russia in 1919(1919µÄ¶í¹ú)-µÚ25ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
he¡¡and¡¡his¡¡party¡¡were¡¡against¡¡every¡¡form¡¡of¡¡intervention¡¡for¡¡the¡¡following¡¡
reasons£º¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡continuation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡hostilities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡army¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
active¡¡defence¡¡were¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡intensify¡¡the¡¡least¡¡desirable¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whereas¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡agreement£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡lessening¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tension£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡
certainly¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡moderation¡¡of¡¡Bolshevik¡¡Policy¡£¡¡2¡£¡¡The¡¡needs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡army¡¡
overwhelmed¡¡every¡¡effort¡¡at¡¡restoring¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡He¡¡
was¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡convinced¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡intervention¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡favoured¡¡¡¡¡¡reaction£»¡¡
even¡¡¡¡¡¡supposing¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Allies¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡wish¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨They¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡help¡¡
themselves£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡said£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡forces¡¡that¡¡would¡¡support¡¡intervention¡¡must¡¡be¡¡
dominated¡¡by¡¡those¡¡of¡¡reaction£»¡¡since¡¡all¡¡of¡¡the¡¡non¡reactionary¡¡parties¡¡are¡¡
prepared¡¡to¡¡sink¡¡their¡¡differences¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Bolsheviks£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡defend¡¡
the¡¡revolution¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole¡£¡¨¡¡He¡¡said¡¡he¡¡was¡¡convinced¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Bolsheviks¡¡
would¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡alter¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡read¡¡¡¡¡¡me£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡illustration¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
letter¡¡from¡¡a¡¡peasant¡¡showing¡¡the¡¡unreadiness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peasantry¡¡to¡¡go¡¡into¡¡
communes¡¡£¨compulsion¡¡in¡¡this¡¡matter¡¡has¡¡already¡¡been¡¡discarded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
Central¡¡¡¡¡¡Government£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨We¡¡¡¡¡¡took¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡land£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡wrote¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡peasant¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡
such¡¡words£»¡¡¡¨not¡¡much£»¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡we¡¡¡¡could¡¡work£»¡¡we¡¡ploughed¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡
where¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡ploughed¡¡¡¡¡¡before£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡now£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
commune£»¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡lazy¡¡¡¡¡¡fellows¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
profit¡¡by¡¡our¡¡work¡£¡¨¡¡Martov¡¡argued¡¡that¡¡life¡¡itself£»¡¡the¡¡needs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peasant¡¡masses£»¡¡¡¡would¡¡lead¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡changes¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡thinks¡¡
desirable¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Soviet¡¡regime¡£¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡114¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡RIGHT¡¡SOCIAL¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡REVOLUTIONARIES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡position¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Right¡¡¡¡¡¡Social¡¡¡¡Revolutionaries¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡deal¡¡
more¡¡complicated¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mensheviks¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡their¡¡later¡¡declarations¡¡
they¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡romantic¡¡¡¡¡¡anarchist¡¡¡¡¡¡left¡¡¡¡¡¡wing¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡
their¡¡¡¡¡¡romantic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reactionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡extreme¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡stand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
always¡¡stood£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡have¡¡thrown¡¡over¡¡the¡¡
idea¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡instituting¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Constituent¡¡¡¡¡¡Assembly¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡force¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡
into¡¡closer¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Allies¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡party¡¡to¡¡the¡¡left¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
Cadets¡£¡¡By¡¡doing¡¡so£»¡¡by¡¡associating¡¡themselves¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Czech¡¡forces¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡Volga¡¡and¡¡minor¡¡revolts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡reactionary¡¡character¡¡inside¡¡Russia£»¡¡they¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pretty¡¡¡¡¡¡badly¡¡¡¡¡¡compromised¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Their¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡change¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡attitude¡¡
towards¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡¡¡¡¡Government¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡change¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
their¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡programme£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡realization¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡forces¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
imagined¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡supporting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡actually¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡support¡¡
something¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡deal¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Printers'¡¡¡¡¡¡Gazette£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡non¡¡¡
Bolshevik¡¡¡¡¡¡organ£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡printed¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡resolutions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡point¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡which¡¡
demands¡¡the¡¡overthrow¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reactionary¡¡governments¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
Allies¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Germans£»¡¡and¡¡another¡¡condemns¡¡every¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡overthrow¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡¡¡¡¡Government¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡force¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡arms£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ground¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡
attempt¡¡would¡¡weaken¡¡the¡¡working¡¡class¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡and¡¡would¡¡be¡¡used¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡reactionary¡¡groups¡¡for¡¡their¡¡own¡¡purposes¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Volsky¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Right¡¡¡¡¡¡Social¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolutionary£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡President¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
Conference¡¡of¡¡Members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly¡¡from¡¡whose¡¡hands¡¡
the¡¡Directorate¡¡which¡¡ruled¡¡in¡¡Siberia¡¡received¡¡its¡¡authority¡¡and¡¡Admiral¡¡
Kolchak¡¡his¡¡command£»¡¡his¡¡proper¡¡title¡¡being¡¡Commander¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Forces¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly¡¡members¡¡were¡¡to¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡met¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡January¡¡¡¡¡¡1st¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡year£»¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡retake¡¡¡¡¡¡authority¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Directorate¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡organize¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡basis¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡
there¡¡was¡¡continual¡¡friction¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Directorate¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Conference¡¡of¡¡
members¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Constituent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Assembly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Directorate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡115¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡
reactionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡November¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Kolchak's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡coup¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡d'=82tat£»¡¡
followed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡declaration¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡appeal¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡overthrow¡¡
issued¡¡by¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly¡£¡¡Some¡¡were¡¡arrested¡¡by¡¡a¡¡
group¡¡of¡¡officers¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡few¡¡are¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡killed¡£¡¡Kolchak£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡
has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡denied¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡responsibility¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡this£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unaware¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
intentions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reactionaries¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡command¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Others¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
members¡¡¡¡¡¡escaped¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Ufa¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡On¡¡¡¡¡¡December¡¡¡¡¡¡5th£»¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡town¡¡
was¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Bolsheviks£»¡¡they¡¡announced¡¡their¡¡intention¡¡of¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡
opposing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡¡¡¡¡Government¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡field¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capture¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
town¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡troops£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡negotiations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡begun¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
representatives¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Conference¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Members¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Constituent¡¡
Assembly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Right¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Social¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolutionaries£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
representatives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Soviet¡¡Government£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡view¡¡to¡¡finding¡¡a¡¡basis¡¡
for¡¡agreement¡£¡¡The¡¡result¡¡of¡¡those¡¡negotiations¡¡was¡¡the¡¡resolution¡¡passed¡¡
by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Executive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Committee¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡February¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡26th¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨see¡¡¡¡¡¡page¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡166£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡
delegation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡members¡¡came¡¡to¡¡Moscow£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡quaintly¡¡housed¡¡in¡¡
a¡¡huge¡¡room¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Metropole£»¡¡where¡¡they¡¡had¡¡put¡¡up¡¡beds¡¡all¡¡round¡¡the¡¡
walls¡¡and¡¡big¡¡¡¡¡¡tables¡¡in¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡room¡¡for¡¡¡¡their¡¡deliberations¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡
was¡¡in¡¡this¡¡room¡¡that¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡Volsky¡¡first£»¡¡and¡¡afterwards¡¡in¡¡my¡¡own¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡him¡¡what¡¡exactly¡¡had¡¡brought¡¡him¡¡and¡¡all¡¡that¡¡he¡¡represented¡¡
over¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Kolchak¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Allies¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡
Government¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡looked¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡straight¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡face£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨I'll¡¡¡¡¡¡tell¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡£¡¡
We¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡convinced¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡facts¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡policy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Allied¡¡
representatives¡¡in¡¡Siberia¡¡was¡¡directed¡¡not¡¡to¡¡strengthening¡¡the¡¡Constituent¡¡
Assembly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bolsheviks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Germans£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡simply¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
strengthening¡¡the¡¡reactionary¡¡forces¡¡behind¡¡our¡¡backs¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡also¡¡complained£º¡¡¡¨All¡¡through¡¡last¡¡summer¡¡we¡¡were¡¡holding¡¡that¡¡
front¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Czechs£»¡¡being¡¡told¡¡that¡¡there¡¡were¡¡two¡¡divisions¡¡of¡¡Germans¡¡
advancing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡attack¡¡¡¡¡¡us£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡German¡¡
troops¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡at¡¡all¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡criticized¡¡the¡¡Bolsheviks¡¡for¡¡being¡¡better¡¡makers¡¡of¡¡programmes¡¡
than¡¡organizers¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡offered¡¡free¡¡electricity£»¡¡and¡¡presently¡¡had¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡soon¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡electricity¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡lack¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡fuel¡£¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡
sufficiently¡¡¡¡¡¡base¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡policy¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡study¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡possibilities¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨But¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡116¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡
that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡really¡¡fighting¡¡against¡¡a¡¡bourgeois¡¡dictatorship¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡to¡¡us¡£¡¡
We¡¡are£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡help¡¡them¡¡in¡¡every¡¡possible¡¡way¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡said£»¡¡further£º¡¡¡¨Intervention¡¡of¡¡any¡¡kind¡¡will¡¡prolong¡¡the¡¡regime¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Bolsheviks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡compelling¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡drop¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡
Government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡although¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡support¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
defending¡¡the¡¡revolution¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡help¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡groups¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡governments¡¡
fighting¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Volsky¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡saw¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡difference¡¡
between¡¡such¡¡intervention¡¡and¡¡intervention¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡sending¡¡troops¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡what¡¡he¡¡thought¡¡would¡¡happen¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡answered¡¡in¡¡almost¡¡the¡¡
same¡¡¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Martov£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡compel¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Bolsheviks¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡alter¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡policy¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Sooner¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡later¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡peasants¡¡
would¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡felt£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Bolsheviks¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeois¡¡¡¡¡¡reaction¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡win¡¡¡¡¡¡permanently¡¡
against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡offer£»¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡
which¡¡people¡¡would¡¡fight¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡by¡¡any¡¡chance¡¡Kolchak£»¡¡Denikin¡¡and¡¡Co¡£¡¡
were¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡win£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡kill¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡tens¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡thousands¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Bolsheviks¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡kill¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡hundreds£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡result¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
complete¡¡ruin¡¡and¡¡the¡¡collapse¡¡of¡¡Russia¡¡in¡¡anarchy¡£¡¡¡¨Has¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Ukraine¡¡
been¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡teach¡¡the¡¡Allies¡¡that¡¡even¡¡six¡¡months'¡¡occupation¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡non¡¡¡
Bolshevik¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡territory¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡million¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡troops¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡merely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡effect¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
turning¡¡the¡¡population¡¡into¡¡Bolsheviks£¿¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡117¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡THIRD¡¡INTERNATIONAL¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡March¡¡3rd¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡day¡¡near¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡February£»¡¡Bucharin£»¡¡hearing¡¡that¡¡I¡¡meant¡¡to¡¡
leave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡quite¡¡¡¡¡¡soon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡¡¡mysteriously£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Wait¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡longer£»¡¡
because¡¡something¡¡of¡¡international¡¡importance¡¡is¡¡going¡¡to¡¡happen¡¡which¡¡
will¡¡certainly¡¡be¡¡of¡¡interest¡¡for¡¡your¡¡history¡£¡¨¡¡That¡¡was¡¡the¡¡only¡¡hint¡¡I¡¡got¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡preparation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Third¡¡¡¡¡¡International¡£¡¡¡¡Bucharin¡¡¡¡¡¡refused¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡say¡¡
more¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡On¡¡March¡¡3rd¡¡Reinstein¡¡looked¡¡in¡¡about¡¡nine¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡and¡¡
said¡¡he¡¡had¡¡got¡¡me¡¡a¡¡guest's¡¡ticket¡¡for¡¡the¡¡conference¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Kremlin£»¡¡and¡¡
wondered¡¡why¡¡I¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡there¡¡the¡¡day¡¡before£»¡¡when¡¡it¡¡had¡¡opened¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡
told¡¡him¡¡I¡¡knew¡¡nothing¡¡whatever¡¡about¡¡it£»¡¡Litvinov¡¡and¡¡Karakhan£»¡¡whom¡¡
I¡¡had¡¡seen¡¡quite¡¡recently£»¡¡had¡¡never¡¡mentioned¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡guessing¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡
must¡¡be¡¡the¡¡secret¡¡at¡¡which¡¡Bucharin¡¡had¡¡hinted£»¡¡I¡¡supposed¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡
purposely¡¡¡¡kept¡¡¡¡¡¡silence¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡rang¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡Litvinov£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡asked¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
had¡¡had¡¡any¡¡reason¡¡against¡¡my¡¡going¡£¡¡He¡¡said¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡thought¡¡it¡¡would¡¡
not¡¡interest¡¡me¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡I¡¡went¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Conference¡¡was¡¡still¡¡a¡¡secret¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡
was¡¡nothing¡¡about¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡papers¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡meeting¡¡was¡¡in¡¡a¡¡smallish¡¡room£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡dais¡¡at¡¡one¡¡end£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡old¡¡
Courts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Justice¡¡¡¡¡¡built¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Catherine¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Second£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡
certainly¡¡have¡¡turned¡¡in¡¡her¡¡grave¡¡if¡¡she¡¡had¡¡known¡¡the¡¡use¡¡to¡¡which¡¡it¡¡was¡¡
being¡¡put¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Two¡¡very¡¡smart¡¡soldiers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡Army¡¡were¡¡guarding¡¡the¡¡
doors¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡room£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡including¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡floor£»¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡decorated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡red