washington and his comrades in arms-第2章

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d　long　worn　the　King's　uniform　was　now　his　deadliest　enemy；　and　it　is　probably　true　that　after　this　step　nothing　could　have　restored　the　old　relations　and　reunited　the　British　Empire。　The　broken　vessel　could　not　be　made　whole。

Washington　spent　only　a　few　days　in　getting　ready　to　take　over　his　new　command。　On　the　21st　of　June；　four　days　after　Bunker　Hill；　he　set　out　from　Philadelphia。　The　colonies　were　in　truth　very　remote　from　each　other。　The　journey　to　Boston　was　tedious。　In　the　previous　year　John　Adams　had　traveled　in　the　other　direction　to　the　Congress　at　Philadelphia　and；　in　his　journal；　he　notes；　as　if　he　were　traveling　in　foreign　lands；　the　strange　manners　and　customs　of　the　other　colonies。　The　journey；　so　momentous　to　Adams；　was　not　new　to　Washington。　Some　twenty　years　earlier　the　young　Virginian　officer　had　traveled　as　far　as　Boston　in　the　service　of　King　George　II。　Now　he　was　leader　in　the　war　against　King　George　III。　In　New　Jersey；　New　York；　and　Connecticut　he　was　received　impressively。　In　the　warm　summer　weather　the　roads　were　good　enough　but　many　of　the　rivers　were　not　bridged　and　could　be　crossed　only　by　ferries　or　at　fords。　It　took　nearly　a　fortnight　to　reach　Boston。

Washington　had　ridden　only　twenty　miles　on　his　long　journey　when　the　news　reached　him　of　the　fight　at　Bunker　Hill。　The　question　which　he　asked　anxiously　shows　what　was　in　his　mind：　〃Did　the　militia　fight？〃　When　the　answer　was　〃Yes；〃　he　said　with　relief；　〃The　liberties　of　the　country　are　safe。〃　He　reached　Cambridge　on　the　2d　of　July　and　on　the　following　day　was　the　chief　figure　in　a　striking　ceremony。　In　the　presence　of　a　vast　crowd　and　of　the　motley　army　of　volunteers；　which　was　now　to　be　called　the　American　army；　Washington　assumed　the　command。　He　sat　on　horseback　under　an　elm　tree　and　an　observer　noted　that　his　appearance　was　〃truly　noble　and　majestic。〃　This　was　milder　praise　than　that　given　a　little　later　by　a　London　paper　which　said：　〃There　is　not　a　king　in　Europe　but　would　look　like　a　valet　de　chambre　by　his　side。〃　New　England　having　seen　him　was　henceforth　wholly　on　his　side。　His　traditions　were　not　those　of　the　Puritans；　of　the　Ephraims　and　the　Abijahs　of　the　volunteer　army；　men　whose　Old　Testament　names　tell　something　of　the　rigor　of　the　Puritan　view　of　life。　Washington；　a　sharer　in　the　free　and　often　careless　hospitality　of　his　native　Virginia；　had　a　different　outlook。　In　his　personal　discipline；　however；　he　was　not　less　Puritan　than　the　strictest　of　New　Englanders。　The　coming　years　were　to　show　that　a　great　leader　had　taken　his　fitting　place。


Washington；　born　in　1732；　had　been　trained　in　self…reliance；　for　he　had　been　fatherless　from　childhood。　At　the　age　of　sixteen　he　was　working　at　the　profession；　largely　self…taught；　of　a　surveyor　of　land。　At　the　age　of　twenty…seven　he　married　Martha　Custis；　a　rich　widow　with　children；　though　her　marriage　with　Washington　was　childless。　His　estate　on　the　Potomac　River；　three　hundred　miles　from　the　open　sea；　recently　named　Mount　Vernon；　had　been　in　the　family　for　nearly　a　hundred　years。　There　were　twenty…five　hundred　acres　at　Mount　Vernon　with　ten　miles　of　frontage　on　the　tidal　river。　The　Virginia　planters　were　a　landowning　gentry；　when　Washington　died　he　had　more　than　sixty　thousand　acres。　The　growing　of　tobacco；　the　one　vital　industry　of　the　Virginia　of　the　time；　with　its　half　million　people；　was　connected　with　the　ownership　of　land。　On　their　great　estates　the　planters　lived　remote；　with　a　mail　perhaps　every　fortnight。　There　were　no　large　towns；　no　great　factories。　Nearly　half　of　the　population　consisted　of　negro　slaves。　It　is　one　of　the　ironies　of　history　that　the　chief　leader　in　a　war　marked　by　a　passion　for　liberty　was　a　member　of　a　society　in　which；　as　another　of　its　members；　Jefferson；　the　author　of　the　Declaration　of　Independence；　said；　there　was　on　the　one　hand　the　most　insulting　despotism　and　on　the　other　the　most　degrading　submission。　The　Virginian　landowners　were　more　absolute　masters　than　the　proudest　lords　of　medieval　England。　These　feudal　lords　had　serfs　on　their　land。　The　serfs　were　attached　to　the　soil　and　were　sold　to　a　new　master　with　the　soil。　They　were　not；　however；　property；　without　human　rights。　On　the　other　hand；　the　slaves　of　the　Virginian　master　were　property　like　his　horses。　They　could　not　even　call　wife　and　children　their　own；　for　these　might　be　sold　at　will。　It　arouses　a　strange　emotion　now　when　we　find　Washington　offering　to　exchange　a　negro　for　hogsheads　of　molasses　and　rum　and　writing　that　the　man　would　bring　a　good　price；　〃if　kept　clean　and　trim'd　up　a　little　when　offered　for　sale。〃

