democracy in america-1-第56章

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nations　would　speedily　return　to　their　natural　state。　　But　can　it　be　affirmed　that　the　turmoil　of　revolution　is　not　actually　the　most　natural　state　of　the　South　American　Spaniards　at　the　present　time？　　In　that　country　society　is　plunged　into　difficulties　from　which　all　its　efforts　are　insufficient　to　rescue　it。　The　inhabitants　of　that　fair　portion　of　the　Western　Hemisphere　seem　obstinately　bent　on　pursuing　the　work　of　inward　havoc。　　If　they　fall　into　a　momentary　repose　from　the　effects　of　exhaustion；　that　repose　prepares　them　for　a　fresh　state　of　frenzy。　　When　I　consider　their　condition；　which　alternates　between　misery　and　crime；　I　should　be　inclined　to　believe　that　despotism　itself　would　be　a　benefit　to　them；　if　it　were　possible　that　the　words　despotism　and　benefit　could　ever　be　united　in　my　mind。

Conduct　Of　Foreign　Affairs　By　The　American　Democracy

Direction　given　to　the　foreign　policy　of　the　United　States　by　Washington　and　Jefferson　…　Almost　all　the　defects　inherent　in　democratic　institutions　are　brought　to　light　in　the　conduct　of　foreign　affairs　…　Their　advantages　are　less　perceptible。

We　have　seen　that　the　Federal　Constitution　entrusts　the　permanent　direction　of　the　external　interests　of　the　nation　to　the　President　and　the　Senate；　*r　which　tends　in　some　degree　to　detach　the　general　foreign　policy　of　the　Union　from　the　control　of　the　people。　　It　cannot　therefore　be　asserted　with　truth　that　the　external　affairs　of　State　are　conducted　by　the　democracy。

＇Footnote　r：　〃The　President；〃　says　the　Constitution；　Art。　II；　sect。　2；　Section　2；　〃shall　have　power；　by　and　with　the　advice　and　consent　of　the　Senate；　to　make　treaties；　provided　two…thirds　of　the　senators　present　concur。〃　The　reader　is　reminded　that　the　senators　are　returned　for　a　term　of　six　years；　and　that　they　are　chosen　by　the　legislature　of　each　State。＇

The　policy　of　America　owes　its　rise　to　Washington；　and　after　him　to　Jefferson；　who　established　those　principles　which　it　observes　at　the　present　day。　　Washington　said　in　the　admirable　letter　which　he　addressed　to　his　fellow…citizens；　and　which　may　be　looked　upon　as　his　political　bequest　to　the　country：　〃The　great　rule　of　conduct　for　us　in　regard　to　foreign　nations　is；　in　extending　our　commercial　relations；　to　have　with　them　as　little　political　connection　as　possible。　　So　far　as　we　have　already　formed　engagements；　let　them　be　fulfilled　with　perfect　good　faith。　　Here　let　us　stop。　　Europe　has　a　set　of　primary　interests　which　to　us　have　none；　or　a　very　remote　relation。　Hence；　she　must　be　engaged　in　frequent　controversies；　the　causes　of　which　are　essentially　foreign　to　our　concerns。　　Hence；　therefore；　it　must　be　unwise　in　us　to　implicate　ourselves；　by　artificial　ties；　in　the　ordinary　vicissitudes　of　her　politics；　or　the　ordinary　combinations　and　collisions　of　her　friendships　or　enmities。　　Our　detached　and　distant　situation　invites　and　enables　us　to　pursue　a　different　course。　　If　we　remain　one　people；　under　an　efficient　government；　the　period　is　not　far　off　when　we　may　defy　material　injury　from　external　annoyance；　when　we　may　take　such　an　attitude　as　will　cause　the　neutrality　we　may　at　any　time　resolve　upon　to　be　scrupulously　respected；　when　belligerent　nations；　under　the　impossibility　of　making　acquisitions　upon　us；　will　not　lightly　hazard　the　giving　us　provocation；　when　we　may　choose　peace　or　war；　as　our　interest；　guided　by　justice；　shall　counsel。　　Why　forego　the　advantages　of　so　peculiar　a　situation？　　Why　quit　our　own　to　stand　upon　foreign　ground？　　Why；　by　interweaving　our　destiny　with　that　of　any　part　of　Europe；　entangle　our　peace　and　prosperity　in　the　toils　of　European　ambition；　rivalship；　interest；　humor；　or　caprice？　　It　is　our　true　policy　to　steer　clear　of　permanent　alliances　with　any　portion　of　the　foreign　world；　so　far；　I　mean；　as　we　are　now　at　liberty　to　do　it；　for　let　me　not　be　understood　as　capable　of　patronizing　infidelity　to　existing　engagements。　　I　hold　the　maxim　no　less　applicable　to　public　than　to　private　affairs；　that　honesty　is　always　the　best　policy。　　I　repeat　it；　therefore；　let　those　engagements　be　observed　in　their　genuine　sense；　but　in　my　opinion　it　is　unnecessary；　and　would　be　unwise；　to　extend　them。　　Taking　care　always　to　keep　ourselves；　by　suitable　establishments；　in　a　respectable　defensive　posture；　we　may　safely　trust　to　temporary　alliances　for　extraordinary　emergencies。〃　In　a　previous　part　of　the　same　letter　Washington　makes　the　following　admirable　and　just　remark：　〃The　nation　which　indulges　towards　another　an　habitual　hatred　or　an　habitual　fondness　is　in　some　degree　a　slave。　　It　is　a　slave　to　its　animosity　or　to　its　affection；　either　of　which　is　sufficient　to　lead　it　astray　from　its　duty　and　its　interest。〃　

