°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > art of war >

µÚ6ÕÂ

art of war-µÚ6ÕÂ

С˵£º art of war ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




¡¡¡¡pleased£»¡¡¡¡a¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡affection¡¡springs¡¡up¡¡within¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡when¡¡

¡¡¡¡angry£»¡¡his¡¡poisoned¡¡sting¡¡is¡¡brought¡¡into¡¡play¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡natural¡¡law¡¡which¡¡governs¡¡his¡¡being¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡then¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡

¡¡¡¡said¡¡of¡¡those¡¡scholars¡¡of¡¡our¡¡time£»¡¡¡¡blind¡¡to¡¡all¡¡great¡¡

¡¡¡¡issues£»¡¡and¡¡without¡¡any¡¡appreciation¡¡of¡¡relative¡¡values£»¡¡¡¡who¡¡

¡¡¡¡can¡¡only¡¡bark¡¡out¡¡their¡¡stale¡¡formulas¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¨virtue¡¨¡¡¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¨civilization£»¡¨¡¡condemning¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡military¡¡weapons£¿¡¡¡¡They¡¡

¡¡¡¡will¡¡surely¡¡bring¡¡our¡¡country¡¡to¡¡impotence¡¡and¡¡dishonor¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡her¡¡rightful¡¡heritage£»¡¡or£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡very¡¡least£»¡¡

¡¡¡¡they¡¡will¡¡bring¡¡about¡¡invasion¡¡and¡¡rebellion£»¡¡¡¡sacrifice¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡territory¡¡and¡¡general¡¡enfeeblement¡£¡¡¡¡Yet¡¡they¡¡obstinately¡¡

¡¡¡¡refuse¡¡to¡¡modify¡¡the¡¡position¡¡they¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡up¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡

¡¡¡¡is¡¡that£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡family¡¡the¡¡teacher¡¡must¡¡not¡¡spare¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡rod£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡punishments¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡dispensed¡¡with¡¡in¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡

¡¡¡¡so¡¡military¡¡chastisement¡¡can¡¡never¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡

¡¡¡¡abeyance¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Empire¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡one¡¡can¡¡say¡¡is¡¡that¡¡this¡¡power¡¡

¡¡¡¡will¡¡be¡¡exercised¡¡wisely¡¡by¡¡some£»¡¡foolishly¡¡by¡¡others£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡that¡¡among¡¡those¡¡who¡¡bear¡¡arms¡¡some¡¡will¡¡be¡¡loyal¡¡and¡¡others¡¡

¡¡¡¡rebellious¡£¡¡£§58£§



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡next¡¡piece¡¡is¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡Tu¡¡Mu's¡¡preface¡¡to¡¡his¡¡

commentary¡¡on¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu£º¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡War¡¡may¡¡be¡¡defined¡¡as¡¡punishment£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡profession¡¡of¡¡Chung¡¡Yu¡¡

¡¡¡¡and¡¡Jan¡¡Ch¡®iu£»¡¡both¡¡disciples¡¡of¡¡Confucius¡£¡¡¡¡Nowadays£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡holding¡¡of¡¡trials¡¡and¡¡hearing¡¡of¡¡litigation£»¡¡the¡¡imprisonment¡¡

¡¡¡¡of¡¡offenders¡¡and¡¡their¡¡execution¡¡by¡¡flogging¡¡in¡¡the¡¡market¡­

¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡are¡¡all¡¡done¡¡by¡¡officials¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡wielding¡¡of¡¡huge¡¡

¡¡¡¡armies£»¡¡the¡¡throwing¡¡down¡¡of¡¡fortified¡¡cities£»¡¡the¡¡hauling¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡women¡¡and¡¡children¡¡into¡¡captivity£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡beheading¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡traitors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡is¡¡also¡¡work¡¡which¡¡is¡¡done¡¡by¡¡officials¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡The¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rack¡¡and¡¡of¡¡military¡¡weapons¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡

¡¡¡¡essentially¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡intrinsic¡¡difference¡¡

