the origins of contemporary france-4-第23章
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decree in accordance therewith; unanimously adopted。 See; in
particular; article 2。 … Moniteur; 12 Vent?se; year II。 (meeting of
the Jacobin club; speech by Collot d'Herbois)。 〃The Convention has
declared that prisoners must prove that they were patriots from the
1st of May 1789。 When the patriots and enemies of the Revolution
shall be fully known; then the property of the former shall be
inviolable and held sacred; while that of the latter will be
confiscated for the benefit of the republic。〃
'51' Buchez et Roux; XXVI。; 455 (Session of the Jacobin Club; May 10;
1793; speech by Robespierre。) … Ibid。; (Report by Saint…Just; Feb。
26; 1794。) 〃He who has shown himself an enemy of his country cannot be
one of its proprietors。 Only he has patrimonial rights who has helped
to free it。〃
'52' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 93 and 130。 (Speech by Robespierre on
property; and the declaration of rights adopted by the Jacobin club。)
Decree of Sept。 3; 1793 (articles 13 and 14)。
'53' Moniteur; XXII。; 719。 (Report by Cambon; Frimaire 6; year III。)
At Bordeaux Raba has been sentenced to pay a fine of 1;200;000 francs;
Pechotte to pay 500;000 francs; Martin…Martin to 300;000 francs。〃 …
Cf。 Rodolphe Reuss; 〃Séligmann Alexandre ou les Tribulations d'un
israélite de Strasbourg。〃
'54' Ibid。; XVIII。; 486。 (Report by Cambon; Frimaire 1; year II。)
〃The egotists who; some time ago; found it difficult to pay for the
national domains they had acquired from the Republic; even in
assignats; now bring us their gold 。 。 。 Collectors of the revenue
who had buried their gold have come and offered to pay what they owe
the nation in ingots of gold and silver。 These have been refused; the
Assembly having decreed the confiscation of these objects。〃
'55' Decree of Brumaire 23; year II。 On taxes and confiscations in
the provinces see M。 de Martel; 〃Etude sur Fouché et Pieces
authentiques servant à l'histoire de la revolution à Strasbourg。〃 And
further on the details of this operation at Troyes。 … Meillan; 90:
〃At Bordeaux; merchants were heavily taxed; not on account of their
incivism; but on account of their wealth。〃
'56' Decree of March 7…11; 1793。
'57' Moniteur; XVIII。; 274; decrees of Brumaire 4; and ibid; 305;
decree of Brumaire 9; year II。; establishing equal partition of
inheritances with retroactive effect to July 14; 1789。 Adulterous
bastards are excepted。 The reporter of the bill; Cambacèrés; laments
this regrettable exception。
'58' Rights of inheritance allowed to the descendants of a deceased
person who never enjoyed these rights; but who might have enjoyed them
had he been living when they fell to him。 … Tr。
'59' Fenet; 〃Travaux du Code civil。〃 (Report by Cambacèrés on the Code
civil; August 9; 1793)。 The spokesman for the committee that had
framed the bill makes excuses for not having deprived the father of
all the disposable portion。 〃The committee believed that such a
clause would seriously violate our customs without being of any
benefit to society or of any moral advantage。 We assured ourselves;
moreover; that there should always be a division of property。〃 With
respect to donations: 〃It is repugnant to all ideas of beneficence to
allow donations to the rich。 Nature is averse to the making of such
gifts so long as our eyes dwell on misery and misfortune。 These
affecting considerations have determined us to fix a point; a sort of
maximum; which prohibits gifts on the part of those who have reached
that point。〃
'60' Moniteur; XII。; 730; (June 22; 1792); speech by Lamarque。 … But
this principle is encountered everywhere。 〃Equality; indeed; (is) the
final aim of social art。〃 (Condorcet; 'Tableau des progrès de l'esprit
humain;〃 II。; 59。 … 〃We desired;〃 writes Baudot; 〃to apply to
politics the equality which the Gospel awards to Christians。〃 (Quinet;
〃Revolution Fran?aise; II。; 407。)
'61' Buchez et Roux; XXXV; 296 (The words of Saint…Just。) … Moniteur;
XVIII; 505 (Ordinance of the Paris Commune; Frimaire 3; year II)。
〃Wealth and Poverty must alike disappear under the régime of
equality。〃
'62' Ib。 XXXV; 296 (〃Institutions〃 by Saint…Just)。 〃A man is not
made for trades; nor for a workhouse nor for an alms…house; all this
is frightful。〃 … Ibid。; XXXI。; 312。 (Report of Saint…Just; Vent?se 8;
year II。) 〃Let all Europe see that you will not allow a miserable man
on French territory! 。 。 。 Happiness is a new idea in Europe。〃
'63' Ib。 XXXV; 296 (〃Institutions〃 by Saint…Just。)
'64' Moniteur; XX; 444 ( Report by Barère; Floreal 22; year II)。
〃Mendicity is incompatible with popular government。〃
'65' Ib。; XIX。; 568。 (Report by Saint…Just; Vent?se 8; year II。)
'66' Ib。; XX; 448 (Rapport by Barère; Floreal 22)。
'67' Ibid。; XIX。; 568。 (Report by Saint…Just; Vent?se 8; and decree
of Vent?se 13。) 〃The Committee of Public Safety will report on the
means of indemnifying the unfortunate with property belonging to the
enemies of the Revolution。〃
'68' Ibid。; XIX。; 484。 (Report by Barère; Vent?se 21; year II。) …
Ibid。; XX。; 445。 (Report by Barère; Floréal 22; year II。) … Decrees
on public assistance; June 28; 1793; July 25; 1793; Frimaire 2; and
Floréal 22; year II。) … this principle; moreover; was set forth in the
Constitution of 1793。 〃Public help is a sacred obligation; society
owes a subsistence to unfortunate citizens; whether by providing work
