phaedrus-第2章

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hateful　to　other　men；　in　order　to　please　his　beloved；…that；　if　true；



is　only　a　proof　that　he　will　prefer　any　future　love　to　his　present；



and　will　injure　his　old　love　at　the　pleasure　of　the　new。　And　how；　in　a



matter　of　such　infinite　importance；　can　a　man　be　right　in　trusting



himself　to　one　who　is　afflicted　with　a　malady　which　no　experienced



person　would　attempt　to　cure；　for　the　patient　himself　admits　that　he



is　not　in　his　right　mind；　and　acknowledges　that　he　is　wrong　in　his



mind；　but　says　that　he　is　unable　to　control　himself？　And　if　he　came　to



his　right　mind；　would　he　ever　imagine　that　the　desires　were　good　which



he　conceived　when　in　his　wrong　mind？　Once　more；　there　are　many　more



non…lovers　than　lovers；　and　if　you　choose　the　best　of　the　lovers；



you　will　not　have　many　to　choose　from；　but　if　from　the　non…lovers；　the



choice　will　be　larger；　and　you　will　be　far　more　likely　to　find　among



them　a　person　who　is　worthy　of　your　friendship。　If　public　opinion　be



your　dread；　and　you　would　avoid　reproach；　in　all　probability　the



lover；　who　is　always　thinking　that　other　men　are　as　emulous　of　him



as　he　is　of　them；　will　boast　to　some　one　of　his　successes；　and　make



a　show　of　them　openly　in　the　pride　of　his　heart；…he　wants　others　to



know　that　his　labour　has　not　been　lost；　but　the　non…lover　is　more



his　own　master；　and　is　desirous　of　solid　good；　and　not　of　the



opinion　of　mankind。　Again；　the　lover　may　be　generally　noted　or　seen



following　the　beloved　（this　is　his　regular　occupation）；　and　whenever



they　are　observed　to　exchange　two　words　they　are　supposed　to　meet



about　some　affair　of　love　either　past　or　in　contemplation；　but　when



non…lovers　meet；　no　one　asks　the　reason　why；　because　people　know



that　talking　to　another　is　natural；　whether　friendship　or　mere



pleasure　be　the　motive。



　　Once　more；　if　you　fear　the　fickleness　of　friendship；　consider　that



in　any　other　case　a　quarrel　might　be　a　mutual　calamity；　but　now；



when　you　have　given　up　what　is　most　precious　to　you；　you　will　be　the



greater　loser；　and　therefore；　you　will　have　more　reason　in　being



afraid　of　the　lover；　for　his　vexations　are　many；　and　he　is　always



fancying　that　every　one　is　leagued　against　him。　Wherefore　also　he



debars　his　beloved　from　society；　he　will　not　have　you　intimate　with



the　wealthy；　lest　they　should　exceed　him　in　wealth；　or　with　men　of



education；　lest　they　should　be　his　superiors　in　understanding；　and



he　is　equally　afraid　of　anybody's　influence　who　has　any　other



advantage　over　himself。　If　he　can　persuade　you　to　break　with　them；　you



are　left　without　friend　in　the　world；　or　if；　out　of　a　regard　to　your



own　interest；　you　have　more　sense　than　to　comply　with　his　desire；



you　will　have　to　quarrel　with　him。　But　those　who　are　non…lovers；　and



whose　success　in　love　is　the　reward　of　their　merit；　will　not　be



jealous　of　the　companions　of　their　beloved；　and　will　rather　hate　those



who　refuse　to　be　his　associates；　thinking　that　their　favourite　is



slighted　by　the　latter　and　benefited　by　the　former；　for　more　love　than



hatred　may　be　expected　to　come　to　him　out　of　his　friendship　with



others。　Many　lovers　too　have　loved　the　person　of　a　youth　before　they



knew　his　character　or　his　belongings；　so　that　when　their　passion　has



passed　away；　there　is　no　knowing　whether　they　will　continue　to　be



his　friends；　whereas；　in　the　case　of　non…lovers　who　were　always



friends；　the　friendship　is　not　lessened　by　the　favours　granted；　but