¡¡¡¡between¡¡the¡¡punishment¡¡of¡¡flogging¡¡and¡¡cutting¡¡off¡¡heads¡¡in¡¡

¡¡¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡lesser¡¡infractions¡¡of¡¡law£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡easily¡¡

¡¡¡¡dealt¡¡with£»¡¡only¡¡a¡¡small¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡force¡¡need¡¡be¡¡employed£º¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡hence¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡military¡¡weapons¡¡and¡¡wholesale¡¡decapitation¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡In¡¡both¡¡cases£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡end¡¡in¡¡view¡¡is¡¡to¡¡get¡¡rid¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡wicked¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡give¡¡comfort¡¡and¡¡relief¡¡to¡¡the¡¡good¡£¡£¡£¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Chi¡­sun¡¡asked¡¡Jan¡¡Yu£»¡¡saying£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Have¡¡you£»¡¡Sir£»¡¡¡¡acquired¡¡

¡¡¡¡your¡¡military¡¡aptitude¡¡by¡¡study£»¡¡or¡¡is¡¡it¡¡innate£¿¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡Jan¡¡Yu¡¡

¡¡¡¡replied£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡acquired¡¡by¡¡study¡£¡¨¡¡£§59£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨How¡¡can¡¡

¡¡¡¡that¡¡be¡¡so£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡Chi¡­sun£»¡¡¡¨seeing¡¡that¡¡you¡¡are¡¡a¡¡disciple¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡Confucius£¿¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡fact£»¡¨¡¡replied¡¡Jan¡¡Yu£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡was¡¡taught¡¡by¡¡

¡¡¡¡Confucius¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡fitting¡¡that¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Sage¡¡should¡¡exercise¡¡

¡¡¡¡both¡¡civil¡¡and¡¡military¡¡functions£»¡¡though¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sure¡¡my¡¡

¡¡¡¡instruction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡fighting¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡gone¡¡very¡¡

¡¡¡¡far¡£¡¨

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡¡¡who¡¡the¡¡author¡¡was¡¡of¡¡this¡¡rigid¡¡distinction¡¡

¡¡¡¡between¡¡the¡¡¡¨civil¡¨¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¨military£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡the¡¡limitation¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡each¡¡to¡¡a¡¡separate¡¡sphere¡¡of¡¡action£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡what¡¡year¡¡of¡¡which¡¡

¡¡¡¡dynasty¡¡it¡¡was¡¡first¡¡introduced£»¡¡is¡¡more¡¡than¡¡I¡¡can¡¡say¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡¡¡at¡¡any¡¡rate£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡come¡¡about¡¡that¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡governing¡¡class¡¡are¡¡quite¡¡afraid¡¡of¡¡enlarging¡¡on¡¡military¡¡

¡¡¡¡topics£»¡¡¡¡or¡¡do¡¡so¡¡only¡¡in¡¡a¡¡shamefaced¡¡manner¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡any¡¡are¡¡

¡¡¡¡bold¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡discuss¡¡the¡¡subject£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡at¡¡once¡¡set¡¡down¡¡

¡¡¡¡as¡¡eccentric¡¡individuals¡¡of¡¡coarse¡¡and¡¡brutal¡¡propensities¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡an¡¡extraordinary¡¡instance¡¡in¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡through¡¡sheer¡¡

¡¡¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡reasoning£»¡¡men¡¡unhappily¡¡lose¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡fundamental¡¡

¡¡¡¡principles¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Chou¡¡was¡¡minister¡¡under¡¡Ch¡®eng¡¡Wang£»¡¡he¡¡

¡¡¡¡regulated¡¡ceremonies¡¡and¡¡made¡¡music£»¡¡and¡¡venerated¡¡the¡¡arts¡¡

¡¡¡¡of¡¡scholarship¡¡and¡¡learning£»¡¡yet¡¡when¡¡the¡¡barbarians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡River¡¡Huai¡¡revolted£»¡¡£§60£§¡¡he¡¡sallied¡¡forth¡¡and¡¡chastised¡¡

¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡Confucius¡¡held¡¡office¡¡under¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Lu£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡

¡¡¡¡meeting¡¡was¡¡convened¡¡at¡¡Chia¡­ku£»¡¡£§61£§¡¡he¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¨If¡¡pacific¡¡

¡¡¡¡negotiations¡¡are¡¡in¡¡progress£»¡¡warlike¡¡preparations¡¡should¡¡

¡¡¡¡have¡¡been¡¡made¡¡beforehand¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡He¡¡rebuked¡¡and¡¡shamed¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡Marquis¡¡of¡¡Ch¡®i£»¡¡who¡¡cowered¡¡under¡¡him¡¡and¡¡dared¡¡not¡¡proceed¡¡

¡¡¡¡to¡¡violence¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡can¡¡it¡¡be¡¡said¡¡that¡¡these¡¡two¡¡great¡¡Sages¡¡

¡¡¡¡had¡¡no¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡military¡¡matters£¿



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Chu¡¡Hsi¡¡held¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡in¡¡high¡¡

esteem¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡also¡¡appeals¡¡to¡¡the¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Classics£º¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Our¡¡Master¡¡Confucius£»¡¡answering¡¡Duke¡¡Ling¡¡of¡¡Wei£»¡¡¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡never¡¡studied¡¡matters¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡armies¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡battalions¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡£§62£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Replying¡¡to¡¡K¡®ung¡¡Wen¡­tzu£»¡¡he¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡

¡¡¡¡have¡¡not¡¡been¡¡instructed¡¡about¡¡buff¡­coats¡¡and¡¡weapons¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡

¡¡¡¡if¡¡we¡¡turn¡¡to¡¡the¡¡meeting¡¡at¡¡Chia¡­ku£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡that¡¡he¡¡used¡¡

¡¡¡¡armed¡¡force¡¡against¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡Lai£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡marquis¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡Ch¡®i¡¡was¡¡overawed¡£¡¡¡¡Again£»¡¡¡¡when¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡Pi¡¡

¡¡¡¡revolted£»¡¡the¡¡ordered¡¡his¡¡officers¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡whereupon¡¡

¡¡¡¡they¡¡were¡¡defeated¡¡and¡¡fled¡¡in¡¡confusion¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡once¡¡uttered¡¡

¡¡¡¡the¡¡words£º¡¡¡¡¡¨If¡¡I¡¡fight£»¡¡I¡¡conquer¡£¡¨¡¡£§63£§¡¡¡¡And¡¡Jan¡¡Yu¡¡also¡¡

¡¡¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡¡¡¡¡Sage¡¡exercises¡¡both¡¡civil¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡military¡¡

¡¡¡¡functions¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡£§64£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Can¡¡it¡¡be¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡Confucius¡¡never¡¡

¡¡¡¡studied¡¡or¡¡received¡¡instruction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡can¡¡

¡¡¡¡only¡¡say¡¡that¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡specially¡¡choose¡¡matters¡¡connected¡¡

¡¡¡¡with¡¡armies¡¡and¡¡fighting¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡his¡¡teaching¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sun¡¡Hsing¡­yen£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡editor¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu£»¡¡¡¡writes¡¡in¡¡similar¡¡

strain£º¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Confucius¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡am¡¡unversed¡¡in¡¡military¡¡matters¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡£§65£§¡¡¡¡He¡¡also¡¡said£º¡¡¡¡¡¨If¡¡I¡¡fight£»¡¡¡¡I¡¡conquer¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡Confucius¡¡

¡¡¡¡ordered¡¡ceremonies¡¡and¡¡regulated¡¡music¡£¡¡¡¡Now¡¡war¡¡constitutes¡¡

¡¡¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡five¡¡classes¡¡of¡¡State¡¡ceremonial£»¡¡£§66£§¡¡¡¡and¡¡must¡¡

¡¡¡¡not¡¡be¡¡treated¡¡as¡¡an¡¡independent¡¡branch¡¡of¡¡study¡£¡¡¡¡Hence£»¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¨I¡¡am¡¡unversed¡¡in¡¨¡¡must¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡mean¡¡that¡¡there¡¡are¡¡

