on liberty-第10章

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ascendancy　over　other　creeds。　At　last　it　either　prevails；　and



becomes　the　general　opinion；　or　its　progress　stops；　it　keeps



possession　of　the　ground　it　has　gained；　but　ceases　to　spread



further。　When　either　of　these　results　has　become　apparent；　controversy



on　the　subject　flags；　and　gradually　dies　away。　The　doctrine　has



taken　its　place；　if　not　as　a　received　opinion；　as　one　of　the



admitted　sects　or　divisions　of　opinion：　those　who　hold　it　have



generally　inherited；　not　adopted　it；　and　conversion　from　one　of



these　doctrines　to　another；　being　now　an　exceptional　fact；　occupies



little　place　in　the　thoughts　of　their　professors。　Instead　of　being；　as



at　first；　constantly　on　the　alert　either　to　defend　themselves



against　the　world；　or　to　bring　the　world　over　to　them；　they　have



subsided　into　acquiescence；　and　neither　listen；　when　they　can　help　it；



to　arguments　against　their　creed；　nor　trouble　dissentients　（if　there



be　such）　with　arguments　in　its　favour。　From　this　time　may　usually　be



dated　the　decline　in　the　living　power　of　the　doctrine。



　　We　often　hear　the　teachers　of　all　creeds　lamenting　the　difficulty　of



keeping　up　in　the　minds　of　believers　a　lively　apprehension　of　the



truth　which　they　nominally　recognise；　so　that　it　may　penetrate　the



feelings；　and　acquire　a　real　mastery　over　the　conduct。　No　such



difficulty　is　complained　of　while　the　creed　is　still　fighting　for



its　existence：　even　the　weaker　combatants　then　know　and　feel　what　they



are　fighting　for；　and　the　difference　between　it　and　other　doctrines；



and　in　that　period　of　every　creed's　existence；　not　a　few　persons　may



be　found；　who　have　realised　its　fundamental　principles　in　all　the



forms　of　thought；　have　weighed　and　considered　them　in　all　their



important　bearings；　and　have　experienced　the　full　effect　on　the



character　which　belief　in　that　creed　ought　to　produce　in　a　mind



thoroughly　imbued　with　it。　But　when　it　has　come　to　be　an　hereditary



creed；　and　to　be　received　passively；　not　actively…　when　the　mind　is



no　longer　compelled；　in　the　same　degree　as　at　first；　to　exercise　its



vital　powers　on　the　questions　which　its　belief　presents　to　it；　there



is　a　progressive　tendency　to　forget　all　of　the　belief　except　the



formularies；　or　to　give　it　a　dull　and　torpid　assent；　as　if　accepting



it　on　trust　dispensed　with　the　necessity　of　realising　it　in



consciousness；　or　testing　it　by　personal　experience；　until　it　almost



ceases　to　connect　itself　at　all　with　the　inner　life　of　the　human



being。　Then　are　seen　the　cases；　so　frequent　in　this　age　of　the　world



as　almost　to　form　the　majority；　in　which　the　creed　remains　as　it



were　outside　the　mind；　incrusting　and　petrifying　it　against　all



other　influences　addressed　to　the　higher　parts　of　our　nature；



manifesting　its　power　by　not　suffering　any　fresh　and　living　conviction



to　get　in；　but　itself　doing　nothing　for　the　mind　or　heart；　except



standing　sentinel　over　them　to　keep　them　vacant。



　　To　what　an　extent　doctrines　intrinsically　fitted　to　make　the　deepest



impression　upon　the　mind　may　remain　in　it　as　dead　beliefs；　without



being　ever　realised　in　the　imagination；　the　feelings；　or　the



understanding；　is　exemplified　by　the　manner　in　which　the　majority　of



believers　hold　the　doctrines　of　Christianity。　By　Christianity　I　here



mean　what　is　accounted　such　by　all　churches　and　sects…　the　maxims　and



precepts　contained　in　the　New　Testament。　These　are　considered



sacred；　and　accepted　as　laws；　by　all　professing　Christians。　Yet　it



is　scarcely　too　much　to　say　that　not　one　Christian　in　a　thousand



guides　or　tests　his　individual　conduct　by　reference　to　those　laws。　The



standard　to　which　he　does　refer　it；　is　the　custom　of　his　nation；　his



class；　or　his　religious　profession。　He　has　thus；　on　the　one　hand；　a



collection　of　ethical　maxims；　which　he　believes　to　have　been



vouchsafed　to　him　by　infallible　wisdom　as　rules　for　his　government；



and　on　the　other　a　set　of　every…day　judgments　and　practices；　which



go　a　certain　length　with　some　of　those　maxims；　not　so　great　a　length



with　others；　stand　in　direct　opposition　to　some；　and　are；　on　the



whole；　a　compromise　between　the　Christian　creed　and　the　interests



and　suggestions　of　worldly　life。　To　the　first　of　these　standards　he



gives　his　homage；　to　the　other　his　real　allegiance。



　　All　Christians　believe　that　the　blessed　are　the　poor　and　humble；　and



those　who　are　ill…used　by　the　world；　that　it　is　easier　for　a　camel



to　pass　through　the　eye　of　a　needle　than　for　a　rich　man　to　enter　the



kingdom　of　heaven；　that　they　should　judge　not；　lest　they　be　judged；



that　they　should　swear　not　at　all；　that　they　should　love　their



neighbour　as　themselves；　that　if　one　take　their　cloak；　they　should



give　him　their　coat　also；　that　they　should　take　no　thought　for　the



morrow；　that　if　they　would　be　perfect　they　should　sell　all　that　they



have　and　give　it　to　the　poor。　They　are　not　insincere　when　they　say



that　they　believe　these　things。　They　do　believe　them；　as　people



believe　what　they　have　always　heard　lauded　and　never　discussed。　But　in



the　sense　of　that　living　belief　which　regulates　conduct；　they



believe　these　doctrines　just　up　to　the　point　to　which　it　is　usual　to



act　upon　them。　The　doctrines　in　their　integrity　are　serviceable　to



pelt　adversaries　with；　and　it　is　understood　that　they　are　to　be　put



forward　（when　possible）　as　the　reasons　for　whatever　people　do　that



they　think　laudable。　But　any　one　who　reminded　them　that　the　maxims



require　an　infinity　of　things　which　they　never　even　think　of　doing；



would　gain　nothing　but　to　be　classed　among　those　very　unpopular



characters　who　affect　to　be　better　than　other　people。　The　doctrines



have　no　hold　on　ordinary　believers…　are　not　a　power　in　their　minds。



They　have　an　habitual　respect　for　the　sound　of　them；　but　no　feeling



which　spreads　from　the　words　to　the　things　signified；　and　forces　the



mind　to　take　them　in；　and　make　them　conform　to　the　formula。　Whenever



conduct　is　concerned；　they　look　round　for　Mr。　A　and　B　to　direct　them



how　far　to　go　in　obeying　Christ。



　　Now　we　may　be　well　assured　that　the　case　was　not　thus；　but　far



otherwise；　with　the　early　Christians。　Had　it　been　thus；　Christianity



never　would　have　expanded　from　an　obscure　sect　of　the　despised　Hebrews



into　the　religion　of　the　Roman　empire。　When　their　enemies　said；　〃See



how　these　Christians　love　one　another〃　（a　remark　not　likely　to　be　made



by　anybody　now）；　they　assuredly　had　a　much　livelier　feeling　of　the



meaning　of　their　creed　than　they　have　ever　had　since。　And　to　this



cause；　probably；　it　is　chiefly　owing　that　Christianity　now　makes　so



little　progress　in　extending　its　domain；　and　after　eighteen



centuries　is　still　nearly　confined　to　Europeans　and　the　descendants　of



Europeans。　Even　with　the　strictly　religious；　who　are　much　in　earnest



about　their　doctrines；　and　attach　a　greater　amount　of　meaning　to



many　of　them　than　people　in　general；　it　commonly　happens　that　the　part



which　is　thus　comparatively　active　in　their　minds　is　that　which　was



made　by　Calvin；　or　Knox；　or　some　such　person　much　nearer　in



character　to　themselves。　The　sayings　of　Christ　coexist　passively　in



