letters to his son, 1748-第7章
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ly attain； is to unite in you all the knowledge of a scholar with the manners of a courtier； and to join； what is seldom joined by any of my countrymen； books and the world。 They are commonly twenty years old before they have spoken to anybody above their schoolmaster； and the fellows of their college。 If they happen to have learning； it is only Greek and Latin； but not one word of modern history； or modern languages。 Thus prepared； they go abroad； as they call it； but； in truth； they stay at home all that while； for being very awkward； confoundedly ashamed； and not speaking the languages； they go into no foreign company； at least none good； but dine and sup with one another only at the tavern。 Such examples； I am sure； you will not imitate； but even carefully avoid。 You will always take care to keep the best company in the place where you are； which is the only use of traveling： and （by the way） the pleasures of a gentleman are only to be found in the best company； for that not which low company； most falsely and impudently； call pleasure； is only the sensuality of a swine。
I ask hard and uninterrupted study from you but one year more； after that； you shall have every day more and more time for your amusements。 A few hours each day will then be sufficient for application； and the others cannot be better employed than in the pleasures of good company。 Adieu。
LETTER XXXIX
LONDON； May 31； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： I received yesterday your letter of the 16th； N。 S。； and have； in consequence of it； written this day to Sir Charles Williams； to thank him for all the civilities he has shown you。 Your first setting out at court has； I find； been very favorable； and his Polish Majesty has distinguished you。 I hope you received that mark of distinction with respect and with steadiness； which is the proper behavior of a man of fashion。 People of a low； obscure education cannot stand the rays of greatness； they are frightened out of their wits when kings and great men speak to them； they are awkward； ashamed； and do not know what nor how to answer； whereas； 'les honnetes gens' are not dazzled by superior rank： they know； and pay all the respect that is due to it； but they do it without being disconcerted； and can converse just as easily with a king as with any one of his subjects。 That is the great advantage of being introduced young into good company； and being used early to converse with one's superiors。 How many men have I seen here； who； after having had the full benefit of an English education； first at school； and then at the university； when they have been presented to the king； did not know whether they stood upon their heads or their heels！ If the king spoke to them； they were annihilated； they trembled； endeavored to put their hands in their pockets； and missed them； let their hats fall； and were ashamed to take them up； and in short； put themselves in every attitude but the right； that is； the easy and natural one。 The characteristic of a well… bred man； is to converse with his inferiors without insolence； and with his superiors with respect and ease。 He talks to kings without concern； he trifles with women of the first condition with familiarity； gayety； but respect； and converses with his equals； whether he is acquainted with them or not； upon general common topics； that are not； however； quite frivolous； without the least concern of mind or awkwardness of body： neither of which can appear to advantage； but when they are perfectly easy。
The tea…things； which Sir Charles Williams has given you； I would have you make a present of to your Mamma； and send them to her by Duval when he returns。 You owe her not only duty； but likewise great obligations for her care and tenderness； and； consequently； cannot take too many opportunities of showing your gratitude。
I am impatient to receive your account of Dresden； and likewise your answers to the many questions that I asked you。
Adieu for this time； and God bless you！
LETTER XL
LONDON； May 27； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： This and the two next years make so important a period of your life； that I cannot help repeating to you my exhortations； my commands； and （what I hope will be still more prevailing with you than either） my earnest entreaties； to employ them well。 Every moment that you now lose； is so much character and advantage lost； as； on the other hand； every moment that you now employ usefully； is so much time wisely laid out； at most prodigious interest。 These two years must lay the foundations of all the knowledge that you will ever have； you may build upon them afterward as much as you please； but it will be too late to lay any new ones。 Let me beg of you； therefore； to grudge no labor nor pains to acquire； in time； that stock of knowledge； without which you never can rise； but must make a very insignificant figure in the world。 Consider your own situation； you have not the advantage of rank or fortune to bear you up； I shall； very probably； be out of the world before you can properly be said to be in it。 What then will you have to rely on but your own merit？ That alone must raise you； and that alone will raise you； if you have but enough of it。 I have often heard and read of oppressed and unrewarded merit； but I have oftener （I might say always） seen great merit make its way； and meet with its reward； to a certain degree at least； in spite of all difficulties。 By merit； I mean the moral virtues； knowledge； and manners； as to the moral virtues； I say nothing to you； they speak best for themselves； nor can I suspect that they want any recommendation with you； I will therefore only assure you； that without them you will be most unhappy。
