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manifesto of the communist party-第7章

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when; it becomes a mere figure of speech。



Free trade: for the benefit of the working class。  Protective

duties: for the benefit of the working class。  Prison Reform: for

the benefit of the working class。  This is the last word and the

only seriously meant word of bourgeois Socialism。



It is summed up in the phrase: the bourgeois is a bourgeois 

for the benefit of the working class。





3。  CRITICAL…UTOPIAN SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM



We do not here refer to that literature which; in every great

modern revolution; has always given voice to the demands of the

proletariat; such as the writings of Babeuf and others。



The first direct attempts of the proletariat to attain its own

ends; made in times of universal excitement; when feudal society

was being overthrown; these attempts necessarily failed; owing to

the then undeveloped state of the proletariat; as well as to the

absence of the economic conditions for its emancipation;

conditions that had yet to be produced; and could be produced by

the impending bourgeois epoch alone。  The revolutionary

literature

that accompanied these first movements of the proletariat had

necessarily a reactionary character。  It inculcated universal

asceticism and social levelling in its crudest form。



The Socialist and Communist systems properly so called; those of

Saint…Simon; Fourier; Owen and others; spring into existence in

the early undeveloped period; described above; of the struggle

between proletariat and bourgeoisie (see Section 1。 Bourgeois

and Proletarians)。



The founders of these systems see; indeed; the class antagonisms;

as well as the action of the decomposing elements; in the

prevailing

form of society。  But the proletariat; as yet in its infancy;

offers

to them the spectacle of a class without any historical

initiative

or any independent political movement。



Since the development of class antagonism keeps even pace with

the development of industry; the economic situation; as they find

it; does not as yet offer to them the material conditions for the

emancipation of the proletariat。  They therefore search after a

new social science; after new social laws; that are to create

these conditions。



Historical action is to yield to their personal inventive

action; historically created conditions of emancipation to

fantastic ones; and the gradual; spontaneous class…organisation

of the proletariat to the organisation of society specially

contrived by these inventors。  Future history resolves itself; in

their eyes; into the propaganda and the practical carrying out of

their social plans。



In the formation of their plans they are conscious of caring

chiefly for the interests of the working class; as being the most

suffering class。  Only from the point of view of being the most

suffering class does the proletariat exist for them。



The undeveloped state of the class struggle; as well as their

own surroundings; causes Socialists of this kind to consider

themselves far superior to all class antagonisms。  They want to

improve the condition of every member of society; even that of

the most favoured。  Hence; they habitually appeal to society at

large; without  distinction of class; nay; by preference; to the

ruling class。  For how can people; when once they understand

their system; fail to see in it the best possible plan of the

best possible state of society?



Hence; they reject all political; and especially all

revolutionary;

action; they wish to attain their ends by peaceful means; and

endeavour;

by small experiments; necessarily doomed to failure; and by the

force of

example; to pave the way for the new social Gospel。



Such fantastic pictures of future society; painted at a time

when the proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has

but a fantastic conception of its own position correspond with

the first instinctive yearnings of that class for a general

reconstruction of society。



But these Socialist and Communist publications contain also a

critical element。  They attack every principle of existing

society。  Hence they are full of the most valuable materials for

the enlightenment of the working class。  The practical measures

proposed in them  …such as the abolition of the distinction

between town and country; of the family; of the carrying on of

industries for the account of private individuals; and of the

wage system; the proclamation of social harmony; the conversion

of the functions of the State into a mere superintendence of

production; all these proposals; point solely to the

disappearance

of class antagonisms which were; at that time; only just cropping

up;

and which; in these publications; are recognised in their

earliest;

indistinct and undefined forms only。  These proposals; therefore;

are of a purely Utopian character。



The significance of Critical…Utopian Socialism and Communism

bears an inverse relation to historical development。  In

proportion as the modern class struggle develops and takes

definite shape; this fantastic standing apart from the contest;

these fantastic attacks on it; lose all practical value and all

theoretical justification。  Therefore; although the originators

of these systems were; in many respects; revolutionary; their

disciples have; in every case; formed mere reactionary sects。

They hold fast by the original views of their masters; in

opposition to the progressive historical development of the

proletariat。  They; therefore; endeavour; and that consistently;

to deaden the class struggle and to reconcile the class

antagonisms。  They still dream of experimental realisation of

their social Utopias; of founding isolated 〃phalansteres;〃 of

establishing 〃Home Colonies;〃  of setting up a 〃Little Icaria〃 

duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem  and to realise all

these castles in the air; they are compelled to appeal to the

feelings and purses of the bourgeois。  By degrees they sink into

the category of the reactionary conservative Socialists depicted

above; differing from these only by more systematic pedantry; and

by their fanatical and superstitious belief in the miraculous

effects of their social science。



They; therefore; violently oppose all political action on the

part of the working class; such action; according to them; can

only result from blind unbelief in the new Gospel。



The Owenites in England; and the Fourierists in France;

respectively; oppose the Chartists and the Reformistes。







IV。  POSITION OF THE COMMUNISTS IN RELATION TO THE

VARIOUS EXISTING OPPOSITION PARTIES



Section II has made clear the relations of the Communists to the

existing working…class parties; such as the Chartists in England

and the Agrarian Reformers in America。



The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims;

for the enforcement of the momentary interests of the working

class; but in the movement of the present; they also represent

and take care of the future of that movement。  In France the

Communists ally themselves with the Social…Democrats; against the

conservative and radical bourgeoisie; reserving; however; the

right to take up a critical position in regard to phrases and

illusions traditionally handed down from the great Revolution。



In Switzerland they support the Radicals; without losing sight

of the fact that this party consists of antagonistic elements;

partly of Democratic Socialists; in the French sense; partly of

radical bourgeois。



In Poland they support the party that insists on an agrarian

revolution as the prime condition for national emancipation; that

party which fomented the insurrection of Cracow in 1846。



In Germany they fight with the bourgeoisie whenever it acts in a

revolutionary way; against the absolute monarchy; the feudal

squirearchy; and the petty bourgeoisie。



But they never cease; for a single instant; to instil into the

working class the clearest possible recognition of the hostile

antagonism between bourgeoisie and proletariat; in order that the

German workers may straightaway use; as so many weapons against

the bourgeoisie; the social and political conditions that the

bourgeoisie must necessarily introduce along with its supremacy;

and in order that; after the fall of the reactionary classes in

Germany; the fight against the bourgeoisie itself may immediately

begin。



The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany; because

that country is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that is

bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions of

European civilisation; and with a much more developed

proletariat; than that of England was in the seventeenth; and of

France in the eighteenth century; and because the bourgeois

revolution in Germany will be but the prelude to an immediately

following proletarian revolution。



In short; the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary

movement against the existing social and political order of

things。



In all these movements they bring to the front; as the leading

question in each; the property question; no matter what its

degree of development at the time。



Finally; they labour everywhere for the union and agreement of

the democratic parties of all countries。



The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims。

They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by

the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions。

Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution。

The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains。

They have a world to win。





           WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES; UNITE!













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