their　minds；　producing　hardly　any　effect　beyond　what　is　caused　by　mere



listening　to　words　so　amiable　and　bland。　There　are　many　reasons；



doubtless；　why　doctrines　which　are　the　badge　of　a　sect　retain　more



of　their　vitality　than　those　common　to　all　recognised　sects；　and　why



more　pains　are　taken　by　teachers　to　keep　their　meaning　alive；　but



one　reason　certainly　is；　that　the　peculiar　doctrines　are　more



questioned；　and　have　to　be　oftener　defended　against　open　gainsayers。



Both　teachers　and　learners　go　to　sleep　at　their　post；　as　soon　as　there



is　no　enemy　in　the　field。



　　The　same　thing　holds　true；　generally　speaking；　of　all　traditional



doctrines…　those　of　prudence　and　knowledge　of　life；　as　well　as　of



morals　or　religion。　All　languages　and　literatures　are　full　of



general　observations　on　life；　both　as　to　what　it　is；　and　how　to



conduct　oneself　in　it；　observations　which　everybody　knows；　which



everybody　repeats；　or　hears　with　acquiescence；　which　are　received　as



truisms；　yet　of　which　most　people　first　truly　learn　the　meaning　when



experience；　generally　of　a　painful　kind；　has　made　it　a　reality　to



them。　How　often；　when　smarting　under　some　unforeseen　misfortune　or



disappointment；　does　a　person　call　to　mind　some　proverb　or　common



saying；　familiar　to　him　all　his　life；　the　meaning　of　which；　if　he



had　ever　before　felt　it　as　he　does　now；　would　have　saved　him　from



the　calamity。　There　are　indeed　reasons　for　this；　other　than　the



absence　of　discussion；　there　are　many　truths　of　which　the　full　meaning



cannot　be　realised　until　personal　experience　has　brought　it　home。



But　much　more　of　the　meaning　even　of　these　would　have　been　understood；



and　what　was　understood　would　have　been　far　more　deeply　impressed　on



the　mind；　if　the　man　had　been　accustomed　to　hear　it　argued　pro　and　con



by　people　who　did　understand　it。　The　fatal　tendency　of　mankind　to



leave　off　thinking　about　a　thing　when　it　is　no　longer　doubtful；　is　the



cause　of　half　their　errors。　A　contemporary　author　has　well　spoken　of



〃the　deep　slumber　of　a　decided　opinion。〃



　　But　what！　（it　may　be　asked）　Is　the　absence　of　unanimity　an



indispensable　condition　of　true　knowledge？　Is　it　necessary　that　some



part　of　mankind　should　persist　in　error　to　enable　any　to　realise　the



truth？　Does　a　belief　cease　to　be　real　and　vital　as　soon　as　it　is



generally　received…　and　is　a　proposition　never　thoroughly　understood



and　felt　unless　some　doubt　of　it　remains？　As　soon　as　mankind　have



unanimously　accepted　a　truth；　does　the　truth　perish　within　them？　The



highest　aim　and　best　result　of　improved　intelligence；　it　has



hitherto　been　thought；　is　to　unite　mankind　more　and　more　in　the



acknowledgment　of　all　important　truths；　and　does　the　intelligence　only



last　as　long　as　it　has　not　achieved　its　object？　Do　the　fruits　of



conquest　perish　by　the　very　completeness　of　the　victory？



　　I　affirm　no　such　thing。　As　mankind　improve；　the　number　of



doctrines　which　are　no　longer　disputed　or　doubted　will　be　constantly



on　the　increase：　and　the　well…being　of　mankind　may　almost　be



measured　by　the　number　and　gravity　of　the　truths　which　have　reached



the　point　of　being　uncontested。　The　cessation；　on　one　question　after



another；　of　serious　controversy；　is　one　of　the　necessary　incidents



of　the　consolidation　of　opinion；　a　consolidation　as　salutary　in　the



case　of　true　opinions；　as　it　is　dangerous　and　noxious　when　the



opinions　are　erroneous。　But　though　this　gradual　narrowing　of　the



bounds　of　diversity　of　opinion　is　necessary　in　both　senses　of　the



term；　being　at　once　inevitable　and　indispensable；　we　are　not　therefore



obliged　to　conclude　th