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presence of moral symbols and colored pasteboard divinities; could

better please the counterfeit moralist; unable to distinguish the

false from the true; and whose skin…deep sensibility is borrowed from

sentimental authors! 〃For the first time〃 his glowing countenance

beams with joy; while 〃the enthusiasm〃'164' of the scribe overflows;

as usual; in book phraseology。



 〃Behold!〃 he exclaims; 〃that which is most interesting in humanity!

The Universe is here assembled! O; Nature; how sublime; how exquisite

is thy power! How tyrants must quail at the contemplation of this

festival !〃



Is not he himself its most dazzling ornament? Was not he unanimously

chosen to preside over the Convention and conduct the ceremonies? Is

he not the founder of the new cult; the only pure worship on the face

of the earth; approved of by morality and reason? Wearing the uniform

of a representative; nankeen breeches; blue coat; tri…colored sash and

plumed hat;'165' holding in his hand a bouquet of flowers and grain;

he marches at the head of the Convention and officiates on the

platform; he sets fire to the veil which hides from view the idol

representing 〃Atheism;〃 and suddenly; through an ingenious

contrivance; the majestic statue of 〃Wisdom〃 appears in its place。  He

then addresses the crowd; over and over again; exhorting;

apostrophizing; preaching; elevating his soul to the Supreme Being;

and with what oratorical combinations! What an academic swell of

bombastic cadences; strung together to enforce his tirades! How

cunning the even balance of adjective and substantive!'166' From these

faded rhetorical flowers; arranged as if for a prize distribution or a

funeral oration; exhales a sanctimonious; collegiate odor which he

complacently breathes; and which intoxicates him。  At this moment; he

must certainly be in earnest; there is no hesitation or reserve in his

self…admiration; he is not only in his own eyes a great writer and

great orator; but a great statesman and great citizen his artificial;

philosophic conscience awards him only praise。  … But look underneath;

or rather wait a moment。  Signs of impatience and antipathy appear

behind his back: Lecointre has braved him openly; numerous insults;

and; worse than these; sarcasms; reach his ears。  On such an occasion;

and in such a place! Against the pontiff of Truth; the apostle of

Virtue! The miscreants; how dare they! Silent and pale; he suppresses

his rage; and;'167' losing his balance; closing his eyes; he plunges

headlong on the path of murder: cost what it will; the miscreants must

perish and without loss of time。  To expedite matters; he must get

their heads off quietly; and as 〃up to this time things have been

managed confidentially in the Committee of Public Safety;〃 he; alone

with Couthon; two days after; without informing his colleagues;'168'

draws up; brings to the Convention; and has passed the terrible act of

Prairial which places everybody's life at his disposal。  … In his

crafty; blundering haste; he has demanded too much; each one; on

reflection; becomes alarmed for himself; he is compelled to back out;

to protest that he is misunderstood; admit that representatives are

excepted; and; accordingly; to sheathe the knife he has already

applied to his adversaries throats。  But he still holds it in his

grasp。  He watches them; and; pretending to retreat; affects a

renunciation; crouched in his corner;'169' waiting until they

discredit themselves; so as to spring upon them a second time。   He

has not to wait long; for the exterminating machine he set up on the

22nd of Prairial; is in their hands; and it has to work as he planned

it; namely; by making rapid turns and almost haphazard: the odium of a

blind sweeping massacre rests with them; he not only makes no

opposition to this; but; while pretending to abstain from it; he urges

it on。  Secluded in the private office of his secret police; he orders

arrests;'170' he sends out his principal bloodhound; Herman; he first

signs and then dispatches the resolution by which it is supposed that

there are conspirators among those in confinement and which;

authorizing spies or paid informers; is to provide the guillotine with

those vast batches which purge and clean prisons out in a trice。〃'171'

…  〃I am not responsible;〃 he states later on 。  。  。  。〃 My lack of

power to do any good; to arrest the evil; forced me for more than six

weeks to abandon my post on the Committee of Public Safety。〃'172'  To

ruin his adversaries by murders committed by him; by those which he

makes them commit and which he imputes to them; to whitewash himself

and blacken them with the same stroke of the brush; what intense

delight! If the natural conscience murmurs in whispers at moments; the

acquired superposed conscience immediately imposes silence; concealing

personal hatreds under public pretexts: the guillotined; after all;

were aristocrats; and whoever comes under the guillotine is immoral。

Thus; the means are good and the end better; in employing the means;

as well as in pursuing the end; the function is sacerdotal。



Such is the scenic exterior of the Revolution; a specious mask with a

hideous visage beneath it; under the reign of a nominal humanitarian

theory; covering over the effective dictatorship of evil and low

passions。  In its true representative; as in itself; we see ferocity

issuing from philanthropy; and; from the pedant (cuistre); the executioner。

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Notes:



'1' Harmand (de la Meuse): 〃Anecdotes relatives à la Revolution。〃 〃He

was dressed like a tough cab…driver。  He had a disturbed look and an

eye always in motion; he acted in an abrupt; quick and jerky way。  A

constant restlessness gave a convulsive contraction to his muscles and

features which likewise affected his manner of walking so that he

didn't walk but hopped。〃



'2' Chevremont; 〃Jean Paul Marat;〃 also Alfred Bougeard; 〃Marat〃

passim。  These two works; with numerous documents; are panegyrics of

Marat。… Bougeat; I。; II (description of Marat by Fabre d'Eglantine);