In　early　life　Washington　had　had　very　little　of　formal　education。　He　knew　no　language　but　English。　When　he　became　world　famous　and　his　friend　La　Fayette　urged　him　to　visit　France　he　refused　because　he　would　seem　uncouth　if　unable　to　speak　the　French　tongue。　Like　another　great　soldier；　the　Duke　of　Wellington；　he　was　always　careful　about　his　dress。　There　was　in　him　a　silent　pride　which　would　brook　nothing　derogatory　to　his　dignity。　No　one　could　be　more　methodical。　He　kept　his　accounts　rigorously；　entering　even　the　cost　of　repairing　a　hairpin　for　a　ward。　He　was　a　keen　farmer；　and　it　is　amusing　to　find　him　recording　in　his　careful　journal　that　there　are　844；800　seeds　of　〃New　River　Grass〃　to　the　pound　Troy　and　so　determining　how　many　should　be　sown　to　the　acre。　Not　many　youths　would　write　out　as　did　Washington；　apparently　from　French　sources；　and　read　and　reread　elaborate　〃Rules　of　Civility　and　Decent　Behaviour　in　Company　and　Conversation。〃　In　the　fashion　of　the　age　of　Chesterfield　they　portray　the　perfect　gentleman。　He　is　always　to　remember　the　presence　of　others　and　not　to　move；　read；　or　speak　without　considering　what　may　be　due　to　them。　In　the　true　spirit　of　the　time　he　is　to　learn　to　defer　to　persons　of　superior　quality。　Tactless　laughter　at　his　own　wit；　jests　that　have　a　sting　of　idle　gossip；　are　to　be　avoided。　Reproof　is　to　be　given　not　in　anger　but　in　a　sweet　and　mild　temper。　The　rules　descend　even　to　manners　at　table　and　are　a　revelation　of　care　in　self…discipline。　We　might　imagine　Oliver　Cromwell　drawing　up　such　rules；　but　not　Napoleon　or　Wellington。

