°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > art of war >

µÚ16ÕÂ

art of war-µÚ16ÕÂ

С˵£º art of war ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




the¡¡wane£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡the¡¡third¡¡it¡¡is¡¡gone¡¡altogether¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡attacked¡¡

when¡¡their¡¡spirit¡¡was¡¡gone¡¡and¡¡ours¡¡was¡¡at¡¡its¡¡height¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡our¡¡

victory¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡Wu¡¡Tzu¡¡£¨chap¡£¡¡4£©¡¡puts¡¡¡¨spirit¡¨¡¡first¡¡among¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¨four¡¡

important¡¡influences¡¨¡¡¡¡in¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡continues£º¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡value¡¡of¡¡a¡¡

whole¡¡armya¡¡mighty¡¡host¡¡of¡¡a¡¡million¡¡menis¡¡dependent¡¡on¡¡one¡¡

man¡¡alone£º¡¡¡¡such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡spirit£¡¡¨£§



a¡¡commander¡­in¡­chief¡¡may¡¡be¡¡robbed¡¡of¡¡his¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡mind¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Chang¡¡Yu¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Presence¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡is¡¡the¡¡general's¡¡most¡¡

important¡¡asset¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡quality¡¡which¡¡enables¡¡him¡¡to¡¡

discipline¡¡disorder¡¡and¡¡to¡¡inspire¡¡courage¡¡into¡¡the¡¡panic¡­

stricken¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡great¡¡general¡¡Li¡¡Ching¡¡£¨A¡£D¡£¡¡¡¡571¡­649£©¡¡¡¡has¡¡a¡¡

saying£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Attacking¡¡does¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡consist¡¡in¡¡assaulting¡¡walled¡¡

cities¡¡or¡¡striking¡¡at¡¡an¡¡army¡¡in¡¡battle¡¡array£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡include¡¡

the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡assailing¡¡the¡¡enemy's¡¡mental¡¡equilibrium¡£¡¨£§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡28¡£¡¡¡¡Now¡¡a¡¡solider's¡¡spirit¡¡is¡¡keenest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning£»



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Always¡¡provided£»¡¡I¡¡suppose£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡had¡¡breakfast¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡

the¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trebia£»¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡were¡¡foolishly¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡

fight¡¡¡¡¡¡fasting£»¡¡¡¡whereas¡¡Hannibal's¡¡men¡¡had¡¡breakfasted¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡

their¡¡leisure¡£¡¡¡¡See¡¡Livy£»¡¡XXI£»¡¡liv¡£¡¡8£»¡¡lv¡£¡¡1¡¡and¡¡8¡££§



by¡¡noonday¡¡it¡¡has¡¡begun¡¡to¡¡flag£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡evening£»¡¡his¡¡mind¡¡is¡¡

bent¡¡only¡¡on¡¡returning¡¡to¡¡camp¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡29¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡clever¡¡general£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡avoids¡¡an¡¡army¡¡when¡¡its¡¡

spirit¡¡is¡¡keen£»¡¡but¡¡attacks¡¡it¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡sluggish¡¡and¡¡inclined¡¡

to¡¡return¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡studying¡¡moods¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡£¡¡¡¡Disciplined¡¡and¡¡calm£»¡¡to¡¡await¡¡the¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡

disorder¡¡and¡¡hubbub¡¡amongst¡¡the¡¡enemy£ºthis¡¡is¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡

retaining¡¡self¡­possession¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡31¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡be¡¡near¡¡the¡¡goal¡¡while¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡is¡¡still¡¡far¡¡from¡¡

it£»¡¡to¡¡wait¡¡at¡¡ease¡¡while¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡is¡¡toiling¡¡and¡¡struggling£»¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡well¡­fed¡¡while¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡is¡¡famished£ºthis¡¡is¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡

husbanding¡¡one's¡¡strength¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡32¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡refrain¡¡from¡¡intercepting¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡whose¡¡banners¡¡are¡¡

in¡¡perfect¡¡order£»¡¡to¡¡refrain¡¡from¡¡attacking¡¡an¡¡army¡¡drawn¡¡up¡¡in¡¡

calm¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡confident¡¡array£ºthis¡¡is¡¡the¡¡art¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡studying¡¡

circumstances¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡33¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡military¡¡axiom¡¡not¡¡to¡¡advance¡¡uphill¡¡against¡¡

the¡¡enemy£»¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡oppose¡¡him¡¡when¡¡he¡¡comes¡¡downhill¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡34¡£¡¡¡¡Do¡¡not¡¡pursue¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡who¡¡simulates¡¡flight£»¡¡¡¡do¡¡not¡¡