The　political　conduct　of　Washington　was　always　guided　by　these　maxims。　He　succeeded　in　maintaining　his　country　in　a　state　of　peace　whilst　all　the　other　nations　of　the　globe　were　at　war；　and　he　laid　it　down　as　a　fundamental　doctrine；　that　the　true　interest　of　the　Americans　consisted　in　a　perfect　neutrality　with　regard　to　the　internal　dissensions　of　the　European　Powers。

Jefferson　went　still　further；　and　he　introduced　a　maxim　into　the　policy　of　the　Union；　which　affirms　that　〃the　Americans　ought　never　to　solicit　any　privileges　from　foreign　nations；　in　order　not　to　be　obliged　to　grant　similar　privileges　themselves。〃

These　two　principles；　which　were　so　plain　and　so　just　as　to　be　adapted　to　the　capacity　of　the　populace；　have　greatly　simplified　the　foreign　policy　of　the　United　States。　　As　the　Union　takes　no　part　in　the　affairs　of　Europe；　it　has；　properly　speaking；　no　foreign　interests　to　discuss；　since　it　has　at　present　no　powerful　neighbors　on　the　American　continent。　　The　country　is　as　much　removed　from　the　passions　of　the　Old　World　by　its　position　as　by　the　line　of　policy　which　it　has　chosen；　and　it　is　neither　called　upon　to　repudiate　nor　to　espouse　the　conflicting　interests　of　Europe；　whilst　the　dissensions　of　the　New　World　are　still　concealed　within　the　bosom　of　the　future。

The　Union　is　free　from　all　pre…existing　obligations；　and　it　is　consequently　enabled　to　profit　by　the　experience　of　the　old　nations　of　Europe；　without　being　obliged；　as　they　are；　to　make　the　best　of　the　past；　and　to　adapt　it　to　their　present　circumstances；　or　to　accept　that　immense　inheritance　which　they　derive　from　their　forefathers　…　an　inheritance　of　glory　mingled　with　calamities；　and　of　alliances　conflicting　with　national　antipathies。　　The　foreign　policy　of　the　United　States　is　reduced　by　its　very　nature　to　await　the　chances　of　the　future　history　of　the　nation；　and　for　the　present　it　consists　more　in　abstaining　from　interference　than　in　exerting　its　activity。

It　is　therefore　very　difficult　to　ascertain；　at　present；　what　degree　of　sagacity　the　American　democracy　will　display　in　the　conduct　of　the　foreign　policy　of　the　country；　and　upon　this　point　its　adversaries；　as　well　as　its　advocates；　must　suspend　their　judgment。　　As　for　myself　I　have　no　hesitation　in　avowing　my　conviction；　that　it　is　most　especially　in　the　conduct　of　foreign　relations　that　democratic　governments　appear　to　me　to　be　decidedly　inferior　to　governments　carried　on　upon　different　principles。　　Experience；　instruction；　and　habit　may　almost　always　succeed　in　creating　a　species　of　practical　discretion　in　democracies；　and　that　science　of　the　daily　occurrences　of　life　which　is　called　good　sense。　　Good　sense　may　suffice　to　direct　the　ordinary　course　of　society；　and　amongst　a　people　whose　education　has　been　provided　for；　the　advantages　of　democratic　liberty　in　the　internal　affairs　of　the　country　may　more　than　compensate　for　the　evils　inherent　in　a　democratic　government。　But　such　is　not　always　the　case　in　the　mutual　relations　of　foreign　nations。

