the origins of contemporary france-4-第89章
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Port…Libre。) … On prison management cf。; for the provinces; 〃Tableaux
des Prisons de Toulouse;〃 by Pescayre; 〃Un Sejour en France;〃 and 〃Les
Horreurs des Prisons d'Arras;〃 for Arras and Amiens; Alexandrines des
Echerolles; 〃Une Famille noble sous la Terreur;〃 for Lyons; the trial
of Carrier for Nantes; for Paris; 〃Histoire des Prisons〃 by Nougaret;
4 vols。; and the 〃Mémoires sur les Prisons;〃 2 vols。
'17' Testimony of Representative Blanqui; imprisoned at La Force; and
of Representative Beaulieu; imprisoned in the Luxembourg and at the
Madelonettes。 … Beaulieu; 〃Essais;〃 V。; 290: 〃The conciergerie was
still full of wretches held for robbery and assassination; poverty…
stricken and repulsive。 … It was with these that counts; marquises;
voluptuous financiers; elegant dandies; and more than one wretched
philosopher; were shut up; pell…mell; in the foulest cells; waiting
until the guillotine could make room in the chambers filled with camp…
bedsteads。 They were generally put with those on the straw; on
entering; where they sometimes remained a fortnight。。。 It was
necessary to drink brandy with these persons; in the evening; after
having dropped their excrement near their straw; they went to sleep in
their filth。 。 。 。 I passed those three nights half…sitting; half…
stretched out on a bench; one leg on the ground and leaning against
the wall。〃 … Wallon; 〃La Terreur;〃 II。; 87。 (Report of Grandpré on
the Conciergerie; March 17; 1793。 〃Twenty…six men collected into one
room; sleeping on twenty…one mattresses; breathing the foulest air and
covered with half…rotten rags。〃 In another room forty…five men and ten
straw…beds; in a third; thirty…nine poor creatures dying in nine
bunks; in three other rooms; eighty miserable creatures on sixteen
mattresses filled with vermin; and; as to the women; fifty…four having
nine mattresses and standing up alternately。 … The worst prisons in
Paris were the Conciergerie; La Force; Le Plessis and Bicêtre。 …
〃Tableau des Prisons de Toulouse;〃 p。 316。 〃Dying with hunger; we
contended with the dogs for the bones intended for them; and we
pounded them up to make soup with。〃
'18' 〃Recueil de Pièces; etc。;〃 i。; p。3。 (Letter of Frédéric Burger;
Prairial 2; year II。)
'19' Alfred Lallier; 〃Les Noyades de Nantes;〃 p。 90。 … Campardon;
〃Histoire de Tribunal Révolutionnaire de Paris;〃 (trial of Carrier);
II。; 55。 (Deposition of the health…officer; Thomas。) 〃 I saw perish
in the revolutionary hospital (at Nantes) seventy…five prisoners in
two days。 None but rotten mattresses were found there; on each of
which the epidemic had consumed more than fifty persons。 At the
Entrepot; I found a number of corpses scattered about here and there。
I saw children; still breathing; drowned in tubs full of human
excrement。〃
'20' Narrative of the sufferings of unsworn priests; deported in 1794;
in the roadstead of Aix; passim。
'21' 〃Histoire des Prisons;〃 I。; 10。 〃Go and visit;〃 says a
contemporary; (at the Conciergerie); the dungeons called 'the great
C?sar;' 'Bombie;' 'St。 Vincent。' ' Bel Air;' etc。; and say whether
death is not preferable to such an abode。〃 Some persons; indeed; the
sooner to end the matter; wrote to the public prosecutor; accusing
themselves; demanding a king and priests; and are at once guillotined;
as they hoped to be。 … Cf。 the narrative of 〃La Translation des 132
à Nantois Paris;〃 and Riouffe; 〃Mémoires;〃 on the sufferings of
prisoners on their way to their last prison。
'22' Berryat Saint…Prix; p。 IX。; passim。
'23' Campardon; II。; 224。
'24' Berryat Saint…Prix; 445。 … Paris; 〃Histoire de Joseph Lebon;〃
II。; 352。 … Alfred Lallier; p。 90。 … Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 394。
'25' Berryat Saint…Prix; pp。23; 24。
'26' Berryat Saint…Prix; p。458。 〃At Orange; Madame de Latour…Vidan;
aged eighty and idiotic for many years; was executed with her son。 It
is stated that; on being led to the scaffold; she thought she was
entering a carriage to pay visits and so told her son。〃 … Ibid。; 471。
After Thermidor; the judges of the Orange commission having been put
on trial; the jury declared that 〃 they refused to hear testimony for
the defense and did not allow the accused even informal lawyers to
defend them。〃
'27' Camille Boursier;〃 La Terreur en Anjou;〃 p。228。 (Deposition of
Widow Edin。) 〃La Persac; a nun ill and infirm; was ready to take the
oath。 Nicolas; Vacheron's agent; assisted by several other persons;
dragged her out of bed and put her on a cart; from ninety to ninety…
four others were shot along with her。〃
'28' Berryat Saint…Prix; p。 161。 The following are samples of these
warrants: 〃S。 (shot); Germinal 13; Widow Menard; seventy…two years
old; an old aristocrat; liking nobody; habitually living by herself。〃
… Warrant of the Marseilles committee; Germinal 28; year II。;
condemning one Cousinéri for having continually strayed off as if to
escape popular vengeance; to which he was liable on account of his
conduct and for having detested the Revolution。〃 … Camille Boursier;
p。72; Floréal 15; year II。; execution of 〃Gerard; guilty of having
scorned to assist at the planting of a Liberty…pole; in the commune of
Vouille; Sep。; 1792; and inducing several municipal officers to join
him in his insolent and liberticide contempt。〃
'29' Wallon; 〃Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionnaire de Paris; V。; 145。
