itinerary of archibishop-第26章

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｛103｝　　Saint　Clears　is　a　long；　straggling　village；　at　the　junction　of　the　river　Cathgenny　with　the　Taf。　　Immediately　on　the　banks　of　the　former；　and　not　far　from　its　junction　with　the　latter；　stood　the　castle；　of　which　not　one　stone　is　left；　but　the　artificial　tumulus　on　which　the　citadel　was　placed；　and　other　broken　ground；　mark　its　ancient　site。

｛104｝　　Lanwadein；　now　called　Lawhaden；　is　a　small　village　about　four　miles　from　Narberth；　on　the　banks　of　the　river　Cleddeu。

｛105｝　　Daugleddeu；　so　called　from　Dau；　two；　and　Cled；　or　Cleddau；　a　sword。　　The　rivers　Cledheu　have　their　source　in　the　Prescelly　mountain；　unite　their　streams　below　Haverfordwest；　and　run　into　Milford　Haven；　which　in　Welsh　is　called　Aberdaugleddau；　or　the　confluence　of　the　two　rivers　Cledheu。

｛106｝　　Haverford；　now　called　Haverfordwest；　is　a　considerable　town　on　the　river　Cledheu；　with　an　ancient　castle；　three　churches；　and　some　monastic　remains。　　The　old　castle　（now　used　as　the　county　gaol）；　from　its　size　and　commanding　situation；　adds　greatly　to　the　picturesque　appearance　of　this　town。　　＇The　old　castle　is　no　longer　used　as　a　gaol。＇

｛107｝　　The　province　of　Rhos；　in　which　the　town　of　Haverfordwest　is　situated；　was　peopled　by　a　colony　of　Flemings　during　the　reign　of　king　Henry　I。

｛108｝　　St。　Caradoc　was　born　of　a　good　family　in　Brecknockshire；　and　after　a　liberal　education　at　home；　attached　himself　to　the　court　of　Rhys　Prince　of　South　Wales；　whom　he　served　a　long　time　with　diligence　and　fidelity。　　He　was　much　esteemed　and　beloved　by　him；　till　having　unfortunately　lost　two　favourite　greyhounds；　which　had　been　committed　to　his　care；　that　prince；　in　a　fury；　threatened　his　life；　upon　which　Caradoc　determined　to　change　masters；　and　made　a　vow　on　the　spot　to　consecrate　the　remainder　of　his　days　to　God；　by　a　single　and　religious　life。　　He　went　to　Llandaff；　received　from　its　bishop　the　clerical　tonsure　and　habit；　and　retired　to　the　deserted　church　of　St。　Kined；　and　afterwards　to　a　still　more　solitary　abode　in　the　Isle　of　Ary；　from　whence　he　was　taken　prisoner　by　some　Norwegian　pirates；　but　soon　released。　　His　last　place　of　residence　was　at　St。　Ismael；　in　the　province　of　Rhos；　where　he　died　in　1124；　and　was　buried　with　great　honour　in　the　cathedral　of　St。　David's。　We　must　not　confound　this　retreat　of　Caradoc　with　the　village　of　St。　Ismael　on　the　borders　of　Milford　Haven。　　His　hermitage　was　situated　in　the　parish　of　Haroldstone；　near　the　town　of　Haverfordwest；　whose　church　has　St。　Ismael　for　its　patron；　and　probably　near　a　place　called　Poorfield；　the　common　on　which　Haverfordwest　races　are　held；　as　there　is　a　well　there　called　Caradoc's　Well；　round　which；　till　within　these　few　years；　there　was　a　sort　of　vanity　fair；　where　cakes　were　sold；　and　country　games　celebrated。　　＇Caradoc　was　canonised　by　Pope　Innocent　III。　at　the　instance　of　Giraldus。＇

｛109｝　　This　curious　superstition　is　still　preserved；　in　a　debased　form；　among　the　descendants　of　the　Flemish　population　of　this　district；　where　the　young　women　practise　a　sort　of　divination　with　the　bladebone　of　a　shoulder　of　mutton　to　discover　who　will　be　their　sweetheart。　　It　is　still　more　curious　that　William　de　Rubruquis；　in　the　thirteenth　century；　found　the　same　superstition　existing　among　the　Tartars。

｛110｝　　Arnulph；　younger　son　of　Roger　de　Montgomery；　did　his　homage　for　Dyved；　and　is　said；　by　our　author；　to　have　erected　a　slender　fortress　with　stakes　and　turf　at　Pembroke；　in　the　reign　of　king　Henry　I。；　which；　however；　appears　to　have　been　so　strong　as　to　have　resisted　the　hostile　attack　of　Cadwgan　ap　Bleddyn　in　1092；　and　of　several　lords　of　North　Wales；　in　1094。

