Residence　in　France；〃　II。；　409。　　〃The　National　Guard　as　a　regular

institution　was　in　great　part　suppressed　after　the　summer　of　1793；

those　who　composed　it　being　gradually　disarmed。　　Guard…mounting　was

continued；　but　the　citizens　performing　this　service　were；　with　very

few　exceptions；　armed　with　pikes；　and　these　again　were　not　fully

entrusted　to　them；　each　man；　on　quitting　his　post；　gave　up　his　arms

more　punctually　than　if　he　had　been　bound　to　do　so　through

capitulation　with　a　victorious　enemy。〃



＇116＇　Moniteur；　XVIII。；　106。　　（Report　by　Saint…Just；　Oct。　　10th）。



＇117＇　Ibid。；　473。　　（Report　of　Billaud…Varennes；　Nov。　　13th）。



＇118＇　Ibid。；　XVIII。；　591。　　（Speech　by　Couthon；　December　4th）。　　Ibid。；

Barère：　〃Electoral　assemblies　are　monarchical　institutions；　they

attach　to　royalism；　they　must　be　specially　avoided　in　revolutionary

times。〃



＇119＇　Mortimer…Ternaux；　VIII。；　40。　　（Decree　passed　on　the　proposition

of　Danton；　session　of　September　13th）。　　The　motive　alleged　by　Danton

is　that　〃members　are　still　found　on　the　committees　whose　opinions；　at

least；　approach　federalism。〃　Consequently　the　committees　are　purified；

and　particularly　the　Committee　of　General　Security。　　Six　of　its

members　are　stricken　off　（Sept。　　14）；　and　the　list　sent　in　by　the

Committee　of　Public　safety　passes　without　discussion。



＇120＇　Moniteur；　XVIII。；　592。　　（Session　of　December　4；　speech　by

Robespierre）。



＇121＇　Miot　de　Melito；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　47。



＇122＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XXVIII。；　153。　　Mortimer…Ternaux；　VIII。；　443。

（Decree　of　September　28th）。　　…　Wallon；　〃Histoire　du　Tribunal

Révolutionaire　de　Paris；〃　IV。；　112。



＇123＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XXXIV。；　300。　　（Trial　of　Fouquier…Tinville　and

