manifesto of the communist party-第6章

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individual　members　of　this　class；　however；　are　being　constantly

hurled　down　into　the　proletariat　by　the　action　of　competition；

and；　as　modern　industry　develops；　they　even　see　the　moment

approaching　when　they　will　completely　disappear　as　an　independent

section　of　modern　society；　to　be　replaced；　in　manufactures；

agriculture　and　commerce；　by　overlookers；　bailiffs　and　shopmen。



In　countries　like　France；　where　the　peasants　constitute　far　more

than　half　of　the　population；　it　was　natural　that　writers　who

sided　with　the　proletariat　against　the　bourgeoisie；　should　use；

in　their　criticism　of　the　bourgeois　regime；　the　standard　of　the

peasant　and　petty　bourgeois；　and　from　the　standpoint　of　these

intermediate　classes　should　take　up　the　cudgels　for　the　working

class。　　Thus　arose　petty…bourgeois　Socialism。　　Sismondi　was　the

head　of　this　school；　not　only　in　France　but　also　in　England。



This　school　of　Socialism　dissected　with　great　acuteness　the

contradictions　in　the　conditions　of　modern　production。　　It　laid

bare　the　hypocritical　apologies　of　economists。　　It　proved；

incontrovertibly；　the　disastrous　effects　of　machinery　and

division　of　labour；　the　concentration　of　capital　and　land　in　a

few　hands；　overproduction　and　crises；　it　pointed　out　the

inevitable　ruin　of　the　petty　bourgeois　and　peasant；　the　misery　of

the　proletariat；　the　anarchy　in　production；　the　crying

inequalities　in　the　distribution　of　wealth；　the　industrial　war　of

extermination　between　nations；　the　dissolution　of　old　moral

bonds；　of　the　old　family　relations；　of　the　old　nationalities。



In　its　positive　aims；　however；　this　form　of　Socialism　aspires

either　to　restoring　the　old　means　of　production　and　of　exchange；

and　with　them　the　old　property　relations；　and　the　old　society；　or

to　cramping　the　modern　means　of　production　and　of　exchange；

within　the　framework　of　the　old　property　relations　that　have

been；　and　were　bound　to　be；　exploded　by　those　means。　　In　either

case；　it　is　both　reactionary　and　Utopian。



Its　last　words　are：　corporate　guilds　for　manufacture；

patriarchal　relations　in　agriculture。



Ultimately；　when　stubborn　historical　facts　had　dispersed　all

intoxicating　effects　of　self…deception；　this　form　of　Socialism

ended　in　a　miserable　fit　of　the　blues。





C。　German；　or　〃True；〃　Socialism



The　Socialist　and　Communist　literature　of　France；　a　literature

that　originated　under　the　pressure　of　a　bourgeoisie　in　power；　and

that　was　the　expression　of　the　struggle　against　this　power；　was

introduced　into　Germany　at　a　time　when　the　bourgeoisie；　in　that

country；　had　just　begun　its　contest　with　feudal　absolutism。



German　philosophers；　would…be　philosophers；　and　beaux　esprits；

eagerly　seized　on　this　literature；　only　forgetting；　that　when

these　writings　immigrated　from　France　into　Germany；　French　social

conditions　had　not　immigrated　along　with　them。　　In　contact　with

German　social　conditions；　this　French　literature　lost　all　its

immediate　practical　significance；　and　assumed　a　purely　literary

aspect。　　Thus；　to　the　German　philosophers　of　the　eighteenth

century；　the　demands　of　the　first　French　Revolution　were　nothing

more　than　the　demands　of　〃Practical　Reason〃　in　general；　and　the

utterance　of　the　will　of　the　revolutionary　French　bourgeoisie

signified　in　their　eyes　the　law　of　pure　Will；　of　Will　as　it　was

bound　to　be；　of　true　human　Will　generally。



The　world　of　the　German　literate　consisted　solely　in　bringing

the　new　French　ideas　into　harmony　with　their　ancient

philosophical　conscience；　or　rather；　in　annexing　the　French　ideas

