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prisoners; the French soldiers were unwilling to execute the

convention's decree; on which Robespierre (speech of Thermidor 8)

said: 〃I warn you that your decree against the English has constantly

been violated; England; so ill…treated in our speeches; is spared by

our arms。〃



'141' On the Girondists; Cf。  〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 216。



'142' Buchez et Roux; XXX。; 157。  Sketch of a speech on the Fabre

d'Eglantine factim。  … Ibid。; 336; Speech at the Jacobin Club against

Clootz。  … XXXII。; abstract of a report on the Chabot affair; 18。…

Ibid。; 69; Speech on maintaining Danton's arrest。



'143' Ibid。; XXX。; 378。  (Dec。10; 1793。) With respect to the women who

crowd the Convention in order to secure the liberty of their husbands:

〃Should the repubican women forget their virtues as citizens whenever

they remembering that they are wives?〃



'144' Hamel; III。; 196。  … Michelet; V。; 394; abstract of the judicial

debates on the disposition of the Girondists: 〃The minutes of this

decree are found in Robespierre's handwriting。〃



'145' De Martel; 〃Types revolutionnaires;〃 44。  The instructions sent

to the Revolutionary Tribunal at Orange are in Robespierre's

handwriting。  … (Archives Nationales; F7 4439。)



'146' Merlin de Thionville。



'147' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 71。  (On Danton。) 〃Before the day is

over we shall see whether the convention will shatter an idol a long

time rotten。  。  。  。  In what respect is Danton superior to his

fellow…citizens? 。  。  。  。  I say that the man who now hesitates is

guilty。  。  。  。  。  The debate; just begun; is a danger to the

country。〃 … Also the speech in full; against Clootz。



'148' Ibid。; XXX。; 338。  〃Alas; suffering patriots; what can we do;

surrounded by enemies fighting in our own ranks! 。  。  。  Let us

watch; for the fall of our country is not far off;〃 etc。  … These

cantatas; with the accompaniments of the celestial harp; are terrible

if we consider the circumstances。  For instance; on the 3rd of

September; 1792; in the electoral assembly while the massacres are

going on: 〃M。 Robespierre climbs up on the tribune and declares that

he will calmly face the steel of the enemies of public good; and carry

with him to his grave the satisfaction of having served his country;

the certainty of France having preserved its liberty〃。  … (Archives

Nationales; C。  II。; 58…76。)



'149' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 360; 371。  (Speech of May 7; 1794。)

〃Danton1 the most dangerous; if he had not been the most cowardly; of

the enemies of his country 。  。  。  。  Danton; the coldest; the most

indifferent; during his country's greatest peril。〃



'150' Ibid。; XXXIV。;  Cf。  the description of him by Fievée; who saw

him in the tribune at the Jacobin Club。



'151' Merlin de Thionville 〃A vague; painful anxiety; due to his

temperament; was the sole source of his activity。〃



'152' Barère; 〃 Mémoires。〃 〃He wanted to rule France influentially

rather than directly。〃 … Buchez et Roux; XIV。; 188。  (Article by

Marat。) During the early sessions of the Legislative Assembly; Marat

saw Robespierre on one occasion; and explained to him his plans for

exciting popular outbreaks; and for his purifying massacres。

〃Robespierre listened to me with dismay; turned pale and kept silent

for some moments。  This interview confirmed me in the idea I always

had of him; that he combined the enlightenment of a wise senator with

the uprightness of a genuine good man and the zeal of a true patriot;

but that he equally lacked the views and boldness of a statesman。〃 …

Thibaudeau; 〃Mémoires;〃 58。  … He was the only member of the committee

of Public Safety who did not join the department missions。



'153' Someone is 〃grandisonian〃 when he is like the novelist

Richardson's hero; Sir Walter Grandison; beneficient; polite and

chivalrous。  (SR)。



'154' Buchez et Roux XX。; 198。  (Speech of Robespierre in the

Convention; November 5; 1792。)



'155' All these statements by Robespierre are opposed to the truth。  …

(〃Procés…verbaux des Séances de la Commune de Paris。〃) Sep。  1; 1792;

Robespierre speaks twice at the evening session。  … The testimony of

two persons; both agreeing; indicate; moreover; that he spoke at the

morning session; the names of the speakers not being given。  〃The

question;〃 says Pétion (Buchez et Roux; XXI。; 103); 〃was the decree

opening the barriers。〃 This decree is under discussion at the Commune

at the morning session of September 1: 〃Robespierre; on this question;

spoke in the most animated manner; wandering off in sombre flights of

imagination; he saw precipices at his feet and plots of liberticides;

he designated the pretended conspirators。〃… Louvet (ibid。; 130);

assigns the same date; (except that he takes the evening for the

morning session); for Robespierre's first denunciation of the

Girondists: 〃Nobody; then;〃 says Robespierre; 〃dare name the traitors?