The　class　to　which　Washington　belonged　prided　itself　on　good　birth　and　good　breeding。　We　picture　him　as　austere；　but；　like　Oliver　Cromwell；　whom　in　some　respects　he　resembles；　he　was　very　human　in　his　personal　relations。　He　liked　a　glass　of　wine。　He　was　fond　of　dancing　and　he　went　to　the　theater；　even　on　Sunday。　He　was；　too；　something　of　a　lady's　man；　〃He　can　be　downright　impudent　sometimes；〃　wrote　a　Southern　lady；　〃such　impudence；　Fanny；　as　you　and　I　like。〃　In　old　age　he　loved　to　have　the　young　and　gay　about　him。　He　could　break　into　furious　oaths　and　no　one　was　a　better　master　of　what　we　may　call　honorable　guile　in　dealing　with　wily　savages；　in　circulating　falsehoods　that　would　deceive　the　enemy　in　time　of　war；　or　in　pursuing　a　business　advantage。　He　played　cards　for　money　and　carefully　entered　loss　and　gain　in　his　accounts。　He　loved　horseracing　and　horses；　and　nothing　pleased　him　more　than　to　talk　of　that　noble　animal。　He　kept　hounds　and　until　his　burden　of　cares　became　too　great　was　an　eager　devotee　of　hunting。　His　shooting　was　of　a　type　more　heroic　than　that　of　an　English　squire　spending　a　day　on　a　moor　with　guests　and　gamekeepers　and　returning　to　comfort　in　the　evening。　Washington　went　off　on　expeditions　into　the　forest　lasting　many　days　and　shared　the　life　in　the　woods　of　rough　men；　sleeping　often　in　the　open　air。　〃Happy；〃　he　wrote；　〃is　he　who　gets　the　berth　nearest　the　fire。〃　He　could　spend　a　happy　day　in　admiring　the　trees　and　the　richness　of　the　land　on　a　neighbor's　estate。　Always　his　thoughts　were　turning　to　the　soil。　There　was　poetry　in　him。　It　was　said　of　Napoleon　that　the　one　approach　to　poetry　in　all　his　writings　is　the　phrase：　〃The　spring　is　at　last　appearing　and　the　leaves　are　beginning　to　sprout。〃　Washington；　on　the　other　hand；　brooded　over　the　mysteries　of　life。　He　pictured　to　himself　the　serenity　of　a　calm　old　age　and　always　dared　to　look　death　squarely　in　the　face。　He　was　sensitive　to　human　passion　and　he　felt　the　wonder　of　nature　in　all　her　ways；　her　bounteous　response　in　growth　to　the　skill　of　man；　the　delight　of　improving　the　earth　in　contrast　with　the　vain　glory　gained　by　ravaging　it　in　war。　His　most　striking　characteristics　were　energy　and　decision　united　often　with　strong　likes　and　dislikes。　His　clever　secretary；　Alexander　Hamilton；　found；　as　he　said；　that　his　chief　was　not　remarkable　for　good　temper　and　resigned　his　post　because　of　an　impatient　rebuke。　When　a　young　man　serving　in　the　army　of　Virginia；　Washington　had　many　a　tussle　with　the　obstinate　Scottish　Governor；　Dinwiddie；　who　thought　his　vehemence　unmannerly　and　ungrateful。　Gilbert　Stuart；　who　painted　several　of　his　portraits；　said　that　his　features　showed　strong　passions　and　that；　had　he　not　learned　self…restraint；　his　temper　would　have　been　savage。　This　discipline　he　acquired。　The　task　was　not　easy；　but　in　time　he　was　able　to　say　with　truth；　〃I　have　no　resentments；〃　and　his　self…control　became　so　perfect　as　to　be　almost　uncanny。

The　assumption　that　Washington　fought　against　an　England　grown　decadent　is　not　justified。　To　admit　this　would　be　to　make　his　task　seem　lighter　than　it　really　was。　No　doubt　many　of　the　rich　aristocracy　spent　idle　days　of　pleasure…seeking　with　the　comfortable　conviction　that　they　could　discharge　their　duties　to　society　by　merely　existing；　since　their　luxury　made　work　and　the　more　they　indulged　themselves　the　more　happy　and　profitable　employment　would　their　many　dependents　enjoy。　The　eighteenth　century　was；　however；　a　wonderful　epoch　in　England。　Agriculture　became　a　new　thing　under　the　leadership　of　great　landowners　like　Lord　Townshend　and　Coke　of　Norfolk。　Already　was　abroad　in　society　a　divine　discontent　at　existing　abuses。　It　brought　Warren　Hastings　to　trial　on　the　charge　of　plundering　India。　It　attacked　slavery；　the　cruelty　of　the　criminal　law；　which　sent　children　to　execution　for　the　theft　of　a　few　pennies；　the　brutality　of　the　prisons；　the　torpid　indifference　of　the　church　to　the　needs　of　the　masses。　New　inventions　were　beginning　the　age　of　machinery。　The　reform　of　Parliament；　votes　for　the　toiling　masses；　and　a　thousand　other　improvements　were　being　urged。　It　was　a　vigorous；　rich；　and　arrogant　England　which　Washington　confronted。

It　is　sometimes　said　of　Washington　that　he　was　an　English　country　gentleman。　A　gentleman　he　was；　but　with　an　experience　and　training　quite　unlike　that　of　a　gentleman　in　England。　The　young　heir　to　an　English　estate　might　or　might　not　go　to　a　university。　He　could；　like　the　young　Charles　James　Fox；　become　a　scholar；　but　like　Fox；　who　knew　some　of　the　virtues　and　all　the　supposed　gentlemanly　vices；　he　might　dissipate　his　energies　in　hunting；　gambling；　and　cockfighting。　He　would　almost　certainly　make　the　grand　tour　of　Europe；　and；　if　he　had　little　Latin　and　less　Greek；　he　was　pretty　certain　to　have　some　familiarity　with　Paris　and　a　smattering　of　French。　The　eighteenth　century　was　a　period　of　magnificent　living　in　England。　The　great　landowner；　then；　as　now；　the　magnate　of　his　neighborhood；　was　likely　to　rear；　if　he　did　not　inherit；　one　of　those　vast　palaces　which　are　today　burdens　so　costly　to　the　heirs　of　thei