the origins of contemporary france-4-第88章

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the　other　end　of　Paris；　in　the　east；　in　the　tower　of　the　Temple；

separated　from　his　sister　and　torn　from　his　mother；　still　lives　the

little　Dauphin：　no　one　in　France　merits　more　pity　or　respect　than　him。

For；　if　France　exists；　it　is　owing　to　the　thirty…five　military　chiefs

and　crowned　kings　of　which　he　is　the　last　direct　scion；　without　their

thousand　years　of　hereditary　rule　and　preserving　policy　the　intruders

into　the　Tuileries　who　have　just　profaned　their　tombs　at　St。　　Denis

and　thrown　their　bones　into　a　common　ditch；＇153＇　would　not　be

Frenchmen。　　At　this　moment；　were　suffrages　free；　the　immense　majority

of　the　people；　nineteen　Frenchmen　out　of　twenty；　would　recognize　this

innocent　and　precious　child　for　their　King；　the　heir　of　the　people　of

which　their　nation　and　country　is　formed；　a　child　of　eight　years；　of

rare　precociousness；　as　intelligent　as　he　is　good；　and　of　a　gentle　and

winning　expression。　　Look　at　the　other　figure　alongside　of　him；　his

fist　raised　and　with　insults　on　his　lips；　with　a　hang…dog　face；

bloated　with　brandy；　titular　governor；　official　preceptor；　and

absolute　master　of　this　child；　the　cobbler　Simon；　malignant；　foul…

mouthed；　mean　in　every　way；　forcing　him　to　become　intoxicated；

starving　him；　preventing　him　from　sleeping；　thrashing　him；　and　who；

obeying　orders；　instinctively　visits　on　him　all　his　brutality　and

corruption　that　he　may　pervert；　degrade　and　deprave　him。＇154＇　…　In　the

Palais　de　Justice；　midway　between　the　tower　of　the　Temple　and　the

prison　in　the　rue　de　Sèvres；　an　almost　similar　contrast；　transposing

the　merits　and　demerits；　daily　brings　together　in　opposition　the

innocent　with　the　vile。　　There　are　days　when　the　contrast；　still　more

striking；　seats　criminals　on　the　judges'　bench　and　judges　on　the　bench

of　criminals。　　On　the　first　and　second　of　Floréal；　the　old

representatives　and　trustees　of　liberty　under　the　monarchy；　twenty…

five　magistrates　of　the　Paris　and　Toulouse　parliaments；　many　of　them

being　eminent　intellects　of　the　highest　culture　and　noblest　character；

embracing　the　greatest　historical　names　of　the　French　magistracy；　…

Etienne　Pasquier；　Lefèvre　d'Ormesson；　Molé　de　Champlatreux；　De

Lamoignon；　de　Malesherbes；　…　are　sent　to　the　guillotine＇155＇　by　the

judges　and　juries　familiar　to　us；　assassins　or　brutes　who　do　not　take

the　trouble；　or　who　have　not　the　capacity；　to　give　proper　color　to

their　sentences。　　M。　de　Malesherbes　exclaims；　after　reading　his

indictment；　〃　If　that　were　only　common…sense！〃　…　In　effect　those　who

pronounce　judgment　are；　by　their　own　admission；　〃substantial　jurymen；

good　sans…culottes；　natural　people。〃　And　such　a　nature！　One　of　these；

Trenchard；　an　Auvergnat　carpenter；　portrays　himself　accurately　in　the

following　note　addressed　to　his　wife　before　the　trial　comes　on：



〃If　you　are　not　alone；　and　the　companion　can　work；　you　may　come；　my

dear；　and　see　the　twenty…four　gentlemen　condemned；　all　of　them　former

presidents　or　councillors　in　the　parliaments　of　Toulouse　and　Paris。　　I

recommend　you　to　bring　something　along　with　you　（to　eat）；　it　will　be

three　hours　before　we　finish。　　I　embrace　you；　my　dear　friend　and

wife。〃＇156＇



In　the　same　court；　Lavoisier；　the　founder　and　organizer　of　chemistry；

the　great　discoverer；　and　condemned　to　death；　asks　for　a　reprieve　of

his　sentence　for　a　fortnight　to　complete　an　experiment；　and　the

president；　Coffinhal；　another　Auvergnat；　replies；



　〃The　Republic　has　no　need　of　savants。〃＇157＇



　And　it　has　no　need　of　poets。　　The　first　poet　of　the　epoch；　André

Chénier；　the　delicate　and　superior　artist　who　reopens　antique　sources

of　inspiration　and　starts　the　modern　current；　is　guillotined；　we

possess　the　original　manuscript　indictment　of　his　examination；　a

veritable　master…piece　of　gibberish　and　barbarism；　of　which　a　full

copy　is　necessary　to　convey　an　idea　of　its　〃turpitudes　of　sense　and