the　recollection　of　these　remains　with　them；　and　is　an　earnest　of　good



things　to　come。



　　Further；　I　say　that　you　are　likely　to　be　improved　by　me；　whereas　the



lover　will　spoil　you。　For　they　praise　your　words　and　actions　in　a



wrong　way；　partly；　because　they　are　afraid　of　offending　you；　and　also；



their　judgment　is　weakened　by　passion。　Such　are　the　feats　which　love



exhibits；　he　makes　things　painful　to　the　disappointed　which　give　no



pain　to　others；　he　compels　the　successful　lover　to　praise　what　ought



not　to　give　him　pleasure；　and　therefore　the　beloved　is　to　be　pitied



rather　than　envied。　But　if　you　listen　to　me；　in　the　first　place；　I；　in



my　intercourse　with　you；　shall　not　merely　regard　present　enjoyment；



but　also　future　advantage；　being　not　mastered　by　love；　but　my　own



master；　nor　for　small　causes　taking　violent　dislikes；　but　even　when



the　cause　is　great；　slowly　laying　up　little　wrath…unintentional



offences　I　shall　forgive；　and　intentional　ones　I　shall　try　to　prevent；



and　these　are　the　marks　of　a　friendship　which　will　last。



　　Do　you　think　that　a　lover　only　can　be　a　firm　friend？　reflect：…if



this　were　true；　we　should　set　small　value　on　sons；　or　fathers；　or



mothers；　nor　should　we　ever　have　loyal　friends；　for　our　love　of　them



arises　not　from　passion；　but　from　other　associations。　Further；　if　we



ought　to　shower　favours　on　those　who　are　the　most　eager　suitors；…on



that　principle；　we　ought　always　to　do　good；　not　to　the　most



virtuous；　but　to　the　most　needy；　for　they　are　the　persons　who　will



be　most　relieved；　and　will　therefore　be　the　most　grateful；　and　when



you　make　a　feast　you　should　invite　not　your　friend；　but　the　beggar　and



the　empty　soul；　for　they　will　love　you；　and　attend　you；　and　come　about



your　doors；　and　will　be　the　best　pleased；　and　the　most　grateful；　and



will　invoke　many　a　blessing　on　your　head。　Yet　surely　you　ought　not



to　be　granting　favours　to　those　who　besiege　you　with　prayer；　but　to



those　who　are　best　able　to　reward　you；　nor　to　the　lover　only；　but　to



those　who　are　worthy　of　love；　nor　to　those　who　will　enjoy　the　bloom　of



your　youth；　but　to　those　who　will　share　their　possessions　with　you



in　age；　nor　to　those　who；　having　succeeded；　will　glory　in　their



success　to　others；　but　to　those　who　will　be　modest　and　tell　no



tales；　nor　to　those　who　care　about　you　for　a　moment　only；　but　to　those



who　will　continue　your　friends　through　life；　nor　to　those　who；　when



their　passion　is　over；　will　pick　a　quarrel　with　you；　but　rather　to



those　who；　when　the　charm　of　youth　has　left　you；　will　show　their　own



virtue。　Remember　what　I　have　said；　and　consider　yet　this　further



point：　friends　admonish　the　lover　under　the　idea　that　his　way　of



life　is　bad；　but　no　one　of　his　kindred　ever　yet　censured　the



non…lover；　or　thought　that　he　was　ill…advised　about　his　own　interests。



　　〃Perhaps　you　will　ask　me　whether　I　propose　that　you　should　indulge



every　non…lover。　To　which　I　reply　that　not　even　the　lover　would　advise



you　to　indulge　all　lovers；　for　the　indiscriminate　favour　is　less



esteemed　by　the　rational　recipient；　and　less　easily　hidden　by　him



who　would　escape　the　censure　of　the　world。　Now　love　ought　to　be　for



the　advantage　of　both　parties；　and　for　the　injury　of　neither。



　　〃I　believe　that　I　have　said　enough；　but　if　there　is　anything　more



which　you　desire　or　which　in　your　opinion　needs　to　be　supplied；　ask



and　I　will　answer。〃



　　Now；　Socrates；　what　do　you　think？　Is　not　the　discourse　excellent；



