of the liberty of the press-第1章
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OF THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS
David Hume
1741
NOTHING is more apt to surprize a foreigner; than the
extreme liberty; which we enjoy in this country; of
communicating whatever we please to the public; and of
openly censuring every measure; entered into by the king or
his ministers。 If the administration resolve upon war; it is
affirmed; that; either wilfully or ignorantly; they mistake
the interests of the nation; and that peace; in the present
situation of affairs; is infinitely preferable。 If the
passion of the ministers lie towards peace; our political
writers breathe nothing but war and devastation; and
represent to pacific conduct of the government as mean and
pusillanimous。 As this liberty is not indulged in any other
government; either republican or monarchical; in H/OLLAND
and V/ENICE; more than in F/RANCE or S/PAIN; it may very
naturally give occasion to a question;
G/REAT B/RITAIN ?
The reason; why the laws indulge us in such a liberty
seems to be derived from our mixed form of government; which
is neither wholly monarchical; nor wholly republican。 It
will be found; if I mistake not; a true observation in
politics; that the two extremes in government; liberty and
slavery; commonly approach nearest to each other; and that;
as you depart from the extremes; and mix a little of
monarchy with liberty; the government becomes always the
more free; and on the other hand; when you mix a little of
liberty with monarchy; the yoke becomes always the more
grievous and intolerable。 In a government; such as that of
F/RANCE; which is absolute; and where law; custom; and
religion concur; all of them; to make the people fully
satisfied with their condition; the monarch cannot entertain
any against his subjects; and therefore is apt to
indulge them in great both of speech and action。
IN a government altogether republican; such as that of
H/OLLAND; where there is not magistrate so eminent as to
give to the state; there is no danger in
intrusting the magistrates with large discretionary powers;
and though many advantages result from such powers; in
preserving peace and order; yet they lay a considerable
restraint on men's actions; and make every private citizen
pay a great respect to the government。 Thus it seems
evident; that the two extremes of absolute monarchy and of a
republic; approach near to each other in some material
circumstances。 In the ; the magistrate has no
jealousy of the people: in the ; the people have
none of the magistrate: Which want of jealousy begets a
mutual confidence and trust in both cases; and produces a
species of liberty in monarchies; and of arbitrary power in
republics。
To justify the other part of the foregoing observation;
that; in every government; the means are most wide of each
other; and that the mixtures of monarchy and liberty render
the yoke either more easy or more grievous; I must take
notice of a remark in T/ACITUS with regard to the R/OMANS
under the emperors; that they neither could bear total
slavery nor total liberty; 。 This remark a celebrated poet has
translated and applied to the E/NGLISH; in his lively
description of queen E/LIZABETH's policy and government;