¡¡¡¡things¡¡which¡¡even¡¡an¡¡inspired¡¡Teacher¡¡does¡¡not¡¡know¡£¡¡¡¡Those¡¡

¡¡¡¡who¡¡have¡¡to¡¡lead¡¡an¡¡army¡¡and¡¡devise¡¡stratagems£»¡¡¡¡must¡¡learn¡¡

¡¡¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡if¡¡one¡¡can¡¡command¡¡the¡¡services¡¡of¡¡a¡¡

¡¡¡¡good¡¡general¡¡like¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡employed¡¡by¡¡Wu¡¡Tzu¡­hsu£»¡¡

¡¡¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡need¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡it¡¡oneself¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡remark¡¡added¡¡

¡¡¡¡by¡¡Confucius£º¡¡¡¡¡¨If¡¡I¡¡fight£»¡¡I¡¡conquer¡£¡¨

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day£»¡¡however£»¡¡willfully¡¡interpret¡¡

¡¡¡¡these¡¡words¡¡of¡¡Confucius¡¡in¡¡their¡¡narrowest¡¡sense£»¡¡as¡¡though¡¡

¡¡¡¡he¡¡meant¡¡that¡¡books¡¡on¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war¡¡were¡¡not¡¡worth¡¡reading¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡With¡¡blind¡¡persistency£»¡¡they¡¡adduce¡¡the¡¡example¡¡of¡¡Chao¡¡Kua£»¡¡

¡¡¡¡who¡¡pored¡¡over¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡books¡¡to¡¡no¡¡purpose£»¡¡£§67£§¡¡¡¡as¡¡a¡¡

¡¡¡¡proof¡¡that¡¡all¡¡military¡¡theory¡¡is¡¡useless¡£¡¡¡¡Again£»¡¡¡¡seeing¡¡

¡¡¡¡that¡¡books¡¡on¡¡war¡¡have¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡such¡¡things¡¡as¡¡opportunism¡¡

¡¡¡¡in¡¡designing¡¡plans£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡conversion¡¡of¡¡spies£»¡¡¡¡they¡¡hold¡¡

¡¡¡¡that¡¡the¡¡art¡¡is¡¡immoral¡¡and¡¡unworthy¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sage¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡people¡¡

¡¡¡¡ignore¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡studies¡¡of¡¡our¡¡scholars¡¡and¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡civil¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡our¡¡officials¡¡also¡¡require¡¡steady¡¡

¡¡¡¡application¡¡and¡¡practice¡¡before¡¡efficiency¡¡is¡¡reached¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡

¡¡¡¡ancients¡¡were¡¡particularly¡¡chary¡¡of¡¡allowing¡¡mere¡¡novices¡¡to¡¡

¡¡¡¡botch¡¡their¡¡work¡£¡¡£§68£§¡¡¡¡Weapons¡¡are¡¡baneful¡¡£§69£§¡¡and¡¡fighting¡¡

¡¡¡¡perilous£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡useless¡¡unless¡¡a¡¡general¡¡is¡¡in¡¡constant¡¡

¡¡¡¡practice£»¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡hazard¡¡other¡¡men's¡¡lives¡¡in¡¡battle¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡£§70£§¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡is¡¡essential¡¡that¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu's¡¡13¡¡chapters¡¡should¡¡

¡¡¡¡be¡¡studied¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hsiang¡¡Liang¡¡used¡¡to¡¡instruct¡¡his¡¡nephew¡¡Chi¡¡£§71£§¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

¡¡¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡Chi¡¡got¡¡a¡¡rough¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡art¡¡in¡¡its¡¡general¡¡

¡¡¡¡bearings£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡would¡¡not¡¡pursue¡¡his¡¡studies¡¡to¡¡their¡¡proper¡¡

¡¡¡¡outcome£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡consequence¡¡being¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡finally¡¡defeated¡¡