for them; or by ensuring the means of existence to those who are not
in a condition to work。〃 … Archives Nationales; AF。 II。; 39。 The
character of this measure is very clearly expressed in the following
circular of the Committee of Public Safety to its representatives on
mission in the departments; Vent?se; year II。 〃A summary act was
necessary to put the aristocracy down。 The national Convention has
struck the blow。 Virtuous indigence had to recover the property which
crime had encroached upon。 The national Convention has proclaimed its
rights。 A general list of all prisoners should be sent to the
Committee of General Security; charged with deciding on their fate。
The Committee of Public Safety will receive the statement of the
indigent in each commune so as to regulate what is due to them。 Both
these proceedings demand the utmost dispatch and should go together。
It is necessary that terror and justice be brought to bear on all
points at once。 The Revolution is the work of the people and it is
time they should have the benefit of it。〃
'69' Moniteur; XX。; 449。 (Report by Barère; Floréal 22; year II。)
'70' Decree of April 2…5; 1793。
'71' Moniteur; XVIII。; 505。 (Orders of Fouché and Collet d'Herbois;
dated at Lyons and communicated to the commune of Paris; Frimaire 3;
year II。) … De Martel; 〃Etude sur Fouché;〃 132。 Orders of Fouché on
his mission in the Nievre; Sept。 19; 1793。 〃There shall be
established in each district town a Committee of Philanthropy;
authorized to levy on the rich a tax proportionate to the number of
the indigent。〃
'72' Decree of April 2…5; 1793。 〃There shall be organized in each
large commune a guard of citizens selected from the least fortunate。
These citizens shall be armed and paid at the expense of the
Republic。〃
'73' Moniteur; XX。; 449。 (Report of Barère; Floréal 22; year II。)
'74' Ibid。; XIX。; 689。 (Report by Saint…Just; Vent?se 23; year II。)
〃We spoke of happiness。 It is not the happiness of Persepolis we
have offered to you。 It is that of Sparta or Athens in their best
days; the happiness of virtue; that of comfort and moderation; the
happiness which springs from the enjoyment of the necessary without
the superfluous; the luxury of a cabin and of a field fertilized by
your own hands。 A cart; a thatched roof affording shelter from the
frosts; a family safe from the lubricity of a robber … such is happiness!〃
'75' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 402。 (Constitution of 1793。)
'76' Ibid。 XXXV。; 310。 (〃Institutions〃; by Saint…Just。)
'77' Ibid。; XXVI。; 93 and 131。 (Speech by Robespierre on property;
April 24; 1793; and declaration of rights adopted by the Jacobin
Club。) … Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 401。 (Address of a deputation
from Gard。) 〃Material wealth is no more the special property of any
one member of the social body than base metal stamped as a circulating
medium。〃
'78' Moniteur; VIII。; 452。 (Speech by Hébert in the Jacobin Club;
Brumaire 26; year II。) 〃Un Séjour en France de 1792 à 1795;〃 p。218。
(Amiens; Oct。 4; 1794。) 〃While waiting this morning at a shop door I
overheard a beggar bargaining for a slice of pumpkin。 Unable to agree
on the price with the woman who kept the shop he pronounced her
'corrupted with aristocracy。' 'I defy you to prove it!' she replied。
But; as she spoke; she turned pale and added; 'Your civism is beyond
all question … but take your pumpkin。' 'Ah;' returned the beggar;
'what a good republican!'〃
'79' Ibid。; XVIII。; 320。 (Meeting of Brumaire 11; year II。 Report by
Barère。) … Meillan; 17。 Already; before the 31st May: 〃The tribune
resounded with charges against monopoly; every man being a monopolist
who was not reduced to living on daily wages or on alms。〃
'80' Decrees of July 26; 1793; Sept。 11 and 29; Brumaire 11; and
Vent?se 6; year II。
'81' Moniteur; XVIII。; 359。 〃Brumaire 16; year II。 Sentence of death
of Pierre Gourdier; thirty…six years of age; stock…broker; resident in
Paris; rue Bellefond; convicted of having monopolized and concealed in
his house a large quantity of bread; in order to bread scarcity in the
midst of abundance。〃 He had gastritis and could eat nothing but panada
made with toast; and the baker who furnished this gave him thirty
pieces at a time (Wallon; II。; 155)。
'82' Journal of the debates of the Jacobin Club; No。 532; Brumaire
20; year II。 (Plan of citizen Dupré; presented in the Convention by a
deputation of the Arcis Club。) … Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃 p。 483 (a
project similar to the former; presented to the Committee of Public
Safety by the Jacobin Club of Montereau; Thermidor; year II。)
'83' These proposals should come to haunt western civilization for a
long time。 (SR。)
'84' Buchez et Roux; XXXV。; 272。 (〃Institutions;〃 by Saint…Just。)
'85' These ideas were still powerful even before Taine wrote these
words in 1882。 The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations cites a
declaration made by 47 anarchists on trial after their uprising in
Lyons in 1870: 〃We wish; in a word; equality … equality in fact as
corollary; or rather; as primordial condition of liberty。 From each
according to his faculties; to each according to his needs; that is
what we wish sincerely and energetically。〃
'86' Buchez et Roux; XXXI; 273; (Report by Robespierre; Pluvi?se17;
year II。 (7 Feb。 1794)。
'87' Moniteur; XIX (Rapport by Barère; Vent?se 21; an II)。 〃You