orthography。〃＇158＇　The　reader　may　there　see；　if　he　pleases；　a　man　of

genius　delivered　up　to　brutes；　coarse；　angry；　despotic　animals；　who

listen　to　nothing；　who　comprehend　nothing；　who　do　not　even　understand

terms　in　common　use；　who　stumble　through　their　queries；　and　who；　to

ape　intelligence；　draggle　their　pens　along　in　supreme　stupidity。



The　overthrow　is　complete。　　France；　subject　to　the　Revolutionary

Government；　resembles　a　human　being　forced　to　walk　with　his　head　down

and　to　think　with　his　feet。

_____________________________________________________________________



Notes：





＇1＇　Cf。　　〃The　Revolution；〃　book　I。；　ch。　　3；　and　book　III。；　chs。　9　and

10。



＇2＇　Grégoire；　〃　Memoires；〃　II。；　172。　　〃About　eighteen　thousand

ecclesiastics　are　enumerated　among　the　émigrés　of　the　first　epoch。

About　eighteen　thousand　more　took　themselves　off；　or　were　sent　off；

after　the　2nd　of　September。〃



＇3＇　Ibid。；　26。　　〃The　chief　of　the　émigré　bureau　in　the　police

department　（May　9；　1805）　enumerates　about　two　hundred　thousand　persons

reached；　or　affected；　by　the　laws　concerning　emigration。〃　…　Lally…

Tolendal；　〃Défense　des　Emigrés；〃　（2nd　part；　p。　　62　and　passim）。

Several　thousand　persons　inscribed　as　émigrés　did　not　leave　France。

The　local　administration　recorded　them　on　its　lists　either　because

they　lived　in　another　department；　and　could　not　obtain　the　numerous

certificates　exacted　by　the　law　in　proof　of　residence；　or　because

those　who　made　up　the　lists　treated　these　certificates　with　contempt。

It　was　found　convenient　to　manufacture　an　émigré　in　order　to

confiscate　his　possessions　legally；　and　even　to　guillotine　him；　not

less　legally；　as　a　returned　émigré。　　…　Message　of　the　Directory　to　the

〃Five　Hundred；〃　Vent？se　3；　year　V。：　〃According　to　a　rough　estimate；

obtained　at　the　Ministry　of　Finances；　the　number　enrolled　on　the

general　list　of　émigres　amounts　to　over　one　hundred　and　twenty

thousand；　and；　again；　the　lists　from　some　of　the　departments　have　not

come　in。〃　…　Lafayette；　〃Mémoires；〃　vol。　　II。；　181。　　（Letters　to　M。　de

Maubourg；　Oct。　　17；　1799　（noté）　Oct。　　19；　1800。）　According　to　the

report　of　the　Minister　of　Police；　the　list　of　émigrés；　in　nine　vols。；

still　embraced　one　hundred　and　forty…five　thousand　persons；

notwithstanding　that　thirteen　thousand　were　struck　off　by　the

Directory；　and　twelve　hundred　by　the　consular　government。



＇4＇　Cf。　　Mémoires　of　Louvet；　Dulaure　and　Vaublanc。　　…　Mallet…Dupan；

〃Mémoires；〃　II。；　7。　　〃Several；　to　whom　I　have　spoken；　literally　made

the　tour　of　France　in　various　disguises；　without　having　been　able　to

find　an　outlet；　it　was　only　after　a　series　of　romantic　adventures　that

they　finally　succeeded　in　gaining　the　Swiss　frontier；　the　only　one　at

all　accessible。〃　…　Sauzay；　V。；　210；　220；　226；　276。　　（Emigration　of

fifty…four　inhabitants　of　Charquemont；　setting　out　for　Hungary。）



＇5＇　Ibid。；　vols。　　IV。；　V。；　VI。；　VII。　　（On　the　banished　priests

remaining　and　still　continuing　their　ministrations；　and　on　those　who

returned　to　resume　them。）　…　To　obtain　an　idea　of　the　situation　of　the

emigrés　and　their　relations　and　friends；　it　is　necessary　to　read　the

law　of　Sep。15；　1794　（Brumaire　25；　year　III。）；　which　renews　and

generalizes　previous　laws；　children　of　fourteen　years　and　ten　years

are　affected　by　it。　　It　was　with　the　greatest　difficulty；　even　if　one

did　not　leave　France；　that　a　person　could　prove　that　he　had　not

emigrated。



＇6＇　Pandour；　an　18th　century　Croatian　foot…soldier　in　the　Austrian

service：　a　robber。　　（SR）



＇7＇　Moniteur；　XVIII。；　215。　　（Letter　of　Brigadier…general　Vandamme　to

the　convention；　Ferney；　Brumaire　I；　year　II。）　The　reading　of　this

letter　calls　forth　〃reiterated　applause。〃



＇8＇　Sauzay；　V。；　196。　　（The　total　is　five　thousand　two　hundred。　　Some

hundreds　of　names　might　be　added；　inasmuch　as　many　of　the　village

lists　are　wanting。）



＇9＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XXXIV。；　434。　　（Trial　of　Fouquier…Tinville；