As to knowledge； I have often told you； and I am persuaded you are thoroughly convinced； how absolutely necessary it is to you； whatever your destination may be。 But as knowledge has a most extensive meaning； and as the life of man is not long enough to acquire； nor his mind capable of entertaining and digesting； all parts of knowledge； I will point out those to which you should particularly apply； and which； by application； you may make yourself perfect master of。 Classical knowledge； that is； Greek and Latin； is absolutely necessary for everybody； because everybody has agreed to think and to call it so。 And the word ILLITERATE； in its common acceptation； means a man who is ignorant of those two languages。 You are by this time； I hope； pretty near master of both； so that a small part of the day dedicated to them； for two years more； will make you perfect in that study。 Rhetoric； logic； a little geometry； and a general notion of astronomy； must； in their turns； have their hours too； not that I desire you should be deep in any one of these； but it is fit you should know something of them all。 The knowledge more particularly useful and necessary for you； considering your destination； consists of modern languages； modern history； chronology； and geography； the laws of nations； and the 'jus publicum Imperii'。 You must absolutely speak all the modern Languages； as purely and correctly as the natives of the respective countries： for whoever does not speak a language perfectly and easily； will never appear to advantage in conversation； nor treat with others in it upon equal terms。 As for French； you have it very well already； and must necessarily； from the universal usage of that language； know it better and better every day： so that I am in no pain about that： German； I suppose； you know pretty well by this time； and will be quite master of it before you leave Leipsig： at least； I am sure you may。 Italian and Spanish will come in their turns； and； indeed； they are both so easy； to one who knows Latin and French； that neither of them will cost you much time or trouble。 Modern history； by which I mean particularly the history of the last three centuries； should be the object of your greatest and constant attention； especially those parts of it which relate more immediately to the great powers of Europe。 This study you will carefully connect with chronology and geography； that is； you will remark and retain the dates of every important event； and always read with the map by you； in which you will constantly look for every place mentioned： this is the only way of retaining geography； for； though it is soon learned by the lump； yet； when only so learned； it is still sooner forgot。
Manners； though the last； and it may be the least ingredient of real merit； are； however； very far from being useless in its composition； they adorn； and give an additional force and luster to both virtue and knowledge。 They prepare and smooth the way for the progress of both； and are； I fear； with the bulk of mankind； more engaging than either。 Remember； then； the infinite advantage of manners； cultivate and improve your own to the utmost good sense will suggest the great rules to you； good company will do the rest。 Thus you see how much you have to do； and how little time to do it in： for when you are thrown out into the world； as in a couple of years you must be； the unavoidable dissipation of company； and the necessary avocations of some kind of business or other； will leave you no time to undertake new branches of knowledge： you may； indeed； by a prudent allotment of your time； reserve some to complete and finish the building； but you will never find enough to lay new foundations。 I have such an opinion of your understanding； that I am convinced you are sensible of these truths； and that； however hard and laborious your present uninterrupted application may seem to you； you will rather increase than lessen it。 For God's sake； my dear boy； do not squander away one moment of your time； for every moment may be now most usefully employed。 Your future fortune； character； and figure in the world； entirely depend upon your use or abuse of the two next years。 If you do but employ them well； what may you not reasonably expect to be； in time？ And if you do not； what may I not reasonably fear you will be？ You are the only one I ever knew； of this country； whose education was； from the beginning； calculated for the department of foreign affairs； in consequence of which； if you will invariably pursue； and diligently qualify yourself for that object； you may make yourself absolutely necessary to the government； and； after having received orders as a minister abroad； send orders； in your turn； as Secretary of State at home。 Most of our ministers abroad have taken up that department occasionally； without having ever thought of foreign affairs before； many of them； without speaking any one foreign language； and all of them without manners which are absolutely necessary toward being well received； and making a figure at foreign courts。 They do the business accordingly； that is； very ill： they never get into the secrets of these courts； for want of insinuation and address： they do not guess at their views； for want of knowing their interests： and； at last； finding themselves very unfit for； soon grow weary of their commissions； and are impatient to return home； where they are but too justly laid aside and neglected。 Every moment's conversation may； if you please； be of use to you； in this view； every public event； which is the common top