without　deserting　their　own　philosophic　point　of　view。



This　annexation　took　place　in　the　same　way　in　which　a　foreign

language　is　appropriated；　namely；　by　translation。



It　is　well　known　how　the　monks　wrote　silly　lives　of　Catholic

Saints　over　the　manuscripts　on　which　the　classical　works　of

ancient　heathendom　had　been　written。　　The　German　literate

reversed　this　process　with　the　profane　French　literature。　　They

wrote　their　philosophical　nonsense　beneath　the　French　original。

For　instance；　beneath　the　French　criticism　of　the　economic

functions　of　money；　they　wrote　〃Alienation　of　Humanity；〃　and

beneath　the　French　criticism　of　the　bourgeois　State　they　wrote

〃dethronement　of　the　Category　of　the　General；〃　and　so　forth。



The　introduction　of　these　philosophical　phrases　at　the　back　of

the　French　historical　criticisms　they　dubbed　〃Philosophy　of

Action；〃　〃True　Socialism；〃　〃German　Science　of　Socialism；〃

〃Philosophical　Foundation　of　Socialism；〃　and　so　on。



The　French　Socialist　and　Communist　literature　was　thus

completely　emasculated。　　And；　since　it　ceased　in　the　hands　of　the

German　to　express　the　struggle　of　one　class　with　the　other；　he

felt　conscious　of　having　overcome　〃French　one…sidedness〃　and　of

representing；　not　true　requirements；　but　the　requirements　of

truth；

not　the　interests　of　the　proletariat；　but　the　interests　of　Human

Nature；

of　Man　in　general；　who　belongs　to　no　class；　has　no　reality；　who

exists

only　in　the　misty　realm　of　philosophical　fantasy。



This　German　Socialism；　which　took　its　schoolboy　task　so　seriously

and　solemnly；　and　extolled　its　poor　stock…in…trade　in　such

mountebank　fashion；　meanwhile　gradually　lost　its　pedantic

innocence。



The　fight　of　the　German；　and　especially；　of　the　Prussian

bourgeoisie；

against　feudal　aristocracy　and　absolute　monarchy；　in　other　words；

the　liberal　movement；　became　more　earnest。



By　this；　the　long　wished…for　opportunity　was　offered　to　〃True〃

Socialism　of　confronting　the　political　movement　with　the

Socialist　demands；　of　hurling　the　traditional　anathemas　against

liberalism；　against　representative　government；　against　bourgeois

competition；　bourgeois　freedom　of　the　press；　bourgeois

legislation；　bourgeois　liberty　and　equality；　and　of　preaching　to

the　masses　that　they　had　nothing　to　gain；　and　everything　to　lose；

by　this　bourgeois　movement。　　German　Socialism　forgot；　in　the　nick

of　time；　that　the　French　criticism；　whose　silly　echo　it　was；

presupposed　the　existence　of　modern　bourgeois　society；　with　its

corresponding　economic　conditions　of　existence；　and　the　political

constitution　adapted　thereto；　the　very　things　whose　attainment

was　the　object　of　the　pending　struggle　in　Germany。



To　the　absolute　governments；　with　their　following　of　parsons；

professors；　country　squires　and　officials；　it　served　as　a　welcome

scarecrow　against　the　threatening　bourgeoisie。



It　was　a　sweet　finish　after　the　bitter　pills　of　floggings　and

bullets　with　which　these　same　governments；　just　at　that　time；

dosed　the　German　working…class　risings。



While　this　〃True〃　Socialism　thus　served　the　governments　as　a

weapon　for　fighting　the　German　bourgeoisie；　it；　at　the　same　time；

directly　represented　a　reactionary　interest；　the　interest　of　the

German　Philistines。　　In　Germany　the　petty…bourgeois　class；　a

relic　of　the　sixteenth　century；　and　since　then　constantly

cropping　up　again　under　various　forms；　is　the　real　social　basis

of　the　existing　state　of　things。



To　preserve　this　class　is　to　preserve　the　existing　state　of

things　in　Germany。　　The　industrial　and　political　supremacy　of　the

bourgeoisie　threatens　it　with　certain　destruction；　on　the　one

