the origins of contemporary france-4-第20章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



through　national　education　〃we　seize　the　coming　generations。〃＇99＇

Naught　is　more　essential　and　naught　is　more　legitimate。



〃The　country；〃　says　Robespierre；　〃has　a　right　to　bring　up　its　own

children；　it　cannot　confide　this　trust　to　family　pride　nor　to　the

prejudices　of　individuals；　the　eternal　nourishment　of　aristocracies

and　of　a　domestic　federalism　which　narrows　the　soul　by　keeping　it

isolated。〃　We　are　determined　to　have　〃education　common　and　equal　for

all　French　people；〃　and　〃we　stamp　on　it　a　great　character；　analogous

to　the　nature　of　our　government　and　the　sublime　doctrines　of　our

Republic。　　The　aim　is　no　longer　to　form　gentlemen　（messieurs）　but

citizens。〃＇100＇



We　oblige＇101＇　teachers；　male　and　female；　to　present　certificates　of

civism；　that　is　to　say；　of　Jacobinism。　　We　close　the　school　if

〃precepts　or　maxims　opposed　to　revolutionary　morality〃　are　taught　in

it；　that　is　to　say；　in　conformity　with　Christian　morals。　　Children

will　learn　to　read　in　the　Declaration　of　Rights　and　in　the

Constitution　of　1793。　　Republican　manuals　and　catechisms　will　be

prepared　for　their　use。＇102＇　〃They　must　be　taught　the　virtuous　traits

which　most　honor　free　men；　and　especially　the　traits　characteristic　of

the　French　Revolution；　the　best　calculated　to　elevate　the　soul　and

render　them　worthy　of　equality　and　liberty。〃　The　14th　of　July；　10th　of

August；　2nd　of　September；　21st　of　January；　and　31st　of　May　must　be

lauded　or　justified　in　their　presence。　　They　must　be　taken　to　meetings

of　the　municipalities；　to　the　law　courts；＇103＇　and　especially　to　the

popular　clubs；　from　these　pure　sources　they　will　derive　a　knowledge　of

their　rights；　of　their　duties；　of　the　laws；　of　republican　morality；〃

and；　on　entering　society；　they　will　find　themselves　imbued　with　all

good　maxims。　　Over　and　above　their　political　opinions　we　shape　their

ordinary　habits。　　We　apply　on　a　grand　scale　the　plan　of　education

drawn　out　by　Jean…Jacques　（Rousseau）。＇104＇　We　want　no　more　literary

prigs；　in　the　army；　〃the　'dandy'　breaks　down　during　the　first

campaign；＇105＇　we　want　young　men　able　to　endure　privation　and　fatigue；

toughened；　like　Emile；　〃by　hard　work〃　and　physical　exercise。　　…　We

have；　thus　far；　only　sketched　out　this　department　of　education；　but

the　agreement　amongst　the　various　plans　shows　the　meaning　and　bearings

of　our　principle。　　〃Children　generally；　without　exception；　says　Le

Peletier　de　Saint…Fargeau；＇106＇　the　boys　from　five　to　twelve；　the

girls　from　five　to　eleven　years　of　age；　must　be　brought　up　in　common

at　the　expense　of　the　Republic；　all；　under　the　sacred　law　of　equality；

are　to　receive　the　same　clothing；　the　same　food；　the　same　education；

the　same　attention　〃in　boarding…schools　distributed　according　to

cantons；　and　containing　each　from　four　to　six　hundred　pupils。



〃Pupils　will　be　made　to　submit　every　day　and　every　moment　to　the　same

rigid　rules。。。　　Their　beds　must　be　hard；　their　food　healthy；　but

simple；　their　clothing　comfortable；　but　coarse。〃　Servants　will　not　be

allowed；　children　must　help　themselves　and；　besides　this；　they　must

wait　on　the　old　and　infirm；　lodged　with　or　near　them。　　　〃Among　daily

duties；　manual　labor　will　be　the　principal　thing；　all　the　rest　will　be

accessory。〃　Girls　must　learn　to　spin；　sew　and　wash　clothes；　the　boys

will　work　the　roads；　be　shepherds；　ploughmen　and　work…hands；　both　will

have　tasks　set　them；　either　in　the　school…workshops；　or　in　the　fields

and　factories　in　the　neighborhood；　they　will　be　hired　out　to

surrounding　manufacturers　and　to　the　tillers　of　the　soil。　　Saint…Just

