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                OF THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS

                              

                            

                              

                         David Hume

                              

                            1741

                              

                          



                              

     NOTHING is more apt to surprize a foreigner; than the

extreme liberty; which we enjoy in this country; of

communicating whatever we please to the public; and of

openly censuring every measure; entered into by the king or

his ministers。 If the administration resolve upon war; it is

affirmed; that; either wilfully or ignorantly; they mistake

the interests of the nation; and that peace; in the present

situation of affairs; is infinitely preferable。 If the

passion of the ministers lie towards peace; our political

writers breathe nothing but war and devastation; and

represent to pacific conduct of the government as mean and

pusillanimous。 As this liberty is not indulged in any other

government; either republican or monarchical; in H/OLLAND

and V/ENICE;  more than in F/RANCE or S/PAIN; it may very

naturally give occasion to a question; 

G/REAT B/RITAIN ?

     The reason; why the laws indulge us in such a liberty

seems to be derived from our mixed form of government; which

is neither wholly monarchical; nor wholly republican。 It

will be found; if I mistake not; a true observation in

politics; that the two extremes in government; liberty and

slavery; commonly approach nearest to each other; and that;

as you depart from the extremes; and mix a little of

monarchy with liberty; the government becomes always the

more free; and on the other hand; when you mix a little of

liberty with monarchy; the yoke becomes always the more

grievous and intolerable。 In a government; such as that of

F/RANCE; which is absolute; and where law; custom; and

religion concur; all of them; to make the people fully

satisfied with their condition; the monarch cannot entertain

any  against his subjects; and therefore is apt to

indulge them in great  both of speech and action。

IN a government altogether republican; such as that of

H/OLLAND; where there is not magistrate so eminent as to

give  to the state; there is no danger in

intrusting the magistrates with large discretionary powers;

and though many advantages result from such powers; in

preserving peace and order; yet they lay a considerable

restraint on men's actions; and make every private citizen

pay a great respect to the government。 Thus it seems

evident; that the two extremes of absolute monarchy and of a

republic; approach near to each other in some material

circumstances。 In the ; the magistrate has no

jealousy of the people: in the ; the people have

none of the magistrate: Which want of jealousy begets a

mutual confidence and trust in both cases; and produces a

species of liberty in monarchies; and of arbitrary power in

republics。

     To justify the other part of the foregoing observation;

that; in every government; the means are most wide of each

other; and that the mixtures of monarchy and liberty render

the yoke either more easy or more grievous; I must take

notice of a remark in T/ACITUS with regard to the R/OMANS

under the emperors; that they neither could bear total

slavery nor total liberty; 。 This remark a celebrated poet has

translated and applied to the E/NGLISH; in his lively

description of queen E/LIZABETH's policy and government;



     

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