Foreign　politics　demand　scarcely　any　of　those　qualities　which　a　democracy　possesses；　and　they　require；　on　the　contrary；　the　perfect　use　of　almost　all　those　faculties　in　which　it　is　deficient。　　Democracy　is　favorable　to　the　increase　of　the　internal　resources　of　the　State；　it　tends　to　diffuse　a　moderate　independence；　it　promotes　the　growth　of　public　spirit；　and　fortifies　the　respect　which　is　entertained　for　law　in　all　classes　of　society；　and　these　are　advantages　which　only　exercise　an　indirect　influence　over　the　relations　which　one　people　bears　to　another。　　But　a　democracy　is　unable　to　regulate　the　details　of　an　important　undertaking；　to　persevere　in　a　design；　and　to　work　out　its　execution　in　the　presence　of　serious　obstacles。　　It　cannot　combine　its　measures　with　secrecy；　and　it　will　not　await　their　consequences　with　patience。　These　are　qualities　which　more　especially　belong　to　an　individual　or　to　an　aristocracy；　and　they　are　precisely　the　means　by　which　an　individual　people　attains　to　a　predominant　position。

If；　on　the　contrary；　we　observe　the　natural　defects　of　aristocracy；　we　shall　find　that　their　influence　is　comparatively　innoxious　in　the　direction　of　the　external　affairs　of　a　State。　　The　capital　fault　of　which　aristocratic　bodies　may　be　accused　is　that　they　are　more　apt　to　contrive　their　own　advantage　than　that　of　the　mass　of　the　people。　　In　foreign　politics　it　is　rare　for　the　interest　of　the　aristocracy　to　be　in　any　way　distinct　from　that　of　the　people。

The　propensity　which　democracies　have　to　obey　the　impulse　of　passion　rather　than　the　suggestions　of　prudence；　and　to　abandon　a　mature　design　for　the　gratification　of　a　momentary　caprice；　was　very　clearly　seen　in　America　on　the　breaking　out　of　the　French　Revolution。　　It　was　then　as　evident　to　the　simplest　capacity　as　it　is　at　the　present　time　that　the　interest　of　the　Americans　forbade　them　to　take　any　part　in　the　contest　which　was　about　to　deluge　Europe　with　blood；　but　which　could　by　no　means　injure　the　welfare　of　their　own　country。　　Nevertheless　the　sympathies　of　the　people　declared　themselves　with　so　much　violence　in　behalf　of　France　that　nothing　but　the　inflexible　character　of　Washington；　and　the　immense　popularity　which　he　enjoyed；　could　have　prevented　the　Americans　from　declaring　war　against　England。　　And　even　then；　the　exertions　which　the　austere　reason　of　that　great　man　made　to　repress　the　generous　but　imprudent　passions　of　his　fellow…citizens；　very　nearly　deprived　him　of　the　sole　recompense　which　he　had　ever　claimed　…　that　of　his　country's　love。　　The　majority　then　reprobated　the　line　of　policy　which　he　adopted；　and　which　has　since　been　unanimously　approved　by　the　nation。　*s　If　the　Constitution　and　the　favor　of　the　public　had　not　entrusted　the　direction　of　the　foreign　affairs　of　the　country　to　Washington；　it　is　certain　that　the　American　nation　would　at　that　time　have　taken　the　very　measures　which　it　now　condemns。

＇Footnote　s：　See　the　fifth　volume　of　Marshall's　〃Life　of　Washington。〃　In　a　government　constituted　like　that　of　the　United　States；〃　he　says；　〃it　is　impossible　for　the　chief　magistrate；　however　firm　he　may　be；　to　oppose　for　any　length　of　time　the　torrent　of　popular　opinion；　and　the　prevalent　opinion　of　that　day　seemed　to　incline　to　war。　　In　fact；　in　the　session　of　Congress　held　at　the　time；　it　was　frequently　seen　that　Washington　had　lost　the　majority　in　the　House　of　Representatives。〃　The　violence　of　the　language　used　against　him　in　public　was　extreme；　and　in　a　political　meeting　they　did　not　scruple　to　compare　him　indirectly　to　the　treacherous　A