more　especially　in　the　matter　of　the　language？



　　Soc。　Yes；　quite　admirable；　the　effect　on　me　was　ravishing。　And



this　I　owe　to　you；　Phaedrus；　for　I　observed　you　while　reading　to　be　in



an　ecstasy；　and　thinking　that　you　are　more　experienced　in　these



matters　than　I　am；　I　followed　your　example；　and；　like　you；　my　divine



darling；　I　became　inspired　with　a　phrenzy。



　　Phaedr。　Indeed；　you　are　pleased　to　be　merry。



　　Soc。　Do　you　mean　that　I　am　not　in　earnest？



　　Phaedr。　Now　don't　talk　in　that　way；　Socrates；　but　let　me　have　your



real　opinion；　I　adjure　you；　by　Zeus；　the　god　of　friendship；　to　tell　me



whether　you　think　that　any　Hellene　could　have　said　more　or　spoken



better　on　the　same　subject。



　　Soc。　Well；　but　are　you　and　I　expected　to　praise　the　sentiments　of



the　author；　or　only　the　clearness；　and　roundness；　and　finish；　and



tournure　of　the　language？　As　to　the　first　I　willingly　submit　to　your



better　judgment；　for　I　am　not　worthy　to　form　an　opinion；　having　only



attended　to　the　rhetorical　manner；　and　I　was　doubting　whether　this



could　have　been　defended　even　by　Lysias　himself；　I　thought；　though　I



speak　under　correction；　that　he　repeated　himself　two　or　three　times；



either　from　want　of　words　or　from　want　of　pains；　and　also；　he　appeared



to　me　ostentatiously　to　exult　in　showing　how　well　he　could　say　the



same　thing　in　two　or　three　ways。



　　Phaedr。　Nonsense；　Socrates；　what　you　call　repetition　was　the



especial　merit　of　the　speech；　for　he　omitted　no　topic　of　which　the



subject　rightly　allowed；　and　I　do　not　think　that　any　one　could　have



spoken　better　or　more　exhaustively。



　　Soc。　There　I　cannot　go　along　with　you。　Ancient　sages；　men　and　women；



who　have　spoken　and　written　of　these　things；　would　rise　up　in　judgment



against　me；　if　out　of　complaisance　I　assented　to　you。



　　Phaedr。　Who　are　they；　and　where　did　you　hear　anything　better　than



this？



　　Soc。　I　am　sure　that　I　must　have　heard；　but　at　this　moment　I　do　not



remember　from　whom；　perhaps　from　Sappho　the　fair；　or　Anacreon　the



wise；　or；　possibly；　from　a　prose　writer。　Why　do　I　say　so？　Why；　because



I　perceive　that　my　bosom　is　full；　and　that　I　could　make　another　speech



as　good　as　that　of　Lysias；　and　different。　Now　I　am　certain　that　this



is　not　an　invention　of　my　own；　who　am　well　aware　that　I　know



nothing；　and　therefore　I　can　only　infer　that　I　have　been　filled



through　the　cars；　like　a　pitcher；　from　the　waters　of　another；　though　I



have　actually　forgotten　in　my　stupidity　who　was　my　informant。



　　Phaedr。　That　is　grand：…but　never　mind　where　you　beard　the



discourse　or　from　whom；　let　that　be　a　mystery　not　to　be　divulged



even　at　my　earnest　desire。　Only；　as　you　say；　promise　to　make　another



and　better　oration；　equal　in　length　and　entirely　new；　on　the　same



subject；　and　I；　like　the　nine　Archons；　will　promise　to　set　up　a　golden



image　at　Delphi；　not　only　of　myself；　but　of　you；　and　as　large　as　life。



　　Soc。　You　are　a　dear　golden　ass　if　you　suppose　me　to　mean　that　Lysias



has　altogether　missed　the　mark；　and　that　I　can　make　a　speech　from



which　all　his　arguments　are　to　be　excluded。　The　worst　of　authors



will　say　something　which　is　to　the　point。　Who；　for　example；　could



speak　on　this　thesis　of　yours　without　praising　the　discretion　of　the



non…lover　and　blaming　the　indiscretion　of　the　lover？　These　are　the



commonplaces　of　the　subject　which　must　come　in　（for　what　else　is　there



to　be　said？）　and　must　be　allowed　and　excused；　the　only　merit　is　in　the



arrangement　of　them；　for　there　can　be　none　in　the　invention；　but