phaedrus-第6章

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this　soul　shall　at　her　first　birth　pass；　not　into　any　other　animal；



but　only　into　man；　and　the　soul　which　has　seen　most　of　truth　shall



come　to　the　birth　as　a　philosopher；　or　artist；　or　some　musical　and



loving　nature；　that　which　has　seen　truth　in　the　second　degree　shall　be



some　righteous　king　or　warrior　chief；　the　soul　which　is　of　the　third



class　shall　be　a　politician；　or　economist；　or　trader；　the　fourth　shall



be　lover　of　gymnastic　toils；　or　a　physician；　the　fifth　shall　lead



the　life　of　a　prophet　or　hierophant；　to　the　sixth　the　character　of



poet　or　some　other　imitative　artist　will　be　assigned；　to　the　seventh



the　life　of　an　artisan　or　husbandman；　to　the　eighth　that　of　a



sophist　or　demagogue；　to　the　ninth　that　of　a　tyrant…all　these　are



states　of　probation；　in　which　he　who　does　righteously　improves；　and　he



who　does　unrighteously；　improves；　and　he　who　does　unrighteously；



deteriorates　his　lot。



　　Ten　thousand　years　must　elapse　before　the　soul　of　each　one　can



return　to　the　place　from　whence　she　came；　for　she　cannot　grow　her



wings　in　less；　only　the　soul　of　a　philosopher；　guileless　and　true；



or　the　soul　of　a　lover；　who　is　not　devoid　of　philosophy；　may　acquire



wings　in　the　third　of　the　recurring　periods　of　a　thousand　years；　he　is



distinguished　from　the　ordinary　good　man　who　gains　wings　in　three



thousand　years：…and　they　who　choose　this　life　three　times　in



succession　have　wings　given　them；　and　go　away　at　the　end　of　three



thousand　years。　But　the　others　receive　judgment　when　they　have



completed　their　first　life；　and　after　the　judgment　they　go；　some　of



them　to　the　houses　of　correction　which　are　under　the　earth；　and　are



punished；　others　to　some　place　in　heaven　whither　they　are　lightly



borne　by　justice；　and　there　they　live　in　a　manner　worthy　of　the　life



which　they　led　here　when　in　the　form　of　men。　And　at　the　end　of　the



first　thousand　years　the　good　souls　and　also　the　evil　souls　both



come　to　draw　lots　and　choose　their　second　life；　and　they　may　take



any　which　they　please。　The　soul　of　a　man　may　pass　into　the　life　of　a



beast；　or　from　the　beast　return　again　into　the　man。　But　the　soul　which



has　never　seen　the　truth　will　not　pass　into　the　human　form。　For　a



man　must　have　intelligence　of　universals；　and　be　able　to　proceed



from　the　many　particulars　of　sense　to　one　conception　of　reason；…this



is　the　recollection　of　those　things　which　our　soul　once　saw　while



following　God…when　regardless　of　that　which　we　now　call　being　she



raised　her　head　up　towards　the　true　being。　And　therefore　the　mind　of



the　philosopher　alone　has　wings；　and　this　is　just；　for　he　is　always；



according　to　the　measure　of　his　abilities；　clinging　in　recollection　to



those　things　in　which　God　abides；　and　in　beholding　which　He　is　what　He



is。　And　he　who　employs　aright　these　memories　is　ever　being　initiated



into　perfect　mysteries　and　alone　becomes　truly　perfect。　But；　as　he



forgets　earthly　interests　and　is　rapt　in　the　divine；　the　vulgar　deem



him　mad；　and　rebuke　him；　they　do　not　see　that　he　is　inspired。



　　Thus　far　I　have　been　speaking　of　the　fourth　and　last　kind　of



madness；　which　is　imputed　to　him　who；　when　he　sees　the　beauty　of



earth；　is　transported　with　the　recollection　of　the　true　beauty；　he



would　like　to　fly　away；　but　he　cannot；　he　is　like　a　bird　fluttering



and　looking　upward　and　careless　of　the　world　below；　and　he　is



therefore　thought　to　be　mad。　And　I　have　shown　this　of　all　inspirations



