itinerary of archibishop-第21章

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ered　his　services。

In　this　third　district　of　Wales；　called　Powys；　there　are　most　excellent　studs　put　apart　for　breeding；　and　deriving　their　origin　from　some　fine　Spanish　horses；　which　Robert　de　Belesme；　｛188｝　earl　of　Shrewsbury；　brought　into　this　country：　　on　which　account　the　horses　sent　from　hence　are　remarkable　for　their　majestic　proportion　and　astonishing　fleetness。

Here　king　Henry　II。　entered　Powys；　in　our　days；　upon　an　expensive；　though　fruitless；　expedition。　｛189｝　　Having　dismembered　the　hostages　whom　he　had　previously　received；　he　was　compelled；　by　a　sudden　and　violent　fall　of　rain；　to　retreat　with　his　army。　　On　the　preceding　day；　the　chiefs　of　the　English　army　had　burned　some　of　the　Welsh　churches；　with　the　villages　and　churchyards；　upon　which　the　sons　of　Owen　the　Great；　with　their　light…armed　troops；　stirred　up　the　resentment　of　their　father　and　the　other　princes　of　the　country；　declaring　that　they　would　never　in　future　spare　any　churches　of　the　English。　　When　nearly　the　whole　army　was　on　the　point　of　assenting　to　this　determination；　Owen；　a　man　of　distinguished　wisdom　and　moderation　…　the　tumult　being　in　some　degree　subsided　…　thus　spake：　〃My　opinion；　indeed；　by　no　means　agrees　with　yours；　for　we　ought　to　rejoice　at　this　conduct　of　our　adversary；　for；　unless　supported　by　divine　assistance；　we　are　far　inferior　to　the　English；　and　they；　by　their　behaviour；　have　made　God　their　enemy；　who　is　able　most　powerfully　to　avenge　both　himself　and　us。　　We　therefore　most　devoutly　promise　God　that　we　will　henceforth　pay　greater　reverence　than　ever　to　churches　and　holy　places。〃　　After　which；　the　English　army；　on　the　following　night；　experienced　（as　has　before　been　related）　the　divine　vengeance。

From　Oswaldestree；　we　directed　our　course　towards　Shrewsbury　（Salopesburia）；　which　is　nearly　surrounded　by　the　river　Severn；　where　we　remained　a　few　days　to　rest　and　refresh　ourselves；　and　where　many　people　were　induced　to　take　the　cross；　through　the　elegant　sermons　of　the　archbishop　and　archdeacon。　　We　also　excommunicated　Owen　de　Cevelioc；　because　he　alone；　amongst　the　Welsh　princes；　did　not　come　to　meet　the　archbishop　with　his　people。　　Owen　was　a　man　of　more　fluent　speech　than　his　contemporary　princes；　and　was　conspicuous　for　the　good　management　of　his　territory。　　Having　generally　favoured　the　royal　cause；　and　opposed　the　measures　of　his　own　chieftains；　he　had　contracted　a　great　familiarity　with　king　Henry　II。　　Being　with　the　king　at　table　at　Shrewsbury；　Henry；　as　a　mark　of　peculiar　honour　and　regard；　sent　him　one　of　his　own　loaves；　he　immediately　brake　it　into　small　pieces；　like　alms…bread；　and　having；　like　an　almoner；　placed　them　at　a　distance　from　him；　he　took　them　up　one　by　one　and　ate　them。　　The　king　requiring　an　explanation　of　this　proceeding；　Owen；　with　a　smile；　replied；　〃I　thus　follow　the　example　of　my　lord；〃　keenly　alluding　to　the　avaricious　disposition　of　the　king；　who　was　accustomed　to　retain　for　a　long　time　in　his　own　hands　the　vacant　ecclesiastical　benefices。

It　is　to　be　remarked　that　three　princes；　｛190｝　distinguished　for　their　justice；　wisdom；　and　princely　moderation；　ruled；　in　our　time；　over　the　three　provinces　of　Wales：　　Owen；　son　of　Gruffydd；　in　Venedotia；　or　North　Wales；　Meredyth；　his　grandson；　son　of　Gruffydd；　who　died　early　in　life；　in　South　Wales；　and　Owen　de　Cevelioc；　in　Powys。　　But　two　other　princes　were　highly　celebrated　for　their　generosity；　Cadwalader；　son　of　Gruffydd；　in　North　Wales；　and　Gruffydd　of　Maelor；　son　of　Madoc；　in　Powys；　and　Rhys；　son　of　Gruffydd；　in　South　Wales；　deserved　commendation　for　his　enterprising　and　independent　spirit。　　In　North　Wales；　David；　son　of　Owen；　and　on　the　borders　of　Morgannoc；　in　South　Wales；　Howel；　son　of　Iorwerth　of　Caerleon；　maintained　their　good　faith　and　credit；　by　observing　a　strict　neutrality　between　the　Welsh　and　English。