¡¡¡¡and¡¡overthrown¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡did¡¡not¡¡realize¡¡that¡¡the¡¡tricks¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡artifices¡¡of¡¡war¡¡are¡¡beyond¡¡verbal¡¡computation¡£¡¡¡¡Duke¡¡Hsiang¡¡

¡¡¡¡of¡¡Sung¡¡and¡¡King¡¡Yen¡¡of¡¡Hsu¡¡were¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡destruction¡¡by¡¡

¡¡¡¡their¡¡misplaced¡¡humanity¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡treacherous¡¡and¡¡underhand¡¡

¡¡¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡war¡¡necessitates¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡guile¡¡and¡¡stratagem¡¡

¡¡¡¡suited¡¡to¡¡the¡¡occasion¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡case¡¡on¡¡record¡¡of¡¡

¡¡¡¡Confucius¡¡himself¡¡having¡¡violated¡¡an¡¡extorted¡¡oath£»¡¡£§72£§¡¡¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡also¡¡of¡¡his¡¡having¡¡left¡¡the¡¡Sung¡¡State¡¡in¡¡disguise¡£¡¡£§73£§¡¡¡¡Can¡¡

¡¡¡¡we¡¡then¡¡recklessly¡¡arraign¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡for¡¡disregarding¡¡truth¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡honesty£¿





Bibliography







¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡following¡¡are¡¡the¡¡oldest¡¡Chinese¡¡treatises¡¡on¡¡war£»¡¡after¡¡

Sun¡¡Tzu¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡notes¡¡on¡¡each¡¡have¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡principally¡¡from¡¡the¡¡

SSU¡¡K¡®U¡¡CH¡®UAN¡¡SHU¡¡CHIEN¡¡MING¡¡MU¡¡LU£»¡¡ch¡£¡¡9£»¡¡fol¡£¡¡22¡¡sqq¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£¡¡¡¡WU¡¡TZU£»¡¡in¡¡1¡¡CHUAN¡¡or¡¡6¡¡chapters¡£¡¡¡¡By¡¡Wu¡¡Ch¡®i¡¡¡¡£¨d¡£¡¡¡¡381¡¡

B¡£C¡££©¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡genuine¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡See¡¡SHIH¡¡CHI£»¡¡ch¡£¡¡65¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£¡¡¡¡SSU¡­MA¡¡FA£»¡¡in¡¡1¡¡CHUAN¡¡or¡¡5¡¡chapters¡£¡¡¡¡Wrongly¡¡attributed¡¡

to¡¡Ssu¡­ma¡¡Jang¡­chu¡¡of¡¡the¡¡6th¡¡century¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡date£»¡¡¡¡however£»¡¡

must¡¡be¡¡early£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡customs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡ancient¡¡dynasties¡¡are¡¡

constantly¡¡to¡¡be¡¡met¡¡within¡¡its¡¡pages¡£¡¡¡¡See¡¡SHIH¡¡CHI£»¡¡ch¡£¡¡64¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡SSU¡¡K¡®U¡¡CH¡®UAN¡¡SHU¡¡£¨ch¡£¡¡99£»¡¡f¡£¡¡1£©¡¡¡¡remarks¡¡that¡¡the¡¡

oldest¡¡three¡¡treatises¡¡on¡¡war£»¡¡SUN¡¡TZU£»¡¡WU¡¡TZU¡¡and¡¡SSU¡­MA¡¡FA£»¡¡

are£»¡¡¡¡generally¡¡speaking£»¡¡only¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡things¡¡strictly¡¡

military¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡producing£»¡¡¡¡collecting£»¡¡¡¡training¡¡and¡¡

drilling¡¡troops£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡theory¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡measures¡¡

of¡¡expediency£»¡¡laying¡¡plans£»¡¡transport¡¡of¡¡goods¡¡and¡¡the¡¡handling¡¡

of¡¡soldiers¡¡¡¡in¡¡strong¡¡contrast¡¡to¡¡later¡¡works£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡

science¡¡of¡¡war¡¡is¡¡usually¡¡blended¡¡with¡¡metaphysics£»¡¡¡¡divination¡¡

and¡¡magical¡¡arts¡¡in¡¡general¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£¡¡¡¡LIU¡¡T¡®AO£»¡¡in¡¡6¡¡CHUAN£»¡¡or¡¡60¡¡chapters¡£¡¡¡¡Attributed¡¡to¡¡Lu¡¡

