the origins of contemporary france-4-第90章
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approve of the following taxes:
On the aristocrats of Geispolzheim; 400;000 livres。
ditto of Obersch?ffolsheim 200;000 〃
ditto of Düttlenheim 150;000 〃
ditto of Duppigheim 100;000 〃
ditto of Achenheim 100;000 〃
List of contributions raised in the rural communes of the district of
Strasbourg; according to an assessment made by Stamm; procureur pro
tem。 of the district; amounting to three millions one hundred and
ninety…six thousand one hundred livres。
'43' 〃Recueil des Pieces Authentiques;〃 etc。; I。; 23。 By order of the
representatives under date of Brumaire 25; year II。 〃The municipality
of Strasbourg stripped the whole commune of shoes in twenty…four
hours; sending for them from house to house。〃 … Ibid。。 p。32。 Orders
of Representatives Lemaire and Baudot; Frimaire I; year II。; declaring
that kitchen…utensils; boilers; sauce…pans; stew…pans; kettles and
other copper and lead vessels; as well as copper and lead not worked…
up; found at Strasbourg and in the departments; be levied on。〃 …
Archives Nationales; AF。; I。; 92。 (Orders of Taillefer; Brumaire 3;
year II。 Villefranche 1'Avergnon。) Formation of a Committee of ten
persons directed to make domiciliary visits; and authorized to take
possession of all the iron; lead; steel and copper found in the houses
of 〃suspects;〃 all of which kitchen utensils; are to be turned into
cannon。 … Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 15。
'44' Moniteur; XXV。; 188。 (Speech by Blutels; July 9; 1795。)
'45' 〃Recueil du Pièces Authentiques;〃 etc。; I。; 24。 … Grégoire;
reports on Vandalism; Fructidor 14; year II。; and Brumaire 14; year
III。 (Moniteur; XXII。; 86 and 751。) … Ibid。; Letter of December 24;
1796: 〃Not millions; but billions have been destroyed。〃 … Ibid。;;
〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 334: 〃It is incalculable; the loss of religious;
scientific and literary objects。 The district administrations of
Blanc (Indre) notified me that to ensure the preservation of a
library; they had the books put in casks。〃 … Four hundred thousand
francs were expended in smashing statues of the Fathers of the church;
forming a circle around the dome of the Invalides。 … A great many
objects became worthless through a cessation of their use: for
example; the cathedral of Meaux was put up at auction and found no
purchaser at six hundred francs。 The materials were valued at forty…
five thousand francs; but labor (for taking it down) was too high。
(Narrative by an inhabitant of Meaux。)
'46' Les Origines du Système Financier Actuel;〃 by Eugene Sturm; p。53;
79。
'47' Meissner; 〃Voyage à Paris;〃 (end of 1795); p。 65。 〃The class of
those who may have really gained by the Revolution。。。。 is composed of
brokers; army contractors; and their subordinates; a few government
agents and fermiers; enriching themselves by their new acquisitions;
and who are cool and shrewd enough to hide their grain; bury their
gold and steadily refuse assignats。〃 … Ibid。; 68; 70。 〃 On the road;
he asks to whom a fine chateau belongs; and they tell him with a
significant look; 'to a former scruffy wretch。' … 'Oh; monsieur;' said
the landlady at Vesoul; 'for every one that the Revolution has made
rich; you may be sure that it has made a thousand poor。'〃
'48' The following descriptions and appreciations are the fruit of
extensive investigation; scarcely one tenth of the facts and texts
that have been of service being cited。 I must refer the reader;
accordingly; to the series of printed and written documents of which I
have made mention in this and the three preceding volumes。
'49' 〃The Ancient Regime;〃 book II。; ch 2; § IV。
'50' Ibid。; book IV。; chs。 I。; II。; III。
'51' Lacretelle; 〃Histoire de France au 18eme Siecle;〃 V。; 2。 … …〃
The Ancient Regime;〃 pp。 163; 300。
'52' Morellet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 166。 (Letter by R?derer to Beccaria's
daughter; May 20; 1797)。
'53' Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana; marquis de) (Milan 1738 … id。 1794)。
Italian jurist; whose 〃Traité des délits et des peines (1764)
contributed to the reforms and the softening of of European penal law。
(SR)
'54' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 493。 〃While the Duke of Orleans
was undergoing his examination he read a newspaper。〃 … Ibid。; 497。
〃Nobody died with more firmness; spirit and dignity than the Duke of
Orleans。 He again became a royal prince。 On being asked in the
revolutionary tribunal whether he had any defense to make; he replied;
'Rather die to…day than to…morrow: deliberate about it。'〃 His request
was granted。 … The Duc de Biron refused to escape; considering that;
in such a dilemma; it was not worth while。 〃He passed his time in
bed; drinking Bordeaux wine。 。 。 。 Before the tribunal; they asked
his name and he replied; 'Cabbage; turnip; Biron; as you like; one is
as good as the other。' 'How!' exclaimed the judges; 'you are
insolent!' 'And you … you are windbags! I Come to the point;
Guillotine; that is all you have to say; while I have nothing to
say。'〃 Meanwhile they proceeded to interrogate him on his pretended
treachery in Vendée; etc。 〃'You do not know what you are talking
about! You ignoramuses know nothing about war! Stop your questions。 I
reported at the time to the Committee of Public Safety; which approved
of my conduct。 Now; it has changed and ordered you to take my life。