II。; 259 and I。; 83。  … 〃Journal de la Republique Fran?aise;〃 by

Marat; No。93; January 9; 1793。  〃 I devote only two out of the twenty

four hours to sleep; and only one hour to my meals; toilette and

domestic necessities。  。  。  I have not taken fifteen minutes

recreation for more than three years。〃



'3' Chevremont; I。; pp。  I and 2。  His family; on the father's side;

was Spanish; long settled in Sardinia。  The father; Dr。  Jean Mara;

had abandoned Catholicism and removed to Geneva where he married a

woman of that city; he afterwards established himself in the canton of

Neufchatel。



'4' 〃Journal de la République Fran?aise〃 No。98; description of 〃l'Ami

du peuple〃 by himself。



'5' Read his novel 〃Les Aventures du jeune comte Potowski;〃 letter 5;

by Lucile: 〃I think of Potowski only。  My imagination; inflamed at the

torch of love; ever presents to me his sweet image。〃 Letter of

Potowski after his marriage。  〃Lucile now grants to love all that

modesty permits 。  。  。   enjoying such transports of bliss; I believe

that the gods are jealous of my lot。〃



'6' Preface; XX。  〃Descartes; Helvetius; Haller; Lelat all ignored

great principles; Man; with them; is an enigma; an impenetrable

secret。〃 He says in a foot…note; 〃We find evidence of this in the

works of Hume; Voltaire; Bonnet; Racine and Pascal。〃



'7' 〃Mémoires Académiques sur la Lumière;〃 pref。; VII。   He

especially opposes 〃the differential refrangibility of heterogeneous

rays〃 which is 〃the basis of Newton's theory。〃



'8' Chevremont; I。; 74。  (See the testimony of Arago; Feb。24; 1844)。



'9' Ibid。; I。; 104。  (Sketch of a declaration of the rights of man and

of the citizen)。



'10' See the epigraph of his 〃Mémoires sur la Lumiere。〃 〃They will

force their way against wind and tide。〃 … Ibid。; preface; VII。

〃Déconvertes de Monsieur Marat;〃 1780; 2nd ed。; p。  140。



'11' 〃Recherches physiques sur l'electricité;〃 1782; pp。13; 17。



'12' Chevremont; I。; 59。



'13' 〃De l'Homme;〃 preface VII。  and book IV。



'14' 〃Journal de la République Fran?aise;〃 No 98。



'15' 〃Journal de la République Fran?aise;〃 by Marat; No。  I。



'16' 〃 L'Ami du Peuple〃 No。  173。  (July 26; 1790)。  The memories of

conceited persons; given to immoderate self…expansion; are largely at

fault。  I have seen patients in asylums who; believing in their

exalted position; have recounted their successes in about the same

vein as Marat。  (Chevremont; I。; 40; 47; 54)。  〃The reports of

extraordinary cures effected by me brought me a great crowd of the

sick。  The street in front of my door was blocked with carriages。

People came to consult me from all quarters。  。  。  。  The abstract of

my experiments on Light finally appeared and it created a prodigious

sensation throughout Europe; the newspapers were all filled with it。

I had the court and the town in my house for six months。  。  。  。  The

Academy; finding that it could not stifle my discoveries tried to make

it appear that they had emanated from its body。〃 Three academic bodies

came in turn the same day to see if he would not present himself as a

candidate。  … 〃Up to the present time several crowned heads have

sought me and always on account of the fame of my works。〃



'17' 〃Journal de la République Fran?aise;〃 July 6 1793。



'18' Moniteur; (Session of the Convention; Sep。25; 1792)。  Marat;

indeed; is constantly claiming the post of temporary dictator。

(〃L'Ami du peuple;〃 Nos。  258; 268; 466; 668 and 〃Appel à la nation;〃

p。53)。



'19' Moniteur; (Session of the Convention; Sep。25; 1792)。  Marat;

indeed; is constantly claiming the post of temporary dictator。

(〃L'Ami du peuple;〃 Nos。  258; 268; 466; 668 and 〃Appel à la nation;〃

p。53)。



'20' Moniteur; (Session of the Convention; Sep。25; 1792)。  Marat;

indeed; is constantly claiming the post of temporary dictator。

(〃L'Ami du peuple;〃 Nos。  258; 268; 466; 668 and 〃Appel à la nation;〃

p。53)。



'21' Chevremont; I。; 40。  (Marat's letters; 1793)。



'22' Journal de la Republique Fran?aise; No。98。



'23' The words of Marat and Panes。  (Chevremont; I。; 197; 203; also

〃The Revolution〃 II。; 290; 2nd note)。



'24' Michelet; 〃Histoire de la Révolution;〃 II。; 89。  (Narrated by M。

Bourdier; Marat's physician; to M。 Serre; the physiologist)。

Barbaroux; 〃Mémoires;〃 355; (after a visit to Marat): 〃You should see

how superficially Marat composed his articles。  Without any knowledge

of a public man he would ask the first person he met what he thought

of him and this he wrote down; exclaiming 'I'll crush the rascal!'〃



'25' Chevremont; I。; 361。  (From a pamphlet against Necker; by Marat;

July; 1790)。



'26' 〃L'Ami du Peuple;〃 No。552。  (August 30; 1791)。



'27' Ibid。; No。626。  (Dec。  15; 1791)。  Cf。  〃The Revolution;〃 I

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