attack¡¡soldiers¡¡whose¡¡temper¡¡is¡¡keen¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡35¡£¡¡¡¡Do¡¡not¡¡swallow¡¡bait¡¡offered¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enemy¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Li¡¡Ch¡®uan¡¡and¡¡Tu¡¡Mu£»¡¡with¡¡extraordinary¡¡inability¡¡to¡¡see¡¡a¡¡

metaphor£»¡¡take¡¡these¡¡words¡¡quite¡¡literally¡¡of¡¡food¡¡and¡¡drink¡¡that¡¡

have¡¡been¡¡poisoned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enemy¡£¡¡¡¡Ch¡®en¡¡Hao¡¡and¡¡Chang¡¡Yu¡¡

carefully¡¡point¡¡out¡¡that¡¡the¡¡saying¡¡has¡¡a¡¡wider¡¡application¡££§



Do¡¡not¡¡interfere¡¡with¡¡an¡¡army¡¡that¡¡is¡¡returning¡¡home¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§The¡¡commentators¡¡explain¡¡this¡¡rather¡¡singular¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡

advice¡¡by¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡a¡¡man¡¡whose¡¡heart¡¡is¡¡set¡¡on¡¡returning¡¡home¡¡

will¡¡fight¡¡to¡¡the¡¡death¡¡against¡¡any¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡bar¡¡his¡¡way£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡

is¡¡therefore¡¡too¡¡dangerous¡¡an¡¡opponent¡¡to¡¡be¡¡tackled¡£¡¡¡¡Chang¡¡Yu¡¡

quotes¡¡the¡¡words¡¡of¡¡Han¡¡Hsin£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Invincible¡¡is¡¡the¡¡soldier¡¡who¡¡

hath¡¡his¡¡desire¡¡and¡¡returneth¡¡homewards¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡A¡¡marvelous¡¡tale¡¡is¡¡

told¡¡of¡¡Ts¡®ao¡¡Ts¡®ao's¡¡courage¡¡and¡¡resource¡¡in¡¡ch¡£¡¡1¡¡of¡¡the¡¡SAN¡¡

KUO¡¡CHI£º¡¡¡¡In¡¡198¡¡A¡£D¡££»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡besieging¡¡Chang¡¡Hsiu¡¡in¡¡Jang£»¡¡¡¡when¡¡

Liu¡¡Piao¡¡sent¡¡reinforcements¡¡with¡¡a¡¡view¡¡to¡¡cutting¡¡off¡¡Ts¡®ao's¡¡

retreat¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡was¡¡obligbed¡¡to¡¡draw¡¡off¡¡his¡¡troops£»¡¡only¡¡to¡¡

find¡¡himself¡¡hemmed¡¡in¡¡between¡¡two¡¡enemies£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡guarding¡¡

each¡¡outlet¡¡of¡¡a¡¡narrow¡¡pass¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡engaged¡¡himself¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡

this¡¡desperate¡¡plight¡¡Ts¡®ao¡¡waited¡¡until¡¡nightfall£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡bored¡¡

a¡¡tunnel¡¡into¡¡the¡¡mountain¡¡side¡¡and¡¡laid¡¡an¡¡ambush¡¡in¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡

soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡army¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡by£»¡¡the¡¡hidden¡¡troops¡¡fell¡¡on¡¡

his¡¡rear£»¡¡¡¡while¡¡Ts¡®ao¡¡himself¡¡turned¡¡and¡¡met¡¡his¡¡pursuers¡¡in¡¡

front£»¡¡¡¡so¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡thrown¡¡into¡¡confusion¡¡and¡¡annihilated¡£¡¡¡¡

Ts¡®ao¡¡Ts¡®ao¡¡said¡¡afterwards£º¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡brigands¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡check¡¡my¡¡

army¡¡in¡¡its¡¡retreat¡¡and¡¡brought¡¡me¡¡to¡¡battle¡¡in¡¡a¡¡desperate¡¡

position£º¡¡¡¡hence¡¡I¡¡knew¡¡how¡¡to¡¡overcome¡¡them¡£¡¨£§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡you¡¡surround¡¡an¡¡army£»¡¡leave¡¡an¡¡outlet¡¡free¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§This¡¡does¡¡not¡¡mean¡¡that¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡

escape¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡object£»¡¡as¡¡Tu¡¡Mu¡¡puts¡¡it£»¡¡is¡¡¡¨to¡¡make¡¡him¡¡believe¡¡

that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡road¡¡to¡¡safety£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡prevent¡¡his¡¡fighting¡¡

with¡¡the¡¡courage¡¡of¡¡despair¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Tu¡¡Mu¡¡adds¡¡pleasantly£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨After¡¡

that£»¡¡you¡¡may¡¡crush¡¡him¡£¡¨£§



Do¡¡not¡¡press¡¡a¡¡desperate¡¡foe¡¡too¡¡hard¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Ch¡®en¡¡Hao¡¡quotes¡¡the¡¡saying£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Birds¡¡and¡¡beasts¡¡when¡¡

brought¡¡to¡¡bay¡¡will¡¡use¡¡their¡¡claws¡¡and¡¡teeth¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Chang¡¡Yu¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡

¡¨If¡¡your¡¡adversary¡¡has¡¡burned¡¡his¡¡boats¡¡and¡¡destroyed¡¡his¡¡

cooking¡­pots£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡stake¡¡all¡¡on¡¡the¡¡issue¡¡of¡¡a¡¡battle£»¡¡

he¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡pushed¡¡to¡¡extremities¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Ho¡¡Shih¡¡illustrates¡¡the¡¡

meaning¡¡by¡¡a¡¡story¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡Yen¡­ch¡®ing¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡

general£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡his¡¡colleague¡¡Tu¡¡Chung¡­wei¡¡was¡¡surrounded¡¡

by¡¡a¡¡vastly¡¡superior¡¡army¡¡of¡¡Khitans¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡945¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡

country¡¡was¡¡bare¡¡and¡¡desert¡­like£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡little¡¡Chinese¡¡force¡¡

was¡¡soon¡¡in¡¡dire¡¡straits¡¡for¡¡want¡¡of¡¡water¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡wells¡¡they¡¡bored¡¡

ran¡¡dry£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡men¡¡were¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡squeezing¡¡lumps¡¡of¡¡mud¡¡and¡¡

sucking¡¡out¡¡the¡¡moisture¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡ranks¡¡thinned¡¡rapidly£»¡¡until¡¡at¡¡

last¡¡Fu¡¡Yen¡­ch¡®ing¡¡exclaimed£º¡¡¡¡¡¨We¡¡are¡¡desperate¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡Far¡¡better¡¡

to¡¡die¡¡for¡¡our¡¡country¡¡than¡¡to¡¡go¡¡with¡¡fettered¡¡hands¡¡into¡¡

captivity£¡¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡strong¡¡gale¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡blowing¡¡from¡¡the¡¡

northeast¡¡and¡¡darkening¡¡the¡¡air¡¡with¡¡dense¡¡clouds¡¡of¡¡sandy¡¡dust¡£¡¡¡¡

To¡¡Chung¡­wei¡¡was¡¡for¡¡waiting¡¡until¡¡this¡¡had¡¡abated¡¡before¡¡

deciding¡¡on¡¡a¡¡final¡¡attack£»¡¡but¡¡luckily¡¡another¡¡officer£»¡¡Li¡¡Shou¡­

cheng¡¡by¡¡name£»¡¡¡¡was¡¡quicker¡¡to¡¡see¡¡an¡¡opportunity£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡

¡¨They¡¡are¡¡many¡¡and¡¡we¡¡are¡¡few£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡midst¡¡of¡¡this¡¡sandstorm¡¡

our¡¡numbers¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡discernible£»¡¡victory¡¡will¡¡go¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

strenuous¡¡fighter£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡will¡¡be¡¡our¡¡best¡¡¡¡¡¡ally¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡

Accordingly£»¡¡¡¡Fu¡¡Yen¡­ch¡®ing¡¡made¡¡a¡¡sudden¡¡and¡¡wholly¡¡unexpected¡¡

onslaught¡¡with¡¡his¡¡cavalry£»¡¡routed¡¡the¡¡barbarians¡¡and¡¡succeeded¡¡

in¡¡breaking¡¡through¡¡to¡¡safety¡££§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡37¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡warfare¡£





£§1£§¡¡¡¡See¡¡Col¡£¡¡Henderson£»¡¡op¡£¡¡cit¡£¡¡vol¡£¡¡I¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡426¡£



£§2£§¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡maxims¡¡on¡¡this¡¡head£»¡¡see¡¡¡¨Marshal¡¡Turenne¡¨¡¡

£¨Longmans£»¡¡1907£©£»¡¡p¡£¡¡29¡£



¡­



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡VIII¡£¡¡¡¡VARIATION¡¡IN¡¡TACTICS





¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§The¡¡heading¡¡means¡¡literally¡¡¡¨The¡¡Nine¡¡Variations£»¡¨¡¡but¡¡as¡¡

Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡does¡¡not¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡enumerate¡¡these£»¡¡and¡¡as£»¡¡¡¡indeed£»¡¡¡¡he¡¡

has¡¡already¡¡told¡¡us¡¡£¨V¡¡SS¡£¡¡6¡­11£©¡¡that¡¡such¡¡deflections¡¡from¡¡the¡¡

ordinary¡¡course¡¡are¡¡practically¡¡innumerable£»¡¡¡¡we¡¡have¡¡little¡¡

option¡¡but¡¡to¡¡follow¡¡Wang¡¡Hsi£»¡¡who¡¡says¡¡that¡¡¡¨Nine¡¨¡¡stands¡¡for¡¡an¡¡

indefinitely¡¡large¡¡number¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨All¡¡it¡¡means¡¡is¡¡that¡¡in¡¡warfare¡¡we¡¡

ought¡¡to¡¡very¡¡our¡¡tactics¡¡to¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡degree¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡

what¡¡Ts¡®ao¡¡Kung¡¡makes¡¡these¡¡Nine¡¡Variations¡¡out¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡has¡¡

been¡¡suggested¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Nine¡¡Situations¡¨¡¡

¡­¡¡of¡¡chapt¡£¡¡XI¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡view¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡Chang¡¡Yu¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡only¡¡

other¡¡alternative¡¡is¡¡to¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡something¡¡has¡¡been¡¡losta¡¡

supposition¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡unusual¡¡shortness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chapter¡¡lends¡¡

some¡¡weight¡££§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡war£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡general¡¡receives¡¡his¡¡

commands¡¡from¡¡the¡¡sovereign£»¡¡collects¡¡his¡¡army¡¡and¡¡concentrates¡¡

his¡¡forces¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Repeated¡¡from¡¡VII¡£¡¡ss¡£¡¡1£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡is¡¡certainly¡¡more¡¡in¡¡

place¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡interpolated¡¡here¡¡merely¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡

supply¡¡a¡¡beginning¡¡to¡¡the¡¡chapter¡££§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡in¡¡difficult¡¡country£»¡¡do¡¡not¡¡encamp¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡country¡¡

where¡¡high¡¡roads¡¡intersect£»¡¡join¡¡hands¡¡with¡¡your¡¡allies¡£¡¡¡¡Do¡¡not¡¡

linger¡¡in¡¡dangerously¡¡isolated¡¡positions¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§The¡¡last¡¡situation¡¡is¡¡not¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nine¡¡Situations¡¡as¡¡

given¡¡in¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡chap¡£¡¡XI£»¡¡but¡¡occurs¡¡later¡¡on¡¡¡¡£¨ibid¡£¡¡

ss¡£¡¡43¡£¡¡q¡£v¡££©¡£¡¡¡¡Chang¡¡Yu¡¡defines¡¡this¡¡situation¡¡as¡¡being¡¡situated¡¡

across¡¡the¡¡frontier£»¡¡in¡¡hostile¡¡territory¡£¡¡¡¡Li¡¡Ch¡®uan¡¡says¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

¡¨country¡¡in¡¡which¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡springs¡¡or¡¡wells£»¡¡flocks¡¡or¡¡herds£»¡¡

vegetables¡¡or¡¡firewood£»¡¨¡¡Chia¡¡Lin£»¡¡¡¨one¡¡of¡¡gorges£»¡¡¡¡chasms¡¡and¡¡

precipices£»¡¡without¡¡a¡¡road¡¡by¡¡which¡¡to¡¡advance¡£¡¨£§



In¡¡hemmed¡­in¡¡situations£»¡¡¡¡you¡¡must¡¡resort¡¡to¡¡stratagem¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡

desperate¡¡position£»¡¡you¡¡must¡¡fight¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡are¡¡roads¡¡which¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡followed£»



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§¡¨Especially¡¡those¡¡leading¡¡through¡¡narrow¡¡defiles£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡Li¡¡

Ch¡®uan£»¡¡¡¨where¡¡an¡¡ambush¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡feared¡£¡¨£§



armies¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡not¡¡attacked£»



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§More¡¡correctly£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡¡¨there¡¡are¡¡times¡¡when¡¡an¡¡army¡¡must¡¡

not¡¡be¡¡attacked¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Ch¡®en¡¡Hao¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡¡¨When¡¡you¡¡see¡¡your¡¡way¡¡to¡¡

obtain¡¡a¡¡rival¡¡advantage£»¡¡but¡¡are¡¡powerless¡¡to¡¡inflict¡¡a¡¡real¡¡

defeat£»¡¡refrain¡¡from¡¡attacking£»¡¡for¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡overtaxing¡¡your¡¡men's¡¡

strength¡£¡¨£§



towns¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡besieged£»



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Cf¡£¡¡¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡ss¡£¡¡¡¡4¡¡¡¡¡¡Ts¡®ao¡¡Kung¡¡gives¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡interesting¡¡

illustration¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡his¡¡own¡¡experience¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡invading¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

territory¡¡of¡¡Hsu¡­chou£»¡¡he¡¡ignored¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Hua¡­pi£»¡¡which¡¡lay¡¡

directly¡¡in¡¡his¡¡path£»¡¡and¡¡pressed¡¡on¡¡into¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

country¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡excellent¡¡strategy¡¡was¡¡rewarded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡subsequent¡¡

capture¡¡of¡¡no¡¡fewer¡¡than¡¡fourteen¡¡important¡¡district¡¡cities¡£¡¡¡¡

Chang¡¡Yu¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡¡¨No¡¡town¡¡should¡¡be¡¡attacked¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡if¡¡taken£»¡¡

cannot¡¡be¡¡held£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡left¡¡alone£»¡¡will¡¡not¡¡cause¡¡any¡¡trouble¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡

Hsun¡¡Ying£»¡¡when¡¡urged¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡Pi¡­yang£»¡¡replied£º¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡city¡¡is¡¡

small¡¡and¡¡well¡­fortified£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡I¡¡succeed¡¡intaking¡¡it£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡

be¡¡no¡¡great¡¡feat¡¡of¡¡arms£»¡¡whereas¡¡if¡¡I¡¡fail£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡make¡¡myself¡¡

a¡¡laughing¡­stock¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡seventeenth¡¡century£»¡¡¡¡sieges¡¡still¡¡

formed¡¡a¡¡large¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡Turenne¡¡who¡¡directed¡¡

attention¡¡to¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡marches£»¡¡¡¡countermarches¡¡and¡¡

maneuvers¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡great¡¡mistake¡¡to¡¡waste¡¡men¡¡in¡¡

taking¡¡a¡¡town¡¡when¡¡the¡¡same¡¡expenditure¡¡of¡¡soldiers¡¡will¡¡gain¡¡a¡¡

province¡£¡¨¡¡£§1£§¡¡£§



positions¡¡which¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡contested£»¡¡commands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡¡

which¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡obeyed¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§This¡¡is¡¡a¡¡hard¡¡saying¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Chinese£»¡¡with¡¡their¡¡reverence¡¡

for¡¡authority£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡Wei¡¡Liao¡¡Tzu¡¡£¨quoted¡¡by¡¡Tu¡¡Mu£©¡¡is¡¡moved¡¡to¡¡

exclaim£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Weapons¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡baleful¡¡¡¡¡¡instruments£»¡¡¡¡¡¡strife¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

antagonistic¡¡to¡¡virtue£»¡¡a¡¡military¡¡commander¡¡is¡¡the¡¡negation¡¡of¡¡

civil¡¡order£¡¡¨¡¡¡¡The¡¡unpalatable¡¡fact¡¡remains£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡even¡¡

Imperial¡¡wishes¡¡must¡¡be¡¡subordinated¡¡to¡¡military¡¡necessity¡££§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡general¡¡who¡¡thoroughly¡¡understands¡¡the¡¡advantages¡¡

that¡¡accompany¡¡variation¡¡of¡¡tactics¡¡knows¡¡how¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡his¡¡

troops¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡general¡¡who¡¡does¡¡not¡¡understand¡¡these£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡well¡¡

acquainted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡configuration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡yet¡¡he¡¡will¡¡not¡¡

be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡turn¡¡his¡¡knowledge¡¡to¡¡practical¡¡account¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§Literally£»¡¡¡¡¡¨get¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¨¡¡which¡¡means¡¡

not¡¡only¡¡securing¡¡good¡¡positions£»¡¡but¡¡availing¡¡oneself¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡

advantages¡¡in¡¡every¡¡possible¡¡way¡£¡¡¡¡Chang¡¡Yu¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Every¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡

ground¡¡is¡¡characterized¡¡by¡¡certain¡¡natural¡¡features£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡also¡¡

gives¡¡scope¡¡for¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡variability¡¡of¡¡plan¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

possible¡¡to¡¡turn¡¡these¡¡natural¡¡features¡¡to¡¡account¡¡unless¡¡

topographical¡¡knowledge¡¡is¡¡supplemented¡¡by¡¡versatility¡¡of¡¡mind£¿¡¨£§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡£¡¡¡¡So£»¡¡the¡¡student¡¡of¡¡war¡¡who¡¡is¡¡unversed

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