｛111｝　　Walter　Fitz…Other；　at　the　time　of　the　general　survey　of　England　by　William　the　Conqueror；　was　castellan　of　Windsor；　warden　of　the　forests　in　Berkshire；　and　possessed　several　lordships　in　the　counties　of　Middlesex；　Hampshire；　and　Buckinghamshire；　which　dominus　Otherus　is　said　to　have　held　in　the　time　of　Edward　the　Confessor。　William；　the　eldest　son　of　Walter；　took　the　surname　of　Windsor　from　his　father's　office；　and　was　ancestor　to　the　lords　Windsor；　who　have　since　been　created　earls　of　Plymouth：　　and　from　Gerald；　brother　of　William；　the　Geralds；　Fitz…geralds；　and　many　other　families　are　lineally　descended。　　The　Gerald　here　mentioned　by　Giraldus　is　sometimes　surnamed　De　Windsor；　and　also　Fitz…Walter；　i。e。　the　son　of　Walter；　having　slain　Owen；　son　of　Cadwgan　ap　Bleddyn；　chief　lord　of　Cardiganshire；　he　was　made　president　of　the　county　of　Pembroke。

｛112｝　　Wilfred　is　mentioned　by　Browne　Willis　in　his　list　of　bishops　of　St。　David's；　as　the　forty…seventh；　under　the　title　of　Wilfride；　or　Griffin：　　he　died　about　the　year　1116。

｛113｝　　Maenor　Pyrr；　now　known　by　the　name　of　Manorbeer；　is　a　small　village　on　the　sea　coast；　between　Tenby　and　Pembroke；　with　the　remaining　shell　of　a　large　castle。　　Our　author　has　given　a　farfetched　etymology　to　this　castle　and　the　adjoining　island；　in　calling　them　the　mansion　and　island　of　Pyrrhus：　　a　much　more　natural　and　congenial　conjecture　may　be　made　in　supposing　Maenor　Pyrr　to　be　derived　from　Maenor；　a　Manor；　and　Pyrr　the　plural　of　Por；　a　lord；　i。e。　the　Manor　of　the　lords；　and；　consequently；　Inys　Pyrr；　the　Island　of　the　lords。　　As　no　mention　whatever　is　made　of　the　castle　in　the　Welsh　Chronicle；　I　am　inclined　to　think　it　was　only　a　castellated　mansion；　and　therefore　considered　of　no　military　importance　in　those　days　of　continued　warfare　throughout　Wales。　　It　is　one　of　the　most　interesting　spots　in　our　author's　Itinerary；　for　it　was　the　property　of　the　Barri　family；　and　the　birth…place　of　Giraldus；　in　the　parish　church；　the　sepulchral　effigy　of　a　near　relation；　perhaps　a　brother；　is　still　extant；　in　good　preservation。　Our　author　has　evidently　made　a　digression　in　order　to　describe　this　place。

｛114｝　　The　house　of　Stephen　Wiriet　was；　I　presume；　Orielton。　　There　is　a　monument　in　the　church　of　St。　Nicholas；　at　Pembroke；　to　the　memory　of　John；　son　and　heir　of　Sir　Hugh　Owen；　of　Bodeon　in　Anglesea；　knight；　and　Elizabeth；　daughter　and　heir　of　George　Wiriet；　of　Orielton；　A。D。　1612。

｛115｝　　The　family　name　of　Not；　or　Nott；　still　exists　in　Pembrokeshire。　　＇The　descendants　of　Sir　Hugh　continued　to　live　at　Orielton；　and　the　title　is　still　in　existence。＇

｛116｝　　There　are　two　churches　in　Pembrokeshire　called　Stackpoole；　one　of　which；　called　Stackpoole　Elidor；　derived　its　name　probably　from　the　Elidore　de　Stakepole　mentioned　in　this　chapter　by　Giraldus。　It　contains　several　ancient　monuments；　and　amongst　them　the　effigies　of　a　cross…legged　knight；　which　has　been　for　many　years　attributed　to　the　aforesaid　Elidore。

｛117｝　　Ramsey　Island；　near　St。　David's；　was　always　famous　for　its　breed　of　falcons。

｛118｝　　Camros；　a　small　village；　containing　nothing　worthy　of　remark；　excepting　a　large　tumulus。　　It　appears；　by　this　route　of　the　Crusaders；　that　the　ancient　road　to　Menevia；　or　St。　David's；　led　through　Camros；　whereas　the　present　turnpike　road　lies　a　mile　and　a　half　to　the　left　of　it。　　It　then　descends　to　Niwegal　Sands；　and　passes　near　the　picturesque　little　harbour　of　Solvach；　situated　in　a　deep　and　narrow　cove；　surrounded　by　high　rocks。

｛119｝　　The　remains　of　vast　submerged　forests　are　commonly　found　on　many　parts　of　the　coast　of　Wales；　especially　in　the　north。　　Giraldus　has　elsewhere　spoken　of　this　event　in　the　Vaticinal　History；　book　i。　chap。　35。

｛120｝　　Giraldus；　ever　glad　to　pun　upon　words；　here　opposes　the　word　NOMEN　to　OMEN。　　〃Plus　nominis　habens　quem　ominis。〃　　He　may　have　perhaps　borrowed　this　expression　from　Plautus。　　Plautus　Delphini；　tom。　ii。　　p。　27。　…　Actus　iv。；　Scena　iv。