deposition　of　Therriet…Grandpré；　one　of　the　heads　of　the　commission　on

civil　Police　and　Judicial　Administration；　51st　witness。）



＇10＇　Report　by　Saladin；　March　4；　1795。



＇11＇　Wallon；　〃La　Terreur；〃　II。；　202。



＇12＇　Duchatelier；　〃Brest　Pendant　la　Terreur；〃　p。　　105。　　…　Paris；

〃Histoire　de　Joseph　Lebon；〃　II。；　370。　　…　〃Tableau　des　Prisons　de

Toulouse；〃　by　Pescayre；　p。　　409。　　…　〃　Recueil　de　Pièces　Authentiques

sur　la　Révolution　à　Strasbourg；〃　I。；　65。　　（List　of　arrests　after

Prairial　7；　year　II。）　When　the　following　arrests　were　made　there　were

already　over　three　thousand　persons　confined　in　Strasbourg。〃　…　Alfred

Lallier；　〃Les　Noyades　de　Nantes；〃　p。90。　　…　Berryat　Saint…Prix；　p。436。

（Letter　of　Maignet　to　Couthon；　Avignon；　Floreal　4；　year　II。）



＇13＇　Baulieu；　〃Essais；〃　V。；　283。　　At　the　end　of　December；　1793；

Camille　Desmoulins　wrote：　〃Open　the　prison　doors　to　those　two　hundred

thousand　citizens　whom　you　call　'suspects'！〃　…　The　number　of　prisoners

largely　increased　during　the　seven　following　months。　　（〃Le　Vieux

Cordelier；〃　No。　　IV。；　Frimaire　30；　year　II。）　…　Beaulieu　does　not　state

precisely　what　the　committee　of　General　Security　meant　by　the　word

déténu。　　Does　it　merely　relate　to　those　incarcerated？　Or　must　all　who

were　confined　at　their　own　houses　be　included？　…　We　are　able　to　verify

his　statement　and　determine　the　number；　at　least　approximatively；　by

taking　one　department　in　which　the　rigor　of　the　revolutionary　system

was　average　and　where　the　lists　handed　in　were　complete。　　According　to

the　census　of　1791；　Doubs　contained　two　hundred　and　twenty…one

thousand　inhabitants；　France　had　a　population　of　26　millions；　and　we

have　just　seen　the　number　of　each　category　that　were　under

confinement；　the　proportion　for　France　gives　258　000　persons

incarcerated；　and　175　000　confined　to　their　houses；　and　175　000

persons　besides　these　on　the　limits　in　their　communes；　or　ajournées；

that　is　to　say；　608　000　persons　deprived　of　their　liberty。　　The　first

two　categories　form　a　total　of　433　000　persons；　sufficiently　near

Beaulieu's　figures。



＇14＇　Paris；　〃Histoire　de　Joseph　Lebon；〃　II。；　371；　372；　375；　377；　379；

380。　　…　〃Les　Angoisses　de　la　Mort；〃　by　Poirier　and　Monjay　of　Dunkirk

（second　edition；　year　III。）。　　〃Their　children　and　trusty　agents　still

remained　in　prison；　they　were　treated　no　better　than　ourselves。　　。　　。

。　　we　saw　children　coming　in　from　all　quarters；　infants　of　five　years；

and；　to　withdraw　them　from　paternal　authority；　they　had　sent　to　them

from　time　to　time；　commissioners　who　used　immoral　language　with　them。〃



＇15＇　Mémoires　sur　les　Prisons；〃　（Barrière　et　Berville　collection）；

II。；　354；　and　appendix　F。　　Ibid。；　II。；　2262。　　…　The　women　were　the

first　to　pass　under　rapiotage。〃　（Prisons　of　Arras　and　that　of　Plessis；

at　Paris。）



＇16＇　Documents　on　Daunou；〃　by　Taillandier。　　（Narrative　by　Daunou；　who

was　imprisoned　in　turn　in　La　Force；　in　the　Madelonettes；　in　the

English　Benedictine　establishment；　in　the　Hotel　des　Fermes；　and　in

Port…Libre。）　…　On　prison　management　cf。；　for　the　provinces；　〃Tableaux

des　Prisons　de　Toulouse；〃　by　Pescayre