Obey; and lose no more time。' Biron asked pardon of God and the King。
Never did he appear better than on the (executioner's) cart。〃
'55' Morellet; II。; 31。…〃Mémoires de la Duchesse de Tourzel;〃 〃de
Mlle。 des écherolles;〃 etc。…Beugnot; 〃Mémoires; I。; 200…203。 〃The
wittiest remarks; the most delicate allusions; the most brilliant
repartees were exchanged on each side of the grating。 The
conversation was general; without any subject being dwelt on。 There;
misfortune was treated as if it were a bad child to be laughed at;
and; in fact; they did openly make sport of Marat's divinity;
Robespierre's sacerdoce and the magistracy of Fouquier。 They seemed
to say to all these bloody menials: 'You may slaughter us when you
please; but you cannot hinder us in being aimable'〃…Archives
Nationales; F。7; 31167。 (Report by the watchman; Charmont; Niv?se 29;
year II。) 〃The people attending the executions are very much surprised
at the firmness and courage they show (sic) on mounting the scaffold。
They say that it looks (sic) like going to a wedding。 People cannot
get used to it; some declaring that it is supernatural。〃
'56' Sauzay; I。。 introduction。 … De Tocqueville; 〃L'Ancien Regime et
la Revolution;〃 166。 〃I have patiently read most of the reports and
debates of the provincial états;' and especially those of Languedoc;
where the clergy took much greater part than elsewhere in
administrative details; as well as the procès…verbaux of the
provincial assemblies between 1779 and 1787; and; entering on the
study with the ideas of my time; I was surprised to find bishops and
abbés; among whom were several as eminent for their piety as their
learning; drawing up reports on roads and canals; treating such
matters with perfect knowledge of the facts; discussing with the
greatest ability and intelligence the best means for increasing
agricultural products; for ensuring the well…being of the people and
the property of industrial enterprises; oftentimes much better than
the laymen who were interested with them in the same affairs。〃
'57' 〃The Ancient Regime;〃 p。300。 … 〃 The Revolution;〃 vol。 I。; p。
116。 ??Buchez et Roux; I。; 481。 The list of notables convoked by the
King in 1787 gives an approximate idea of this social staff。 Besides
the leading princes and seigniors we find; among one hundred and
thirty…four members; twelve marshals of France; eight Councillors of
State; five ma?tres de requêtes; fourteen bishops and archbishops;
twenty presidents and seventeen procureurs géneraux des parlements; or
of royal councils; twenty…five mayors; prév?ts des marchands;
capitouls; and equerries of large towns; the deputies of the 〃Etats〃
of Burgundy; Artois; Brittany and Languedoc; three ministers and two
chief clerks。 … The capacities were all there; on hand; for bringing
about a great reform; but there was no firm; strong; controlling hand;
that of a Richelieu or Frederic II。
'58' See 〃The Revolution II〃 Ed。 Lafont page 617。 US ediction P。 69。
(SR。)
'59' 〃Mémoires de Gaudin;〃 duc de Ga?te。
'60' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 25; 24。 〃The War Committee is
composed of engineer and staff…officers; of which the principal are
Meussuer; Favart; St。 Fief; d'Arcon; LafitteClavé and a few others。
D'Arcon directed the raising of the siege of Dunkirk and that of
Maubenge。 。 。 。 These officers were selected with discernment;
they planned and carried out the operations; aided by immense
resources; in the shape of maps; plans and reconnaissances preserved
in the war department; they really operated according to the
experience and intelligence of the great generals under the monarchy。〃
'61' Miot de Melito; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 47。 … Andre Michel;
〃Correspondance de MalletDupan avec la Cour de Vienne;〃 I。; 26。
(January 3; 1795。) 〃The Convention feels so strongly the need of
suitable aids to support the burden of its embarrassments as to now
seek for them among pronounced royalists。 For instance; it has just
offered the direction of the royal treasury to M。 Dufresne; former
chief of the department under the reign of the late King; and retired
since 1790。 It is the same spirit and making a still more
extraordinary selection; which leads them to appoint M。 Gerard de
Rayneval to the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs; chief…clerk of
correspondence since the ministry of the Duc de Choiseul until that of
the Comte de Montmorin inclusive。 He is a man of decided opinions and
an equally decided character; in 1790 I saw him abandon the department
through aversion to the maxims which the Revolution had forcibly
introduced into it。
'62' Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires。〃 At nine years of age he rode on
horseback and hunted daily with his father。
'63' Among other manuscript documents; a letter of M。 Symn de
Carneville; March II; 1781。 (On the families of Carneville and
Montmorin…Saint…Herem; in 1789。) The latter family remains in France;
two of its members are massacred; two executed; a fifth 〃escaped the
scaffold by forestalling the justice of the people;〃 the sixth;
enlisted in the revolutionary armies; received a shot at nineteen
years of age which made him blind。 The other family emigrated; and
its chiefs; the count and viscount Carneville commanded; one; a free
company in the Austrian service; and the other; a regiment of hussars
in Conde's army。 Twelve officers of these two corps were brothers…in…
law; nephews; first…cousins and