CHAPTER　XIII



Of　the　journey　by　Wenloch；　Brumfeld；　the　castle　of　Ludlow；　and　Leominster；　to　Hereford


From　Shrewsbury；　we　continued　our　journey　towards　Wenloch；　by　a　narrow　and　rugged　way；　called　Evil…street；　where；　in　our　time；　a　Jew；　travelling　with　the　archdeacon　of　the　place；　whose　name　was　Sin　（Peccatum）；　and　the　dean；　whose　name　was　Devil；　towards　Shrewsbury；　hearing　the　archdeacon　say；　that　his　archdeaconry　began　at　a　place　called　Evil…street；　and　extended　as　far　as　Mal…pas；　towards　Chester；　pleasantly　told　them；　〃It　would　be　a　miracle；　if　his　fate　brought　him　safe　out　of　a　country；　whose　archdeacon　was　Sin；　whose　dean　the　devil；　the　entrance　to　the　archdeaconry　Evil…street；　and　its　exit　Bad…pass。〃　｛191｝

From　Wenloch；　we　passed　by　the　little　cell　of　Brumfeld；　｛192｝　the　noble　castle　of　Ludlow；　through　Leominster　to　Hereford　leaving　on　our　right　hand　the　districts　of　Melenyth　and　Elvel；　thus　（describing　as　it　were　a　circle）　we　came　to　the　same　point　from　which　we　had　commenced　this　laborious　journey　through　Wales。

During　this　long　and　laudable　legation；　about　three　thousand　men　were　signed　with　the　cross；　well　skilled　in　the　use　of　arrows　and　lances；　and　versed　in　military　matters；　impatient　to　attack　the　enemies　of　the　faith；　profitably　and　happily　engaged　for　the　service　of　Christ；　if　the　expedition　of　the　Holy　Cross　had　been　forwarded　with　an　alacrity　equal　to　the　diligence　and　devotion　with　which　the　forces　were　collected。　　But　by　the　secret；　though　never　unjust；　judgment　of　God；　the　journey　of　the　Roman　emperor　was　delayed；　and　dissensions　arose　amongst　our　kings。　　The　premature　and　fatal　hand　of　death　arrested　the　king　of　Sicily；　who　had　been　the　foremost　sovereign　in　supplying　the　holy　land　with　corn　and　provisions　during　the　period　of　their　distress。　　In　consequence　of　his　death；　violent　contentions　arose　amongst　our　princes　respecting　their　several　rights　to　the　kingdom；　and　the　faithful　beyond　sea　suffered　severely　by　want　and　famine；　surrounded　on　all　sides　by　enemies；　and　most　anxiously　waiting　for　supplies。　　But　as　affliction　may　strengthen　the　understanding；　as　gold　is　tried　by　fire；　and　virtue　may　be　confirmed　in　weakness；　these　things　are　suffered　to　happen；　since　adversity　（as　Gregory　testifies）　opposed　to　good　prayers　is　the　probation　of　virtue；　not　the　judgment　of　reproof。　　For　who　does　not　know　how　fortunate　a　circumstance　it　was　that　Paul　went　to　Italy；　and　suffered　so　dreadful　a　shipwreck？　　But　the　ship　of　his　heart　remained　unbroken　amidst　the　waves　of　the　sea。



CHAPTER　XIV



A　description　of　Baldwin；　archbishop　of　Canterbury　｛193｝


Let　it　not　be　thought　superfluous　to　describe　the　exterior　and　inward　qualities　of　that　person；　the　particulars　of　whose　embassy；　and　as　it　were　holy　peregrination；　we　have　briefly　and　succinctly　related。　　He　was　a　man　of　a　dark　complexion；　of　an　open　and　venerable　countenance；　of　a　moderate　stature；　a　good　person；　and　rather　inclined　to　be　thin　than　corpulent。　　He　was　a　modest　and　grave　man；　of　so　great　abstinence　and　continence；　that　ill　report　scarcely　ever　presumed　to　say　any　thing　against　him；　a　man　of　few　words；　slow　to　anger；　temperate　and　moderate　in　all　his　passions　and　affections；　swift　to　hear；　slow　to　speak；　he　was　from　an　early　age　well　instructed　in　literature；　and　bearing　the　yoke　of　the　Lord　from　his　youth；　by　the　purity　of　his　morals　became　a　distinguished　luminary　to　the　people；　wherefore　voluntarily　resigning　the　honour　of　the　archlevite；　｛194｝　which　he　had　canonically　obtained；　and　despising　the　pomps　and　vanities　of　the　world；　he　assumed　with　holy　devotion　the　habit　of　the　Cistercian　order；　and　as　he　had　been　formerly　more　than　a　monk　in　his　manners；　within　the　space　of　a　year　he　was　appointed　abbot；　and　in　a　few　years　afterwards　preferred　first　to　a　bishopric；　and　then　to　an　archbishopric；　and　having　been　found　faithful　in　a　little；　had　authority　given　him　over　much。　　But；　as　Cicero　says；　〃Nature　had　made　nothing　entirely　perfect；〃　when　he　came　into　power；　not　laying　aside　that　sweet　innate　benignity　which　he　had　always　shewn　when　a　private　man；　sustaining　his　people　with　his　staff　rather　than　chastising　them　with　rods；　feeding　them　as　it　were　with　the　milk　of　a　mother；　and　not　making　use　of　the　scourges　of　the　father；　he　incurred　public　scandal　for　his　remissness。　　So　great　was　his　lenity　that　he　put　an　end　to　all　pastoral　rigour；　and　was　a　better　monk　than　abbot；　a　better　bishop　than　archbishop。　Hence　pope　Urban　addressed　him；　〃Urban；　servant　of　the　servants　of　God；　to　the　most　fervent　monk；　to　the　warm　abbot；　to　the　luke…warm　bishop；　to　the　remiss　archbishop；　health；　etc。〃

