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on the gait of animals-第5章

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would have got in the way of those that were moving。



  Fishes of the flat kind swim with their heads twisted; as one…eyed



men walk; they have their natural shape distorted。 Web…footed birds



swim with their feet; because they breath the air and have lungs



they are bipeds; but because they have their home in the water they



are webbed; by this arrangement their feet serve them instead of fins。



They have their legs too; not like the rest of birds in the centre



of their body; but rather set back。 Their legs are short; and being



set back are serviceable for swimming。 The reason for their having



short legs is that nature has added to their feet by subtracting



from the length of their limbs; instead of length she gives



stoutness to the legs and breadth to the feet。 Broad feet are more



useful than long for pushing away the water when they are swimming。



                                18







  There is reason; too; for winged creatures having feet; but fish



none。 The former have their home in the dry medium; and cannot



remain always in mid air; they must therefore have feet。 Fish on the



contrary live in the wet medium; and take in water; not air。 Fins



are useful for swimming; but feet not。 And if they had both they would



be non…sanguineous。 There is a broad similarity between birds and



fishes in the organs of locomotion。 Birds have their wings on the



superior part; similarly fish have two pectoral fins; again; birds



have legs on their under parts and near the wings; similarly; most



fish have two fins on the under parts and near the pectorals。 Birds;



too; have a tail and fish a tail…fin。



                                19







  A difficulty may be suggested as to the movements of molluscs;



that is; as to where that movement originates; for they have no



distinction of left and right。 Now observation shows them moving。 We



must; I think; treat all this class as mutilated; and as moving in the



way in which limbed creatures do when one cuts off their legs; or as



analogous with the seal and the bat。 Both the latter are quadrupeds



but misshapen。 Now molluscs do move; but move in a manner contrary



to nature。 They are not moving things; but are moving if as



sedentary creatures they are compared with zoophytes; and sedentary if



classed with progressing animals。



  As to right and left; crabs; too; show the distinction poorly; still



they do show it。 You can see it in the claw; the right claw is



larger and stronger; as though the right and left sides were trying to



get distinguished。



  The structure of animals; both in their other parts; and



especially in those which concern progression and any movement in



place; is as we have now described。 It remains; after determining



these questions; to investigate the problems of Life and Death。











                                  …THE END…






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