is　more　specific　and　rigid。＇107＇　　〃Male　children　from　five　to　sixteen

years　of　age；　must　be　raised　for　their　country。　　They　must　be　clad　in

common　cloth　at　all　seasons；　and　have　mats　for　beds；　and　sleep　eight

hours。　　They　are　to　have　common　food　only；　fruits；　vegetables；

preparations　of　milk；　bread　and　water。　　They　must　not　eat　meat　before

sixteen　。　　。　　Their　education；　from　ten　to　sixteen；　is　to　be　military

and　agricultural。　　They　will　be　formed　into　companies　of　sixty；　six

companies　make　a　battalion；　the　children　of　a　district　form　a　legion；

they　will　assemble　annually　at　the　district　town；　encamp　there　and

drill　in　infantry　tactics；　in　arenas　specially　provided　for　the

purpose；　they　will　also　learn　cavalry　maneuvers　and　every　other

species　of　military　evolution。　　In　harvest　time　they　are　to　be

distributed　amongst　the　harvesters。〃　After　sixteen；　〃they　enter　the

crafts；〃　with　some　farmer；　artisan；　merchant　or　manufacturer；　who

becomes　their　titular　〃instructor；〃　and　with　whom　they　are　bound　to

remain　up　to　the　age　of　twenty…one；　〃under　the　penalty　of　being

deprived　for　life　of　a　citizen's　rights。＇108＇　。　　。　　。　　All　children

will　dress　alike　up　to　sixteen　years　of　age；　from　twenty…one　to

twenty…five；　they　will　dress　as　soldiers；　if　they　are　not　in　the

magistracy。〃　…　Already　we　show　the　effects　of　the　theory　by　one

striking　example；　we　founded　the　〃Ecole　de　Mars；〃＇109＇　we　select　out

of　each　district　six　boys　from　sixteen　to　seventeen　and　a　half　years

old　〃among　the　children　of　sans…culottes；〃　we　summon　them　to　Paris；

〃to　receive　there；　through　a　revolutionary　education；　whatever　belongs

to　the　knowledge　and　habits　of　a　republican　soldier。　　They　are

schooled　in　fraternity；　in　discipline；　in　frugality；　in　good　habits；

in　love　of　country　and　in　detestation　of　kings。〃　three　or　four

thousand　young　people　are　lodged　at　the　Sablons；　〃in　a　palisaded

enclosure；　the　intervals　of　which　are　guarded　by　chevaux　de　frises　and

sentinels。〃＇110＇　We　puts　them　into　tents；　we　feed　them　with　bran

bread；　rancid　pork；　water　and　vinegar；　we　drill　them　in　the　use　of

arms；　we　march　them　out　on　national　holidays　and　stimulate　them　with

patriotic　harangues。　　…　Suppose　all　Frenchmen　educated　in　such　a

school；　the　habits　they　acquire　in　youth　will　persist　in　the　adult；

and；　in　each　adult　we　shall　find　the　sobriety；　energy　and　patriotism

of　a　Spartan　or　Roman。



Already；　under　the　pressure　of　our　decrees；　civism　affects　customs；

and　there　are　manifest　signs；　on　all　sides；　of　public　regeneration。

〃The　French　people；〃　says　Robespierre；　〃seems　to　have　outstripped　the

rest　of　humanity；　by　two　thousand　years；　one　might　be　tempted　to

regard　them；　living　amongst　them；　as　a　different　species。　　In　the　rest

of　Europe；　a　ploughman；　an　artisan；　is　an　animal　formed　for　the

pleasures　of　a　noble；　in　France；　the　nobles　are　trying　to　transform

themselves　into　ploughmen　and　artisans；　but　do　not　succeed　in

obtaining　that　honor。〃＇111＇　Life　in　all　directions　is　gradually

assuming　democratic　forms　Wealthy　prisoners　are　prohibited　from

purchasing　delicacies；　or　procuring　special　conveniences；　they　eat

along　with　the　poor　prisoners　the　same　ration；　at　the　common

mess＇112＇。　　Bakers　have　orders　to　make　but　one　quality　of　bread；　the

brown　bread　called　equality　bread；　and；　to　obtain　his　ration；　each

person　must　place　himself　in　line　with　the　rest　of　the　crowd。　　On

holidays＇113＇　everybody　will　bring　his　provisions　down　into　the　street

and　eat　as　one　family　with　his　neighbor；　on　décadi　all　are　to　sing　and

dance　together；　pell…mell；　in　the　temple　of　the　Supreme　being。　　The

decrees　of　the　Convention　and　the　orders　of　the　representatives　impose

the　republican　cockade　on　women；　public　opinion　and　example　impose　on

men　the　costume　and　appearance　of　sans…culottes　we　see　even　dandies

wearing　mustaches；　long　hair；　red　cap；　vest　and　heavy　wooden

shoes。＇114＇　Nobody　calls　a　person　Monsieur　or　Madame；　the　only　titles

allowed　are　citoyen　and　citoyenne　while　thee　and　Thou　is　the　general

rule。　　Rude　familiarity　takes　the　place　of　monarchical　politeness；　all

greet　each　other　as　equals　and　comrades。＇115＇　　There　is　now　only　one

tone；　one　style；　one　language；　revolutionary　forms　constitute　the

tissue　of　speech；　as　well　as　of　written　discourse；　thought　now　seems

to　consists　entirely　of　our　ideas　and　phrases。＇116＇　All　names　are

transformed；　those　of　months　and　of　days；　those　of　places　and　of

monuments；　baptismal　names　and　names　of　families：　St。　　Denis　has

become　Franciade；　Peter　Gaspard　is　converted　into　Anaxagoras；　and

Antoine…Louis　into　Brutus；　Leroi；　the　deputy；　calls　himself　Laloi；　and

Leroy；　the　jurist；　calls　himself　August…Tenth。　　…　By　dint　of　thus

shaping　the　exterior　we　reach　the　interior；　and　through　outward　civism

we　prepare　internal　civism。　　Both　are　obligatory；　but　the　latter　much

more　so　than　the　former；　for　that　is　the　fundamental　principle；＇117＇

〃the　incentive　which　sustains　and　impels　a　democratic　and　popular

government。〃　It　is　impossible　to　apply　the　social　contract　if

everybody　does　not　scrupulously　observe　the　first　clause　of　it；

namely；　the　complete　surrender　of　himself　to　the　community；　everybody；

then；　must　give　himself　up　entirely；　not　only　actually　but　heartily；

and　devote　himself　to　the　public　good；　which　public　good　is　the

regeneration　of　Man　as　we　have　defined　it。　　The　veritable　citizen　is

he　who　thus　marches　along　with　us。　　With　him；　as　with　us；　abstract

truths　of　philosophy　control　the　conscience　and　govern　the　will。　　He

starts　with　our　articles　of　faith　and　follows　them　out　to　the　end；　he

endorses　our　acts；　he　recites　our　creed；　he　observes　our　discipline；

he　is　a　believing　and　practicing　Jacobin；　an　orthodox　Jacobin；

unsullied；　and　without　taint　of　heresy　or　schism。　　Never　does　he

swerve　to　the　left　toward　exaggeration；　nor　to　the　right　toward

toleration；　without　haste　or　delay　he　travels　along　the　narrow；　steep

and　straight　path　which　we　have　marked　out　for　him；　this　is　the

pathway　of　reason；　for；　as　there　is　but　one　reason；　there　is　but　one

pathway。　　Let　no　one　swerve　from　the　line；　there　are　abysses　on　each

side　of　it。　　Let　us　follow　our　guides；　men　of　principles；　the　pure；

especially　Couthon；　Saint…Just　and　Robespierre；　they　are　choice

specimens；　all　cast　in　the　true　mold；　and　it　is　this　unique　and　rigid

mold　in　which　all　French　men　are　to　be　recast。

______________________________________________________________________…

Notes：



＇1＇　This　and　the　following　text　are　taken　from　the　〃Contrat…Social〃　by

Rousseau。　　Cf。　　〃The　ancient　Régime；〃　book　III。；　ch。。　　IV。



＇2＇　This　idea；　so　universally　prevalent　and　precocious；　is　uttered　by

Mirabeau　in　the　session　of　the　10th　of　August；　1789。　　（Buchez　et　Roux；

II。；　257。）　〃I　know　of　but　three　ways　of　maintaining　one's　existence　in

society；　and　these　are　to　be　either　a　beggar；　a　robber　or　a　hireling。

The　proprietor　is　himself　only　the　first　of　hirelings。　　What　we

commonly　call　his　property　is　nothing　more　than　the　pay　society　awards

him　for　distributing　amongst　others　that　which　is　entrusted　to　him　to

distribute　through　his　expenses　and　through　what　he　consumes；

proprietors　are　the　agents；　the　stewards　of　the　social　body。〃



＇3＇　Report　by　Roland；　January　6；　1793；　and　by　Cambon；　February　1；

1793。



＇4＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XXXI。；　311。　　Report　by　Saint…Just；　Vent？se　8；　year

II。；　and　decree　in　conformity