｛121｝　　Armorica　is　derived　from　the　Celtic　words　Ar　and　Mor；　which　signify　on　or　near　the　sea；　and　so　called　to　distinguish　it　from　the　more　inland　parts　of　Britany。　　The　maritime　cities　of　Gaul　were　called　〃Armoricae　civitates　…　Universis　civitatibus　quae　oceanum　attingunt；　quaeque　Gallorum　consuetudine　Armoricae　appellantur。〃　…　Caesar。　　Comment；　lib。　vii。

｛122｝　　The　bishops　of　Hereford；　Worcester；　Llandaff；　Bangor；　St。　Asaph；　Llanbadarn；　and　Margam；　or　Glamorgan。

｛123｝　　The　value　of　the　carucate　is　rather　uncertain；　or；　probably；　it　varied　in　different　districts　according　to　the　character　of　the　land；　but　it　is　considered　to　have　been　usually　equivalent　to　a　hide；　that　is；　to　about　240　statute　acres。

｛124｝　　This　little　brook　does　not；　in　modern　times；　deserve　the　title　here　given　to　it　by　Giraldus；　for　it　produces　trout　of　a　most　delicious　flavour。

｛125｝　　See　the　Vaticinal　History；　book　i。　c。　37。

｛126｝　Lechlavar；　so　called　from　the　words　in　Welsh；　Llec；　a　stone；　and　Llavar；　speech。

｛127｝　　Cemmeis；　Cemmaes；　Kemes；　and　Kemeys。　　Thus　is　the　name　of　this　district　variously　spelt。　　Cemmaes　in　Welsh　signifies　a　circle　or　amphitheatre　for　games。

｛128｝　　＇Cardigan。＇

｛129｝　　There　is　place　in　Cemmaes　now　called　Tre…liffan；　i。e。　Toad's　town；　and　over　a　chimney…piece　in　the　house　there　is　a　figure　of　a　toad　sculptured　in　marble；　said　to　have　been　brought　from　Italy；　and　intended　probably　to　confirm　and　commemorate　this　tradition　of　Giraldus。

｛130｝　　Preseleu；　Preselaw；　Prescelly；　Presselw。

｛131｝　　St。　Bernacus　is　said；　by　Cressy；　to　have　been　a　man　of　admirable　sanctity；　who；　through　devotion；　made　a　journey　to　Rome；　and　from　thence　returning　into　Britany；　filled　all　places　with　the　fame　of　his　piety　and　miracles。　　He　is　commemorated　on　the　7th　of　April。　　Several　churches　in　Wales　were　dedicated　to　him；　one　of　which；　called　Llanfyrnach；　or　the　church　of　St。　Bernach；　is　situated　on　the　eastern　side　of　the　Prescelley　mountain。

｛132｝　　The　〃castrum　apud　Lanhever〃　was　at　Nevern；　a　small　village　between　Newport　and　Cardigan；　situated　on　the　banks　of　a　little　river　bearing　the　same　name　which　discharges　itself　into　the　sea　at　Newport。　　On　a　hill　immediately　above　the　western　side　of　the　parish　church；　is　the　site　of　a　large　castle；　undoubtedly　the　one　alluded　to　by　Giraldus。

｛133｝　　On　the　Cemmaes；　or　Pembrokeshire　side　of　the　river　Teivi；　and　near　the　end　of　the　bridge；　there　is　a　place　still　called　Park　y　Cappel；　or　the　Chapel　Field；　which　is　undoubtedly　commemorative　of　the　circumstance　recorded　by　our　author。

｛134｝　　Now　known　by　the　name　of　Kenarth；　which　may　be　derived　from　Cefn　y　garth　…　the　back　of　the　wear；　a　ridge　of　land　behind　the　wear。

｛135｝　　The　name　of　St。　Ludoc　is　not　found　in　the　lives　of　the　saints。　　Leland　mentions　a　St。　Clitauc；　who　had　a　church　dedicated　to　him　in　South　Wales；　and　who　was　killed　by　some　of　his　companions　whilst　hunting。　　〃Clitaucus　Southe…Walliae　regulus　inter　venandum　a　suis　sodalibus　occisus　est。　　Ecciesia　S。　Clitauci　in　Southe　Wallia。〃　…　Leland；　Itin。；　tom。　viii。　p。　95。

｛136｝　　The　Teivy　is　still　very　justly　distinguished　for　the　quantity　and　quality　of　its　salmon；　but　the　beaver　no　longer　disturbs　its　streams。　　That　this　animal　did　exist　in　the　days　of　Howel　Dha　（though　even　then　a　rarity）；　the　mention　made　of　it　in　his　laws；　and　the　high　price　set　upon　its　skin；　most　clearly　evince；　but　if　the　castor　of　Giraldus；　and　the　avanc　of　Humphrey　Llwyd　and　of　the　Welsh　dictionaries；　be　really　the　same　animal；　it　certainly　was　not　peculiar　to　the　Teivi；　but　was　equally　known　in　North　Wales；　as　the　names　of　places　testify。　　A　small　lake　in　Montgomeryshire　is　called　Llyn　yr　Afangc；　a　pool　in　the　river