Very well; I denounce them。  I denounce them for the security of the

people。  I denounce the liberticide Brissot; the Girondist faction;

the villainous committee of twenty…one in the National Assembly。  I

denounce them for having sold France to Brunswick and for having

received pay in advance for their baseness。〃 … Sep。  2; (〃Procès

verbaux de la Commune;〃 evening session); 〃MM。 Billaud…Varennes and

Robespierre; in developing their civic sentiments; 。  。  denounce to

the Conseil…Général the conspirators in favor of the Duke of

Brunswick; whom a powerful party want to put on the throne of France。〃

… September 3; at 6 o'clock in the morning; (Buchez et Roux; 16; 132;

letter of Louvet); commissioners of the Commune present themselves at

Brissot's house with an order to inspect his papers; one of them says

to Brissot that he has eight similar orders against the Gironde

deputies and that he is to begin with Guadet。  (Letter of Brissot

complaining of this visit; Monitur; Sep。  7; 1792。) This same day;

Sep。  31 Robespierre presides at the Commune。  (Granier de Cassagnac;

〃Les Girondins〃 II。; 63。) It is here that a deputation of the

Mauconseil section comes to find him; and he is charged by the

〃Conseil〃 with a commission at the Temple。  … Sept。  4 (Buchez et

Roux; XXI。; 106; Speech of Petion); the Commune issues a warrant of

arrest against Roland; Danton comes to the Mayoralty with Robespierre

and has the warrant revoked; Robespierre ends by telling Petion: 〃 I

believe that Brissot belongs to Brunswick。〃 … Ibid。; 506。

〃Robespierre (before Sept。  2); took the lead in the Conseil〃… Ibid。;

107。  〃 Robespierre;〃 I said; 〃you are making a good deal of mischief。

Your denunciations; your fears; hatreds and suspicions; excite the

people。〃



'156' Garat; 86。…Cf。  Hamel; I。; 264。  (Speech; June 9; 1791。)



'157' 〃The Revolution;〃 II。; 338; 339。  (Speech。  Aug。  3; 1792。)



'158' Buchez et Roux; XXXIII。; 420。  (Speech; Thermidor 8。)



'159' Ibid。; XXXII。; 71。  (Speech against Danton。) 〃What have you done

that you have not done freely?〃



'160' Ibid。; XXXIII。; 199 and 221。  (Speech on the law of Prairial

22。)



'161' Mirabeau said of Robespierre: 〃Whatever that man has said; he

believes in it。  … Robespierre; Duplay's guest; dined every day with

Duplay; a juryman in the revolutionary tribunal and co…operator for

the guillotine; at eighteen francs a day。  The talk at the table

probably turned on the current abstractions; but there must have been

frequent allusions to the condemnations of the day; and; even when not

mentioned; they were in their minds。  Only Robert Browning; at the

present day; could imagine and revive what was spoken and thought in

those evening conversations before the mother and daughters。



'162' Today; more than 100 years later; where are we? Is it possible

that man can thus lie to himself and hence to others? Robert Wright;

in his book 〃The Moral Animal〃; describing 〃The New Science of

Evolutionary Psychology〃; writes (page 280): 〃The proposition here is

that the human brain is; in large part; a machine for winning

arguments; a machine for convincing others that its owner is in the

right … and thus a machine for convincing its owner of the same thing。

The brain is like a good lawyer: given any set of interests to defend;

its sets about convincing the world of their moral and logical worth;

regardless of whether they in fact have any of either。  Like a lawyer;

it is sometimes more admirable for skill than for virtue。〃 (SR)。



'163' Buchez et Roux; XXXIII。; 151。  … Cf。。  Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃

p。386 (engraving) and 392; Fête de l'être Suprême à Sceaux;〃 according

to the programme drawn up by the patriot Palloy。  〃All citizens are

requested to be at their windows or doors; even those occupying the

rear part of the main buildings。〃… Ibid。; 399。  〃Youthful citizens

will strew flowers at each station; fathers will embrace their

children and mothers turn their eyes upward to heaven。〃 … Moniteur;

XXX。; 653。  〃Plan of the fête in honor of the Supreme Being; drawn up

by David; and decreed by the National Convention。〃



'164' Buchez et Roux; XXXIII。; 176。  (Narrative by Valate。)



'165' Hamel; III。; 541。



'166' Buchez et Roux; XXVIII。; 178; 180。



'167' Ibid。; 177 (Narrative by Vilate。) Ibid。; 170; Notes by

Robespierre on Bourdon (de l'Oise) 417。  Passages erased by

Robespierre in the manuscript of his speech of Thermidor 8。  … 249。

Analogous passages in his speech as delivered; … all these indications

enable us to trace the depths of his resentment。



'168' Ibid。; 183。  Memoirs of Billaud…Varennes; Collot d'Herbois;

Vadier and Barère。  〃The next day after Prairial 22; at the morning

session (of the committee of Public Safety) 。  。  。  。  I now see;

says Robespierre; that I stand alone; with nobody to support me; and;

getting violently excited; he launched out against the members of the

committee who had conspired against him。  He shouted so loud as to

collect together a number of citizens on the Tuileries terrace。〃

Finally; 〃he pushed hypocrisy so far as to shed tears。〃 The nervous

machine; I imagine; broke down。  … Another member of the committee;

Prieur; (Carnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 525); relates that; in the month of

Floréal; after another equally long and violent session; 〃Robespierre;

exhausted; became ill。〃



'169' Carnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。  526。  〃As his bureau was in a separate

place; where none of us set foot; he could retire to it without coming

in contact with any of us; as in effect; he did。  He even made a

pretence of passing through the committee rooms; after the session was

over; and he signed some papers; but he really neglected nothing;

except our common discussions。  He held frequent conferences in his

house with the presidents of the revolutionary tribunals; over which

his influence was greater than ever。〃



'170' Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃 563。  … Archives Nationales; AF。II。;

58。  The signature of Robespierre; in his own

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