'30' Ibid。; v。; 109。 (Deposition of Madame de Maillé。) … V。; 189。
(Deposition of Lhullier。) … Cf。 Campardon; in the same affairs。
'31' Campardon; II。; 189; 190; 193; 197。 (Depositions of Beaulieu;
Duclos; Tirard; Ducray; etc。)
'32' Berryat Saint…Prix; 395。 (Letter of Representative Moyse Bayle;)
… Ibid。; 216。 (Words of Representative Lecarpentier at Saint…Malo。)
〃Why such delays? Of what use are these eternal examinations? What
need is there of going so deep into this matter? The name; profession
and the upshot; and the trial is over。〃 … He publicly stated to the
informers: You don't know what facts you require to denounce the
Moderates? Well; a gesture; one single gesture; suffices。〃
'33' Letter of Payan to Roman Formosa; judge at Orange: 〃In the
commissions charged with punishing the conspirators; no formalities
should exist; the conscience of the judge is there as a substitute for
these。 。 。 The commissions must serve as political courts; they
must remember that all the men who have not been on the side of the
Revolution are against it; since they have done nothing for the
country。 。 。 I say to all judges; in the name of the country; do
not risk saving a guilty man。〃 … Robespierre made the same declaration
in the Jacobin Club。 Frimaire 19; year II。: 〃We judge; in politics;
with the suspicions of an enlightened patriotism。〃
'34' 〃Mémoires de Fréron〃 and on Fréron; (collection Barrière et
Berville;) p。364。 Letter of Fréron; Toulon; Niv?se 16。 〃More than
eight hundred Toulonese have already been shot。〃
'35' Lallier; p。90。 (The eleven distinct drownings ascertained by M。
Lallier extend up to Pluvi?se 12; year II。)
'36' Moniteur; XXII。; 227。 (Official documents read in the
Convention; Vent?se 21; year III。) These documents authenticate an
ulterior drowning。 Vent?se 9; year II。; by order of Lefévre; adjutant
general; forty…one persons were drowned; among whom were two men
seventy…eight years of age and blind; twelve women; twelve young
girls; fifteen children; of which ten were between six and ten years
old; and five at the breast。 The drowning took place in the Bourgneuf
bay。…Carrier says in the Convention; (Moniteur; XXII。; p。578); in
relation to the drowning of pregnant women: 〃At Laval; Angers; Saumur;
Chaban…Gontier; everywhere the same things took place as at Nantes。〃
'37' Camille Boursier; p。159。
'38' Ibid。; 203。 Representative Francastel announces 〃the firm
determination to purge; to bleed freely this Vendean question。〃 This
same Francastel wrote to General Grignon: 〃Make those brigands
tremble! Give them no quarter! The prisons in Vendée are overflowing
with prisoners! 。 。 。 The conversion of this country into a desert
must be completed。 Show no weakness and no mercy。 。 。 These are
the views of the Convention。 。 。 。 I swear that Vendée shall be
depopulated。〃
'39' Granier de Cassagnac; 〃His。 du Directoire;〃 II。; 241。 … (Letter
of General Hoche to the Minister of the Interior; Feb。 2; 1796。)
〃Only one out of five remains of the population of 1789。〃
'40' Campardon; II。; 247; 249; 251; 261; 321。 (Examination of
Fouquier…Tinville; Cambon's words。)
'41' Article by Guffroy; in his journal Le Rougiff: 〃Down with the
nobles; and so much the worse for the good ones; if there are any! Let
the guillotine stand permanently throughout the Republic。 Five
millions of inhabitants are enough for France!〃 … Berryat Saint…Prix;
445。 (Letter of Fauvety; Orange; Prairial 14; year II。) 〃We have but
two confined in our arrondissement。 What a trifle!〃 … Ibid。; 447。
(Letter of the Orange Committee to the Committee of Public Safety;
Messidor 3。) As soon as the Committee gets fully agoing it is to try
all the priests; rich merchants and ex…nobles。〃 … (Letter of Juge;
Messidor 2。) 〃Judging by appearances more than three thousand heads
will fall in the department。〃 … Ibid。; 311。 At Bordeaux; a huge
scaffold is put up; authorized by the Military Committee; with seven
doors; two of which are large and like barn…doors; called a four…
bladed guillotine; so as to work faster and do more。 The warrant and
orders for its construction bear date Thermidor 3 and 8; year II。 …
Berryat Saint…Prix; 285。 Letter of Representative Blutel; on mission
at Rochefort; after Thermidor: 〃A few men; sunk in debauchery and
crime; dared proscribe (here) virtues; patriotism; because it was not
associated with their sanguinary excitement: the tree of Liberty; they
said; required for its roots ten feet of human gore。〃
'42' 〃Recueil de Pièces Authentiques; concernant le Revolution à
Strasbourg;〃 I。; 174; 178。 Examples of revolutionary taxes。 … Orders
of Representatives Milhaud; Ruamps; Guyadin; approving of the
following contributions; Brumaire 20; year II。
On 3 individuals of Stutzheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。150;000 livres。
〃 3 〃 Offenheim。。。。。 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。30;000 〃
〃21 〃 Molsheim 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。367;000 〃
〃 17 〃 Oberenheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。402;000 〃
〃 84 〃 Rosheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。503;000 〃
〃 10 〃 Mutzig。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。114;000 〃
Another order by Daum and Tisseraud; members of the committee who
temporarily replace the district administrators: 〃Whereas; it is owing
to the county aristocrats that the Republic supports the war;〃 they
approve of the following taxes:
On the aristocrats of Geispolzheim; 4