Wang¡¡¡¡£¨or¡¡Lu¡¡Shang£»¡¡also¡¡known¡¡as¡¡T¡®ai¡¡Kung£©¡¡of¡¡the¡¡12th¡¡century¡¡

B¡£C¡£¡¡£§74£§¡¡¡¡But¡¡its¡¡style¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡era¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Three¡¡

Dynasties¡£¡¡¡¡Lu¡¡Te¡­ming¡¡£¨550¡­625¡¡A¡£D¡££©¡¡mentions¡¡the¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡

enumerates¡¡the¡¡headings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡six¡¡sections¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡forgery¡¡

cannot¡¡have¡¡been¡¡later¡¡than¡¡Sui¡¡dynasty¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡£¡¡¡¡WEI¡¡LIAO¡¡TZU£»¡¡in¡¡5¡¡CHUAN¡£¡¡¡¡Attributed¡¡to¡¡Wei¡¡Liao¡¡¡¡£¨4th¡¡

cent¡£¡¡B¡£C¡££©£»¡¡who¡¡studied¡¡under¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡Kuei¡­ku¡¡Tzu¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡work¡¡

appears¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡originally¡¡in¡¡31¡¡chapters£»¡¡whereas¡¡the¡¡text¡¡

we¡¡possess¡¡contains¡¡only¡¡24¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡matter¡¡is¡¡sound¡¡enough¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

main£»¡¡¡¡though¡¡the¡¡strategical¡¡devices¡¡differ¡¡considerably¡¡from¡¡

those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Warring¡¡States¡¡period¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡been¡¡furnished¡¡with¡¡a¡¡

commentary¡¡by¡¡the¡¡well¡­known¡¡Sung¡¡philosopher¡¡Chang¡¡Tsai¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡£¡¡¡¡SAN¡¡LUEH£»¡¡in¡¡3¡¡CHUAN¡£¡¡¡¡Attributed¡¡to¡¡Huang¡­shih¡¡Kung£»¡¡¡¡a¡¡

legendary¡¡personage¡¡who¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡bestowed¡¡it¡¡on¡¡Chang¡¡

Liang¡¡£¨d¡£¡¡187¡¡B¡£C¡££©¡¡in¡¡an¡¡interview¡¡on¡¡a¡¡bridge¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡here¡¡again£»¡¡

the¡¡style¡¡is¡¡not¡¡that¡¡of¡¡works¡¡dating¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Ch¡®in¡¡or¡¡Han¡¡

period¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Han¡¡Emperor¡¡Kuang¡¡Wu¡¡£§25¡­57¡¡A¡£D¡££§¡¡apparently¡¡quotes¡¡

from¡¡it¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡proclamations£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡in¡¡question¡¡

may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡inserted¡¡later¡¡on£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

genuineness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡be¡¡far¡¡out¡¡if¡¡we¡¡refer¡¡it¡¡

to¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡Sung¡¡period¡¡£§420¡­478¡¡A¡£D¡££§£»¡¡or¡¡somewhat¡¡earlier¡£



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡£¡¡¡¡LI¡¡WEI¡¡KUNG¡¡WEN¡¡TUI£»¡¡in¡¡3¡¡sections¡£¡¡¡¡Written¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡

of¡¡a¡¡dialogue¡¡between¡¡T¡®ai¡¡Tsung¡¡and¡¡his¡¡great¡¡general¡¡Li¡¡Ching£»¡¡

it¡¡is¡¡usually¡¡ascribed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡latter¡£¡¡¡¡Competent¡¡authorities¡¡

consider¡¡it¡¡a¡¡forgery£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡author¡¡was¡¡evidently¡¡well¡¡

versed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war¡£




·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