to　be　the　noblest　and　highest　and　the　offspring　of　the　highest　to



him　who　has　or　shares　in　it；　and　that　he　who　loves　the　beautiful　is



called　a　lover　because　he　partakes　of　it。　For；　as　has　been　already



said；　every　soul　of　man　has　in　the　way　of　nature　beheld　true　being；



this　was　the　condition　of　her　passing　into　the　form　of　man。　But　all



souls　do　not　easily　recall　the　things　of　the　other　world；　they　may



have　seen　them　for　a　short　time　only；　or　they　may　have　been



unfortunate　in　their　earthly　lot；　and；　having　had　their　hearts



turned　to　unrighteousness　through　some　corrupting　influence；　they



may　have　lost　the　memory　of　the　holy　things　which　once　they　saw。　Few



only　retain　an　adequate　remembrance　of　them；　and　they；　when　they



behold　here　any　image　of　that　other　world；　are　rapt　in　amazement；



but　they　are　ignorant　of　what　this　rapture　means；　because　they　do



not　clearly　perceive。　For　there　is　no　light　of　justice　or　temperance



or　any　of　the　higher　ideas　which　are　precious　to　souls　in　the



earthly　copies　of　them：　they　are　seen　through　a　glass　dimly；　and　there



are　few　who；　going　to　the　images；　behold　in　them　the　realities；　and



these　only　with　difficulty。　There　was　a　time　when　with　the　rest　of　the



happy　band　they　saw　beauty　shining　in　brightness…we　philosophers



following　in　the　train　of　Zeus；　others　in　company　with　other　gods；　and



then　we　beheld　the　beatific　vision　and　were　initiated　into　a　mystery



which　may　be　truly　called　most　blessed；　celebrated　by　us　in　our



state　of　innocence；　before　we　had　any　experience　of　evils　to　come；



when　we　were　admitted　to　the　sight　of　apparitions　innocent　and



simple　and　calm　and　happy；　which　we　beheld　shining　impure　light；



pure　ourselves　and　not　yet　enshrined　in　that　living　tomb　which　we



carry　about；　now　that　we　are　imprisoned　in　the　body；　like　an　oyster　in



his　shell。　Let　me　linger　over　the　memory　of　scenes　which　have　passed



away。



　　But　of　beauty；　I　repeat　again　that　we　saw　her　there　shining　in



company　with　the　celestial　forms；　and　coming　to　earth　we　find　her　here



too；　shining　in　clearness　through　the　clearest　aperture　of　sense。



For　sight　is　the　most　piercing　of　our　bodily　senses；　though　not　by



that　is　wisdom　seen；　her　loveliness　would　have　been　transporting　if



there　had　been　a　visible　image　of　her；　and　the　other　ideas；　if　they



had　visible　counterparts；　would　be　equally　lovely。　But　this　is　the



privilege　of　beauty；　that　being　the　loveliest　she　is　also　the　most



palpable　to　sight。　Now　he　who　is　not　newly　initiated　or　who　has　become



corrupted；　does　not　easily　rise　out　of　this　world　to　the　sight　of　true



beauty　in　the　other；　he　looks　only　at　her　earthly　namesake；　and



instead　of　being　awed　at　the　sight　of　her；　he　is　given　over　to



pleasure；　and　like　a　brutish　beast　he　rushes　on　to　enjoy　and　beget；　he



consorts　with　wantonness；　and　is　not　afraid　or　ashamed　of　pursuing



pleasure　in　violation　of　nature。　But　he　whose　initiation　is　recent；



and　who　has　been　the　spectator　of　many　glories　in　the　other　world；



is　amazed　when　he　sees　any　one　having　a　godlike　face　or　form；　which　is



the　expression　of　divine　beauty；　and　at　first　a　shudder　runs　through



him；　and　again　the　old　awe　steals　over　him；　then　looking　upon　the　face



of　his　beloved　as　of　a　god　he　reverences　him；　and　if　he　were　not



afraid　of　being　thought　a　downright　madman；　he　would　sacrifice　to



his　beloved　as　to　the　image　of　a　god；　then　while　he　gazes　on　him　there



is　a　sort　of　reaction；　and　the　shudder　passes　into　an　unusual　heat　and