associates）。　　Bill　of　indictment：　〃One　of　these　publicly　boasted　of

always　having　voted　death。　　Others　state　that　they　were　content　to　see

people　to　give　their　judgment；　physical　inspection　alone　determined

them　to　vote　death。　　Another　said；　that　when　there　was　no　offense

committed　it　was　necessary　to　imagine　one。　　Another　is　a　regular　sot

and　has　never　sat　in　judgment　but　in　a　state　of　intoxication。　　Others

came　to　the　bench　only　to　fire　their　volleys。〃　Etc。　　（Supporting

evidence。）　…　Observe；　moreover；　that　judges　and　juries　are　bound　to

kill　under　penalty　of　death　（Ibid。；30）。〃　Fouquier…Tinville　states　that

on　the　22nd　of　Prairial　he　took　the　same　step　（to　resign）　with

Chatelet；　Brochet　and　Lerry；　when　they　met　Robespierre；　returning　to

the　National　Convention　arm…in…arm　with　Barère。　　Fouquier　adds；　that

they　were　treated　as　aristocrats　and　anti…revolutionaries；　and

threatened　with　death　if　they　refused　to　remain　on　their　posts。〃

Analogous　declarations　by　Pigeot；　Ganne；　Girard；　Dupley；　Foucault；

Nollin　and　Madre。　　〃Sellier　adds；　that　the　tribunal　having

remonstrated　against　the　law　of　Prairial　22；　he　was　threatened　with

arrest　by　Dumas。　　Had　we　resigned；　he　says；　Dumas　would　have

guillotined　us。



＇124＇　Moniteur；　XXIV。；　12。　　（Session　of　Vent？se　29；　year　III。；　speech

by　Baileul）。　　〃Terror　subdued　all　minds；　suppressed　all　emotions；　it

was　the　force　of　the　government；　while　such　was　this　government　that

the　numerous　inhabitants　of　a　vast　territory　seemed　to　have　lost　the

qualities　which　distinguish　man　from　a　domestic　animal。　　They　seemed

even　to　have　no　life　except　what　the　government　accorded　to　them。

Human　personality　no　longer　existed；　each　individual　was　simply　a

machine；　going；　coming；　thinking　or　not　thinking　as　he　was　impelled　or

stimulated　by　tyranny。〃



＇125＇　Decree　of　Frimaire　14；　year　II。；　Dec。　　4；　1793。



＇126＇　Moniteur；　XVII。；　473；　474；　478。　　（Speech　by　Billaud…Varennes）。

〃The　sword　of　Damocles　must　henceforth　be　brandished　over　the　entire

surface。〃　This　expression　of　Billaud　sums　up　the　spirit　of　every　new

institution。



＇127＇　Moniteur；　XVIII。；　275。　　（Session　of　Oct。　　26。　　1793；　speech　by

Barère。）　〃This　is　the　most　revolutionary　step　you　can　take。〃

（Applause。）



＇128＇　Ibid。；　520。　　（Report　of　Barère　and　decree　in　conformity）。　　〃The

representatives　sent　on　mission　are　required　to　conform　strictly　to

the　acts　of　the　Committee　of　Public　Safety。　　Generals　and　other　agents

of　the　executive　power　will；　under　no　pretext；　obey　any　special　order；

that　they　may　refuse　to　carry　out　the　said　acts。〃　…　Moniteur；　XVIII。；

291。　　（Report　by　Barère；　Oct。　　29；　1793。）　At　this　date　one　hundred　and

forty　representatives　are　on　mission。



＇129＇　Archives　Nationales；　AF。　　II。；　22。　　（Papers　of　the　'Committee　of

Public　Safety。　　Note　on　the　results　of　the　revolutionary　government

without　either　date　or　signature。）　〃The　law　of　Frimaire　14　created　two

centers　of　influence　from　which　action　spread；　in　the　sense　of　the

Committee；　and　which　affected　the　authorities。　　These　two　pivots　of

revolutionary　rule　outside　the　Committee　were　the　representatives　of

the　people　on　missions　and　the　national　agents　controlling　the

district　committees。　　The　word　revolutionary　government　alone

exercised　an　incalculable　magical　influence。〃　…　Mallet…Dupan；

〃Mémoires；〃　II。；　p。　　2；　and　following　pages。







BOOK　SECOND。　　THE　JACOBIN　PROGRAM。



CHAPTER　I。



I。　　　The　Doctrine。



Program　of　the　Jacobin　party。　　　Abstract　principle　and　spontaneous

development　of　the　theory。



Nothing　is　more　dangerous　than　a　general　idea　in　narrow　and　empty

minds：　as　they　are　empty；　it　finds　no　knowledge　there　to　interfere

with　it；　as　they　are　narrow　it　is　not　long　before　it　occupies　the

place　entirely。　　Henceforth　they　no　longer　belong　to　themselves　but

are　mastered　by　it；　it　works　in　them　and　through　them；　the　man；　in　the

true　sense　of　the　word；　being　possessed。　　Something　which　is　not

himself；　a　monstrous　parasite；　a　foreign　and　disproportionate

conception；　lives　within　him；　developing　and　giving　birth　to　the　evil

purposes　with　which　it　is　pregnant。　　He　did　not　foresee　that　he　would

have　them；　he　did　not　know　what　his　dogma　contained；　what　venomous　and

murderous　consequences　were　to　issue　from　it。　　They　issue　from　it

fatally；　each　in　its　turn；　and　under　the　pressure　of　circumstances；　at

first　anarchical　consequences　and　now　despotic　consequences。　　Having

obtained　power；　the　Jacobin　brings　his　fixed　idea　along　with　him；

whether　at　the　head　of　the　government　or　in　opposition　to　it；　this

idea　is　fruitful；　and　the　all…powerful　dogma　projects　over　a　new

domain　the　innumerable　links　of　its　endless　chain。



II。　　　A　Communist　State。。



The　Jacobin　concept　of　Society。　　　The　Contrat…Social。　　　Total

surrender　of　the　Individual　to　the　Community。　　　Everything　belongs

to　the　State。　　　Confiscations　and　Sequestrations。　　　Pre…emption

and　requisition　and　requisition　of　produce　and　merchandise。　　

Individuals　belong　to　the　State。　Drafts　of　persons　for　Military

service。　　　Drafts　of　persons　for　the　Civil　service。　　　The　State

philanthropist；　educator；　theologian；　moralist；　censor　and　director　of

ideas　and　intimate　feelings。



Let　us　trace　this　inward　development　and　go　back；　along　with　the

Jacobin；　to　first　principles；　to　the　original　pact；　to　the　first

organization　of　society。　　There　is　but　one　just　and　sound　society；　the

one　founded　on　the　〃contrat…social；〃　and



　〃the　clauses　of　this　contract；　fully　understood；　reduce　themselves　to

one；　the　total　transfer　of　each　individual；　with　all　his　rights；　to

the　community；　。　　。　　。　　。　　each　surrendering　himself　up　absolutely；

just　as　he　actually　stands；　he　and　all　his　forces；　of　which　the

property　he　possesses　forms　a　part。〃＇1＇



There　must　be　no　exception　or　reservation。　　Nothing　of　what　he

previously　was；　or　had；　now　belongs　to　him　in　his　own　right；

henceforth；　what　he　is；　or　has；　devolves　upon　him　only　through

delegation。　　His　property　and　his　person　now　form　a　portion　of　the

commonwealth。　　If　he　is　in　possession　of　these；　his　ownership　is　at

second　hand；　if　he　derives　any　benefit　there　from；　it　is　as　a

concession。　　He　is　their　depository；　trustee　and　administrator；　and

nothing　more。＇2＇　　In　other　words；　with　respect　to　these　he　is　simply　a

managing　director；　that　is　to　say　a　functionary　like　others；　with　a

precarious　appointment　and　always　revocable　by　the　State　which　has

appointed　him。



　〃As　nature　gives　to　every　man　absolute　power　over　the　members　of　his

body　the　social　pact　gives　the　social　body　absolute　power　over　all　its

members。〃



The　State；　as　omnipotent　sovereign　and　universal　proprietor；　exercises

at　discretion；　its　boundless　rights　over　persons　and　things；

consequently　we；　its　representatives；　take　all　things　and　persons　into

our　hands；　as　they　belong　to　it；　so　do　they　belong　to　us。



We　have　confiscated　the　possessions　of　the　clergy；　amounting　to　about

four　billion　livres；　we　confiscate　the　property　of　the　emigrés；

amounting　to　three　billion　livres；＇3＇　we　confiscate　the　property　of

the　guillotined　and　deported：　all　this　amounts　to　some　hundreds　of

millions；　later　on；　the　count　will　be　made；　because　the　list　remains

open　and　is　being　daily　added　to。　　We　will　sequestrate　the　property　of

〃suspects；〃　which　gives　us　the　right　to　use　it：　here　are　many　hundred

millions　more；　after　the　war　and　the　banishment　of　〃suspects；〃　we

shall　seize　the　property　along　with　its　income：　here；　again；　are

billions　of　capital。＇4＇　Meanwhile　we　take　the　property　of　hospitals

and　of　other　benevolent　institutions；　about　eight　hundred　million

livres　；　we　take　the　property