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实用英语写作技巧-第6章

小说: 实用英语写作技巧 字数: 每页3500字

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Item-by-Item

Ⅰ.Motorcycle A.Expense B.Upkeep C.Safety

Ⅱ.Automobile A.Expense B.Upkeep C.Safety

 

Point-by-Point

Ⅰ.Expense A.Motorcycle B.Autormobile

Ⅱ.Upkeep A.Motorcycle B.Autormobile

Ⅲ.Safety A.Motorcycle B.Autormobile

3)运用连接词语保持连贯(连接词语见第34单元)

Exercise 14…1

Directions:Write a paragraph using a point-by-point
parison/contrast about the advantages of bikes over cars or

buses.The outline
and the topic sentence are given.

Outline:Ⅰ.Expense A.Cars or buses B.Bikes

Ⅱ.Convenience A.Cars or buses B.Bikes

Ⅲ.Pollution A.Cars or buses B.Bikes

As pared with cars or buses,bicycles have unique advantages for Chinese people.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise 14…2

Directions:Write a paragraph of contrast,contrasting women today with women in the past(hints:social status,family status,etc.).

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第十五单元 推展段落方法之七——下定义法

  

15.1下定义法

下定义(definition)就是解释某事物是什么,不是什么。写下定义段落时,通常把概念或要下定义的事物置于一个大的类别中,然后解释该事物与同一类别的其它事物有何不同。下定义法多用作推展段落的辅助方法。

示范段落15-1

A pencil is an instrument for writing on paper.It is of cylindrical shape and can
be held between the first two fingers of the hand.It is about 6 inches long and 1/4 inch wide.At the end there is usually an eraser attached to the pencil by a
surrounding metal band.Lead is the material which is used in making the marks on the paper,and a sharpener is needed to keep
the pencil in good working order.Pencils are made of various kinds of wood.

15.2示范段落分析

主题句:A pencil is an instrument for
writing on paper.细节:shape,material

15.3关于如何写下定义段落

1)以正式的定义开始

一个正式的定义段落通常把要定义的术语置于一个概类中,然后指出该术语与其它同类别事物有什么不同。在示范段落15-1中,要定义的术语是“pencil”,属于概类“instrument”。

2)用描述、举例或比较对比方法扩充定义

在正式的定义之后,必须更详细地解释该术语的意思,在示范段落15-1中用的是描述法,在示范段落13-1中,扩充“courage”概念用的是举例法。比较对比法也可以用于扩充定义,对比法陈述该事物不是什么,比较法陈述该事物象什么。

Exercise 15…1

Directions:Read the following paragraph,point out the topic sentence and find out what method(s)are used to expand the defintion.

Chemistry is that branch of science which has the task of
investigating the materials out of which the universe is made.It is not concerned with the forms
into which they may be fashioned.Such objects as chairs,tables,vases,bottles,or wires are of no significance in
chemistry;but such
substances as glass,wool,iron,sulfur,and clay,as the materials out of which they
are made,are what it
studies.Chemistry is
concerned not only with the position of such substances,but also with their inner structure.

Topic Sentence:____________________________________________

Method(s) used:_______________________________________

 

Exercise 15-2

Directions:The definition of“an ice-box”can be,“An ice-box is an appliance for storing
food at low temperature.”Now use the method of description to expand the definition.

An ice-box is an
appliance for storing food at low temperature.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 15…3

Directions:Give the defintion of friendship and then use an example to expand
your definition.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 




 








第十六单元 推展段落方法之八——分类法

  

16.1分类法

分类法(division and classification)是把一事物拆成几部分,表明这些部分与整体的关系。通常,作者以总类开头,然后把总类拆开,——列举部分或全部分类。

示范段落16-1

There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any
good library.First,there are books on all subjects,both in English and in many other
languages.These books
are organized according to subject,title,and author in
a central filing system called card catalog.Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for
a period of two to four weeks.Second,there are
reference materials,which include encyclopedias,dictionaries,bibliographies,atlases,etc.and which
generally must be used in the library itself.Third,there are
periodicals—magazines,news-papers,pamphlets—which are filed alphbetically in
racks or which have been micro-filmed to conserve space.Like reference works,periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library.

16.2示范段落分析

主题句:There are three basic kinds of
materials that can be foundin any good library.