perspiration；　for；　as　he　receives　the　effluence　of　beauty　through



the　eyes；　the　wing　moistens　and　he　warms。　And　as　he　warms；　the　parts



out　of　which　the　wing　grew；　and　which　had　been　hitherto　closed　and



rigid；　and　had　prevented　the　wing　from　shooting　forth；　are　melted；　and



as　nourishment　streams　upon　him；　the　lower　end　of　the　wings　begins



to　swell　and　grow　from　the　root　upwards；　and　the　growth　extends



under　the　whole　soul…for　once　the　whole　was　winged。



　　During　this　process　the　whole　soul　is　all　in　a　state　of　ebullition



and　effervescence；…which　may　be　compared　to　the　irritation　and



uneasiness　in　the　gums　at　the　time　of　cutting　teeth；…bubbles　up；　and



has　a　feeling　of　uneasiness　and　tickling；　but　when　in　like　manner



the　soul　is　beginning　to　grow　wings；　the　beauty　of　the　beloved　meets



her　eye　and　she　receives　the　sensible　warm　motion　of　particles　which



flow　towards　her；　therefore　called　emotion　（imeros）；　and　is



refreshed　and　warmed　by　them；　and　then　she　ceases　from　her　pain　with



joy。　But　when　she　is　parted　from　her　beloved　and　her　moisture　fails；



then　the　orifices　of　the　passage　out　of　which　the　wing　shoots　dry　up



and　close；　and　intercept　the　germ　of　the　wing；　which；　being　shut　up



with　the　emotion；　throbbing　as　with　the　pulsations　of　an　artery；



pricks　the　aperture　which　is　nearest；　until　at　length　the　entire



soul　is　pierced　and　maddened　and　pained；　and　at　the　recollection　of



beauty　is　again　delighted。　And　from　both　of　them　together　the　soul



is　oppressed　at　the　strangeness　of　her　condition；　and　is　in　a　great



strait　and　excitement；　and　in　her　madness　can　neither　sleep　by　night



nor　abide　in　her　place　by　day。　And　wherever　she　thinks　that　she　will



behold　the　beautiful　one；　thither　in　her　desire　she　runs。　And　when　she



has　seen　him；　and　bathed　herself　in　the　waters　of　beauty；　her



constraint　is　loosened；　and　she　is　refreshed；　and　has　no　more　pangs



and　pains；　and　this　is　the　sweetest　of　all　pleasures　at　the　time；



and　is　the　reason　why　the　soul　of　the　lover　will　never　forsake　his



beautiful　one；　whom　he　esteems　above　all；　he　has　forgotten　mother



and　brethren　and　companions；　and　he　thinks　nothing　of　the　neglect



and　loss　of　his　property；　the　rules　and　proprieties　of　life；　on



which　he　formerly　prided　himself；　he　now　despises；　and　is　ready　to



sleep　like　a　servant；　wherever　he　is　allowed；　as　near　as　he　can　to　his



desired　one；　who　is　the　object　of　his　worship；　and　the　physician　who



can　alone　assuage　the　greatness　of　his　pain。　And　this　state；　my　dear



imaginary　youth　to　whom　I　am　talking；　is　by　men　called　love；　and　among



the　gods　has　a　name　at　which　you；　in　your　simplicity；　may　be



inclined　to　mock；　there　are　two　lines　in　the　apocryphal　writings　of



Homer　in　which　the　name　occurs。　One　of　them　is　rather　outrageous；



and　not　altogether　metrical。　They　are　as　follows：







　　　Mortals　call　him　fluttering　love；



　　　But　the　immortals　call　him　winged　one；



　　　Because　the　growing　of　wings　is　a　necessity　to　him。







You　may　believe　this；　but　not　unless　you　like。　At　any　rate　the　loves



of　lovers　and　their　causes　are　such　as　I　have　described。



　　Now　the　lover　who　is　taken　to　be　the　attendant　of　Zeus　is　better



able　to　bear　the　winged　god；　and　can　endure　a　heavier　burden；　but



the　attendants　and　companions　of　Ares；　when　under　the　influence　of



love；　if　they　fancy　that　they　have　been　at　all　wronged；　are　ready　to



kill　and　put　an　end　to　themselves　and　their　beloved。　And　he　who



follows　in　the　train　of　any　other　god；　while　he　is　unsp