hand；　from　the　concentration　of　capital；　on　the　other；　from　the

rise　of　a　revolutionary　proletariat。　　〃True〃　Socialism　appeared

to

kill　these　two　birds　with　one　stone。　　It　spread　like　an　epidemic。



The　robe　of　speculative　cobwebs；　embroidered　with　flowers　of

rhetoric；　steeped　in　the　dew　of　sickly　sentiment；　this

transcendental　robe　in　which　the　German　Socialists　wrapped　their

sorry　〃eternal　truths；〃　all　skin　and　bone；　served　to　wonderfully

increase　the　sale　of　their　goods　amongst　such　a　public。



And　on　its　part；　German　Socialism　recognised；　more　and　more；　its

own　calling　as　the　bombastic　representative　of　the　petty…

bourgeois　Philistine。



It　proclaimed　the　German　nation　to　be　the　model　nation；　and　the

German　petty　Philistine　to　be　the　typical　man。　　To　every

villainous　meanness　of　this　model　man　it　gave　a　hidden；　higher；

Socialistic　interpretation；　the　exact　contrary　of　its　real

character。　　It　went　to　the　extreme　length　of　directly　opposing

the　〃brutally　destructive〃　tendency　of　Communism；　and　of

proclaiming　its　supreme　and　impartial　contempt　of　all　class

struggles。　　With　very　few　exceptions；　all　the　so…called　Socialist

and　Communist　publications　that　now　（1847）　circulate　in　Germany

belong　to　the　domain　of　this　foul　and　enervating　literature。





2。　CONSERVATIVE；　OR　BOURGEOIS；　SOCIALISM



A　part　of　the　bourgeoisie　is　desirous　of　redressing　social

grievances；　in　order　to　secure　the　continued　existence　of

bourgeois　society。



To　this　section　belong　economists；　philanthropists；

humanitarians；　improvers　of　the　condition　of　the　working　class；

organisers　of　charity；　members　of　societies　for　the　prevention　of

cruelty　to　animals；　temperance　fanatics；　hole…and…corner

reformers　of　every　imaginable　kind。　　This　form　of　Socialism　has；

moreover；　been　worked　out　into　complete　systems。



We　may　site　Proudhon's　Philosophie　de　la　Misere　as　an　example　of

this　form。



The　Socialistic　bourgeois　want　all　the　advantages　of　modern

social　conditions　without　the　struggles　and　dangers　necessarily

resulting　therefrom。　　They　desire　the　existing　state　of　society

minus　its　revolutionary　and　disintegrating　elements。　　They　wish

for　a　bourgeoisie　without　a　proletariat。　　The　bourgeoisie

naturally　conceives　the　world　in　which　it　is　supreme　to　be　the

best；　and　bourgeois　Socialism　develops　this　comfortable

conception　into　various　more　or　less　complete　systems。　　In

requiring　the　proletariat　to　carry　out　such　a　system；　and　thereby

to　march　straightway　into　the　social　New　Jerusalem；　it　but

requires　in　reality；　that　the　proletariat　should　remain　within

the　bounds　of　existing　society；　but　should　cast　away　all　its

hateful　ideas　concerning　the　bourgeoisie。



A　second　and　more　practical；　but　less　systematic；　form　of　this

Socialism　sought　to　depreciate　every　revolutionary　movement　in

the　eyes　of　the　working　class；　by　showing　that　no　mere　political

reform；　but　only　a　change　in　the　material　conditions　of

existence；　in　economic　relations；　could　be　of　any　advantage　to

them。　　By　changes　in　the　material　conditions　of　existence；　this

form　of　Socialism；　however；　by　no　means　understands　abolition　of

the　bourgeois　relations　of　production；　an　abolition　that　can　be

effected　only　by　a　revolution；　but　administrative　reforms；　based

on　the　continued　existence　of　these　relations；　reforms；

therefore；　that　in　no　respect　affect　the



relations　between　capital　and　labour；　but；　at　the　best；　lessen

the　cost；　and　simplify　the　administrative　work；　of　bourgeois

government。



Bourgeois　Socialism　attains　adequate　expression；　when；　and　only

when；　it　becomes　a　mere　figure　of　speech。



Free　trade：　for　the　benefit　of　the　working　class。