letters to his son, 1748-第4章
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ittle things； not separately to be defined； conspire to form these graces； this je ne sais quoi； that always please。 A pretty person； genteel motions； a proper degree of dress； an harmonious voice； something open and cheerful in the countenance； but without laughing； a distinct and properly varied manner of speaking： All these things； and many others； are necessary ingredients in the composition of the pleasing je ne sais quoi； which everybody feels； though nobody can describe。 Observe carefully； then； what displeases or pleases you in others； and be persuaded； that in general； the same things will please or displease them in you。 Having mentioned laughing； I must particularly warn you against it： and I could heartily wish； that you may often be seen to smile； but never heard to laugh while you live。 Frequent and loud laughter is the characteristic of folly and in manners； it is the manner in which the mob express their silly joy at silly things； and they call it being merry。 In my mind； there is nothing so illiberal； and so ill…bred； as audible laughter。 True wit； or sense； never yet made anybody laugh； they are above it： They please the mind； and give a cheerfulness to the countenance。 But it is low buffoonery； or silly accidents； that always excite laughter； and that is what people of sense and breeding should show themselves above。 A man's going to sit down； in the supposition that he has a chair behind him； and falling down upon his breech for want of one； sets a whole company a laughing； when all the wit in the world would not do it； a plain proof； in my mind； how low and unbecoming a thing laughter is： not to mention the disagreeable noise that it makes； and the shocking distortion of the face that it occasions。 Laughter is easily restrained； by a very little reflection； but as it is generally connected with the idea of gaiety； people do not enough attend to its absurdity。 I am neither of a melancholy nor a cynical disposition； and am as willing and as apt to be pleased as anybody； but I am sure that； since I have had the full use of my reason； nobody has ever heard me laugh。 Many people； at first； from awkwardness and 'mauvaise honte'； have got a very disagreeable and silly trick of laughing whenever they speak； and I know a man of very good parts； Mr。 Waller； who cannot say the commonest thing without laughing； which makes those； who do not know him； take him at first for a natural fool。 This； and many other very disagreeable habits； are owing to mauvaise honte at their first setting out in the world。 They are ashamed in company； and so disconcerted； that they do not know what they do； and try a thousand tricks to keep themselves in countenance； which tricks afterward grow habitual to them。 Some put their fingers in their nose； others scratch their heads； others twirl their hats； in short； every awkward； ill…bred body has his trick。 But the frequency does not justify the thing； and all these vulgar habits and awkwardnesses； though not criminal indeed； are most carefully to be guarded against； as they are great bars in the way of the art of pleasing。 Remember； that to please is almost to prevail； or at least a necessary previous step to it。 You； who have your fortune to make； should more particularly study this art。 You had not； I must tell you； when you left England； 'les manieres prevenantes'； and I must confess they are not very common in England； but I hope that your good sense will make you acquire them abroad。 If you desire to make yourself considerable in the world （as； if you have any spirit； you do）； it must be entirely your own doing； for I may very possibly be out of the world at the time you come into it。 Your own rank and fortune will not assist you； your merit and your manners can alone raise you to figure and fortune。 I have laid the foundations of them； by the education which I have given you； but you must build the superstructure yourself。
I must now apply to you for some informations； which I dare say you can； and which I desire you will give me。
Can the Elector of Saxony put any of his subjects to death for high treason； without bringing them first to their trial in some public court of justice？
Can he； by his own authority； confine any subject in prison as long as he pleases； without trial？
Can he banish any subject out of his dominions by his own authority？
Can he lay any tax whatsoever upon his subjects； without the consent of the states of Saxony？ and what are those states？ how are they elected？ what orders do they consist of？ Do the clergy make part of them？ and when； and how often do they meet？
If two subjects of the elector's are at law； for an estate situated in the electorate； in what court must this suit be tried？ and will the decision of that court be final； or does there lie an appeal to the imperial chamber at Wetzlaer？
What do you call the two chief courts； or two chief magistrates； of civil and criminal justice？
What is the common revenue of the electorate； one year with another？
What number of troops does the elector now maintain？ and what is the greatest number that the electorate is able to maintain？
I do not expect to have all these questions answered at once； but you will answer them； in proportion as you get the necessary and authentic informations。
You are； you see； my German oracle； and I consult you with so much faith； that you need not； like the oracles of old； return ambiguous answers； especially as you have this advantage over them； too； that I only consult you about past end present； but not about what is to come。
I wish you a good Easter…fair at Leipsig。 See； with attention all the shops； drolls； tumblers； rope…dancers； and 'hoc genus omne'： but inform yourself more particularly of the several parts of trade there。 Adieu。
LETTER XXXIII
LONDON； March 25； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： I am in great joy at the written and the verbal accounts which I have received lately of you。
The former； from Mr。 Harte； the latter； from Mr。 Trevanion； who is arrived here： they conspire to convince me that you employ your time well at Leipsig。 I am glad to find you consult your own interest and your own pleasure so much； for the knowledge which you will acquire in these two years is equally necessary for both。 I am likewise particularly pleased to find that you turn yourself to that sort of knowledge which is more peculiarly necessary for your destination： for Mr。 Harte tells me you have read； with attention； Caillieres； Pequet； and Richelieu's 〃Letters。〃 The 〃Memoirs〃 of the Cardinal de Retz will both entertain and instruct you； they relate to a very interesting period of the French history； the ministry of Cardinal Mazarin； during the minority of Lewis XIV。 The characters of all the considerable people of that time are drawn； in a short； strong； and masterly manner； and the political reflections； which are most of them printed in italics； are the justest that ever I met with： they are not the labored reflections of a systematical closet politician； who； without the least experience of business； sits at home and writes maxims； but they are the reflections which a great and able man formed from long experience and practice in great business。 They are true conclusions； drawn from facts； not from speculations。
As modern history is particularly your business； I will give you some rules to direct your study of it。 It begins； properly with Charlemagne； in the year 800。 But as； in those times of ignorance； the priests and monks were almost the only people that could or did write； we have scarcely any histories of those times but such as they have been pleased to give us； which are compounds of ignorance； superstition； and party zeal。 So that a general notion of what is rather supposed； than really known to be； the history of the five or six following centuries； seems to be sufficient； and much time would be but ill employed in a minute attention to those legends。 But reserve your utmost care； and most diligent inquiries； from the fifteenth century； and downward。 Then learning began to revive； and credible histories to be written； Europe began to take the form； which； to some degree； it still retains： at least the foundations of the present great powers of Europe were then laid。 Lewis the Eleventh made France； in truth； a monarchy； or； as he used to say himself； 'la mit hors de Page'。 Before his time； there were independent provinces in France； as the Duchy of Brittany； etc。； whose princes tore it to pieces； and kept it in constant domestic confusion。 Lewis the Eleventh reduced all these petty states； by fraud； force； or marriage； for he scrupled no means to obtain his ends。
About that time； Ferdinand King of Aragon； and Isabella his wife； Queen of Castile； united the whole Spanish monarchy； and drove the Moors out of Spain； who had till then kept position of Granada。 About that time； too； the house of Austria laid the great foundations of its subsequent power； first； by the marriage of Maximilian with the heiress of Burgundy； and then； by the marriage of his son Philip； Archduke of Austria； with Jane； the daughter of Isabella； Queen of Spain； and heiress of that whole kingdom； and of the West Indies。 By the first of these marriages； the house of Austria acquired the seventeen provinces； and by the latter； Spain and America； all which centered in the person of Charles the Fifth； son of the above…mentioned Archduke Philip； the son of Maximilian。 It was upon account of these two marriages； that the following Latin distich was made：
Bella gerant alii； Tu felix Austria nube； Nam qua； Mars aliis； dat tibi regna Venus。
This immense power； which the Emperor Charles the Fifth found himself possessed of； gave him a desire for universal power （for people never desire all till they have gotten a great deal）； and alarmed France； this sowed the seeds of that jealousy and enmity； which have flourished ever since between those two great powers。 Afterward the House of Austria was weakened by the division made by Charles the Fifth of his dominions； between his son； Philip the Second of Spain； and his brother Ferdinand； and has ever since been dwindling to the weak condition in which it now is。 This is a most interesting part of the history of Europe； of which it is absolutely necessary that you should be exactly and minutely informed。
There are in the history of most countries； certain very remarkable eras； which deserve more particular inquiry and attention than the common run of history。 Such is the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces； in the reign of Philip the Second of Spain； which ended in forming the present republic of the Seven United Provinces； whose independency was first allowed by Spain at the treaty of Munster。 Such was the extraordinary revolution of Portugal； in the year 1640； in favor of the present House of Braganza。 Such is the famous revolution of Sweden； when Christian the Second of Denmark； who was also king of Sweden； was driven out by Gustavus Vasa。 And such also is that memorable era in Denmark； of 1660； when the states of that kingdom made a voluntary surrender of all their rights and liberties to the Crown； and changed that free state into the most absolute monarchy now in