分类词(Classifier):kinds

列举词(Listing Signals):first,second,third

分类(Categories):1.books on all subjects

2.reference
materials

3.periodicals

16.2关于如何写分类段落的建议

1)依据一个原则分类

把一事物分类后,要自始至终遵循同一分类原则。在示范段落16-1,分类原则是“the kinds of materials”。

2)所分类别必须互不包容

在示范段落16-1中,属于第一类的“books on all subjects”与属于第二类的“reference materials”界线分明.反之亦然。

3)分类必须完整

如果所分类别不完整,所作的分类则徒劳无益。如上例,所分三种“materials”应包括“all materials in a library”。

4)运用熟悉度方法排列

作者经常根据该读者对所分类别的熟悉程度排列顺序。通常先讨论读者最熟悉的,然后逐步讨论不熟悉的(关于熟悉度法见第19单元)。

5)使用分类词和列举符号

有经验的作者经常使用类词介绍概类,然后使用列举符号表明概类中的各分类。在示范段落16-1中,类词是“kind”,列举符号是“first,second,third”,下面是经常使用的类词:

kind,type,group,thought,way,class,part,element,factor,aspect,division,characteristic,subdivision,reasons,category,等等。

Exercise 16…1

Directions:Read the following paragraph,find out the topic sentence,the classifier,and the categories.

There are three fundamental human body types—endomorphic,mesomorphic,and ectomorphic.The extreme endomorph bines
heavy fat distribution and lack of bony angularity with around face,short neck,wide hips,and heavy limbs.The extreme mesomorph has a solid
chest,slender waist,long torso,and relatively short,powerful arms and legs.Extreme ectomorphs are
characterized by their slender bodies,short trunks,long arms and legs,long narrow hands and feet,and lack of fat.

Topic Sentence:____________________________________________

Classifier:_____________

Categories:________________________________________________

Exercise 16-2

Directions:Divide the books college students often read into three kinds and
describe them one by one.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise 16…3

Directions:Write a paragraph of division and catagory with the given topic
sentence and details.

Topic sentence:A language is made up of many elements

Details:1.sounds 2.words 3.sentences

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 




 








第十七单元 推展段落方法之九——因果法(Ⅰ)

  

17.1因果法

因果法(cause and effect)段落通常回答“why?”的问题。大多数人认为在自己或别人生活中发生的事情必然事出有因,因此总要知道为什么会发生这样或那样的事情。原因(cause)指的是导致结果的发生在过去的事情,结果(effect)指的是已发生的事情将会产生的后果。

17.2结果法

解释一个原因(cause)的几个结果(effects)的段落,可能以下面两种顺序之一出现:或者以原因开头,接着指出一个一个结果,如下面示范段落17-1所示;或首先摆出结果,然后指出原因。

示范段落17-1

Many people are worried about what television has done to the
generation of American children who have grown up watching it.For one thing,recent studies tend to show that TV
stifles creative imagination.Some teachers feel that television has taken away the child's
ability to form mental pictures in his own mind,resulting in children who cannot understand a simple story without
visualillustrations.Secondly,too much TV too early tends to cause children to withdraw from real
life experiences.Thus,they grow up to be passive
spectators who can only respond to action,but not initiate it.The third area for concern is the serious plaint frequently made
by elementary school teachers that children exhibit a low tolerance for the
frustrations of learning.Because they have been conditioned to see all problems resolved in
30 or 60 minutes on TV,they are quickly discouraged by any activity that promises less than
instant gratification.But perhaps the most serious result is the impact of television
violence on children,who have e to regard it as an everyday thing.Not only does this increase their
tolerance of violent behavior in others,but most authorities now concede that under certain conditions,some children will imitate anti- social acts that they witness on
television.

17.3示范段落分析

主题句:Many people are worried about what
television has done to the generation of American children who have grown up
watching it.

因果模式(cause and effect pattern):

原因(cause):television

结果(effects):1.TV stifles creative imagination.

2.TV causes
children to withdraw from real life experiences.

3.Children
exhibit a low tolerance for the frustrations of learning.

4.Children have
e to regard violence as an everyday thing.

17.4关于如何写因果法段落的建议

1)段落一开始就表明目的

在段落一开始就陈述你所关心的原因或结果是什么。例如,在示范段落17-1,主题句就把目的限定为分析“the effects of television on American children”。

2)选择主题要适中

选择太大的主题会给你带来麻烦。因此,记住要选择你可以驾驭的主题。例如:“effects
of television”作为主题会太大,难以下笔。然而把它限制为“effects on American children”就容易多了(第18单元继续讨论因果法)。

Exercise17-1

Directions:Write a paragraph,analyzing the effects of students cheating on exams.

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