This　second　successor　to　the　martyr　Thomas；　having　heard　of　the　insults　offered　to　our　Saviour　and　his　holy　cross；　was　amongst　the　first　who　signed　themselves　with　the　cross；　and　manfully　assumed　the　office　of　preaching　its　service　both　at　home　and　in　the　most　remote　parts　of　the　kingdom。　　Pursuing　his　journey　to　the　Holy　Land；　he　embarked　on　board　a　vessel　at　Marseilles；　and　landed　safely　in　a　port　at　Tyre；　from　whence　he　proceeded　to　Acre；　where　he　found　our　army　both　attacking　and　attacked；　our　forces　dispirited　by　the　defection　of　the　princes；　and　thrown　into　a　state　of　desolation　and　despair；　fatigued　by　long　expectation　of　supplies；　greatly　afflicted　by　hunger　and　want；　and　distempered　by　the　inclemency　of　the　air：　finding　his　end　approaching；　he　embraced　his　fellow　subjects；　relieving　their　wants　by　liberal　acts　of　charity　and　pious　exhortations；　and　by　the　tenor　of　his　life　and　actions　strengthened　them　in　the　faith；　whose　ways；　life；　and　deeds；　may　he　who　is　alone　the　〃way；　the　truth；　and　the　life；〃　the　way　without　offence；　the　truth　without　doubt；　and　the　life　without　end；　direct　in　truth；　together　with　the　whole　body　of　the　faithful；　and　for　the　glory　of　his　name　and　the　palm　of　faith　which　he　hath　planted；　teach　their　hands　to　war；　and　their　fingers　to　fight。



Footnotes：


｛1｝　　It　is　a　somewhat　curious　coincidence　that　the　island　of　Barry　is　now　owned　by　a　descendant　of　Gerald　de　Windor's　elder　brother　…　the　Earl　of　Plymouth。

｛2｝　　〃Mirror　of　the　Church；〃　ii。　33。

｛3｝　　〃Social　England；〃　vol。　i。　p。　342。

｛4｝　　Published　in　the　first　instance　in　the　〃Transactions　of　the　Cymmrodaian　Society；〃　and　subsequently　amplified　and　brought　out　in　book　form。

｛5｝　　Introduction　to　Borrow's　〃Wild　Wales〃　in　the　Everyman　Series。

｛6｝　　Geoffrey；　who　ended　his　life　as　Bishop　of　St。　Asaph；　was　supposed　to　have　found　the　material　for　his　〃History　of　the　British　Kings〃　in　a　Welsh　book；　containing　a　history　of　the　Britons；　which　Waltor　Colenius；　Archdeacon　of　Oxford；　picked　up　during　a　journey　in　Brittany。

｛7｝　　Walter　Map；　another　Archdeacon　of　Oxford；　was　born　in　Glamorganshire；　the　son　of　a　Norman　knight　by　a　Welsh　mother。　　Inter　alia　he　was　the　author　of　a　Welsh　work　on　agriculture。

｛8｝　　Green；　〃Hist。　Eng。　People；〃　i。　172。

｛9｝　　〃England　under　the　Angevin　Kings；〃　vol。　ii。　457。

｛10｝　　Project　Gutenberg　has　released　〃The　Description　of　Wales〃　as　a　separate　eText　…　David　Price。

｛11｝　　Giraldus　has　committed　an　error　in　placing　Urban　III。　at　the　head　of　the　apostolic　see；　for　he　died　at　Ferrara　in　the　month　of　October；　A。D。　1187；　and　was　succeeded　by　Gregory　VIII。；　whose　short　reign　expired　in　the　month　of　December　following。　　Clement　III。　was　elected　pontiff　in　the　year　1188。　　Frederick　I。；　surnamed　Barbarossa；　succeeded　Conrad　III。　in　the　empire　of　German