实用英语写作技巧-第8章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
dominant method，and examples，facts or statistics as the
supporting methods．
Why has the world population been increasing so rapidly in the last
decades？_____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 20…2
Directions：Write a paragraph on why you chose your specialty，bining the various methods you
have learned．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 20…3
Directions：Write a paragraph about whether weekend homework should be abolished．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 20…4
Directions：Write a paragraph about your favourite season．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二十一单元 从段落到篇章
21．1 段落和篇章
段落和篇章在长度上有明显的不同，但是它们在结构上是一致的。首先，段落是由表达其主题思想的主题句（Topic Sentence）或主题导句（Topic Introducer）引出的，而篇章中的首段也是该篇文章主题思想的导言和引言；其次，一个段落必须有若干个展开句使主题思想得以展开和充实，同样篇章的主体部分也是由几个推展或后续首段主题思想的段落组成。再者，在段落结束时有一个结尾句（Concluding Sentence）总结段落的主旨，篇章也同样有一个对上下文进行归纳和总结主题思想的末段。尽管不是所有的段落和篇章都具备这样的完整结构，但典型的段落和篇章在结构上是一致的。
根据上述，让我们比较一下Model Paragraph 21…1和Model Essay 21…2，后者的主题思想完全基于前者。所不同的是，Model Paragraph中的六个句子①，②，③，④，⑤，⑥均已被扩展成Model Essay中的六个段落。
Model Paragraph 21…1
①To be successful in a job interview，the applicant should demonstrate
certain personal and professional qualities．②In as much as the first and often lasting impression of a person isdetermined
by the clothes one wears，the job applicant should take care to appear well…groomed and
modestly dressed，avoiding the
extremes of too elaborate or too casual attire．③Besides care for personal appearance，one should pay close attention to one's manner of speaking，which should be neither showy nor
too familiar but rather straightforward，grammatically accurate，and friendly．④In addition，one should be prepared to talk knowledgeably about the requirements
of the position for which one is applying in relation to one's own professional
experience and interests．⑤And finally，there ally impressive applicant must convey a sense of
self…confidence and enthusiasm for work，factors which all interviewers value highly．⑥The job seeker who displays these
characteristics，with just a
little luck，will
certainly succeed in a typical personal interview．
Model Essay 21…2
①To be successful in a job interview，you should demonstrate certain
personal and professional qualities．You need to create a good image in the limited time available，usually from 30 to 45 minutes．Furthermore，you must make a positive impression
which the interviewer will remember while he interviews other applicants．A tall times，you should present your most
attractive qualities during an interview．
②You should，for example，take care to appear well…groomed
and modestly dressed，avoiding the extremes of too elaborate or too casual attire．On the positive side，clothes may be a good leveller，putting you on a par with other
applicants and requiring the interviewer to consider more important
qualifications．On the otherhand，clothes which are too informal may
convey the impression that you are not serious about the job or that you may be
casual about your work as well as your dress．Clothes which are too elaborate，too colorful，or too expensive suggest that you do not understand what behavior is
appropriate for the job or that you are snobbish or frivolous．The right clothes worn at the right
time，however，gain the respect of the interviewer
and his confidence in your judgement．It may not be true that“clothes make the man，”but the first and often lasting impression of you is determined by
the clothes you wear．
③Besides care for personal
appearance，you should
pay close attention to your manner of speaking．Since speech is a reflection of personality，you should reflect confidence by
speaking in a clear voice，loud enough to be heard without being aggressive or overpowering．Your speech should not call
attention to itself，but it should reveal the individuality and ability of the speaker．Obviously，you must speak without grammatical
errors or dialect differences for which you might be criticised or which might
cause embrarrassment to the employer．Although there are cultural differences with respect to the
formality of the job interview，your speech must show you to be a friendly and pleasant person．
④Speaking without a subject worth
talking about will not impress anyone．You should be prepared to talk knowledgeably about the requirements
of the position for which you are applying in relation to your own professional
experiences and interests．Knowing something about the position enables you to ask intelligent
questions about the work and requirements for the job．The interviewer candecide from the
questions asked whether you are genuinely interested or knowledgeable．You can ment on your own
training，experience，and other qualifications in
relation to the specific tasks of the position．the interviewer can determine whether your background and potential
seem to fit the position．The position for which you are applying is not only the safest topic
for discussion，it is
essential that you demonsrtate your understanding of the requirements and your
abilities in meeting these requirements．
⑤Finally，to be really impressive you must
convey a sense of self…confidence and enthusiasm for work．As already indicated，you demonstrate self…confidence by
your manner of speech and dress．You further show it by being prepared for the interview with
information and questions about the position．In addition，the way you enter the room，sit，look at the
interviewer，and fill out
application forms and other papers may express self…confidence．The eagerness with which you
discuss the job rather than the salary may reveal your enthusiasm for work．You may express it also through
your questions and ments about working conditions and facilities．And，Of course，your previous experience and success will tell the interviewer about
your enthusiasm for work．Both of these qualities—self…confidence and enthusiasm for work—are valued highly by all
interviewers．
⑥The appropriately dressed job
applicant indicates his sound judgement．His manner of speaking suggests his friendliness and petence．His curiosity and information about
the position he is seeking demonstrate his sincerity and potential in the job．He exhibits self…confidence through
his knowledge，and he shows
hisenthusiasm for work．If you display these characteristics，with just a little luck，you will certainly succeed in the typical personal interview．
21．2 段落与篇章的结构
根据所给范例，我们可以看到段落的结构很简单，它主要是由三部分组成的：
1）主题句（Topic
Sentence）：引出全段的主题思想。
2）几个支撑句（Supporting
Sentences）：说明或铺叙该段落的主题思想。
3）结尾句（Concluding
Sentence）：总结段落的主旨。
由此，范例段落的结构可表达为：TS/S1，S2，S3，S4/C=
①/②，③，④，⑤/⑥。
TS：主题句
S：支撑句
C：结尾句
同样，段落的组成结构TS/S1，S2，S3，S4/C又可以说是篇章结构的扩展，篇章也由三部分组成：
1）主题段（Topic
Paragraph）：引出并点明支配全篇文章的主题，指出主题所包含的几个方面，确定推展段的内容和形式。
2）支撑段（Supporting
Paragraphs）：由若干段落组成，对主题段所引出的主题展开讨论。其直接作用是支持各段的主题句，间接作用是辅助各段的主题句支持主题段中的主题思想。
3）结尾段（Concluding
Paragraph）：对全文归纳总结。一般可采用以下四种方式对全文进行归纳：a．简明归纳全文；b．回顾主题，使首尾呼应；c．变化措词，重申主题；d、提出问题，启发思考。
21．3 Model Paragraph 21…1．和Model Essay
21…2．的分析
由此可以看出段落范例中的主题句已扩展成为篇章中的主题段；支撑句S1发展为第一支撑段的主题句；支撑句S2成为第二支撑段的主题句……；范例段中的结尾句则成了结尾段的主题句。
Exercise 21…1
Directions：Find the key ideas in each of the sentences of model paragraph and
write short answers for each on the line below．You may use words from the sentence or words of your own to express
the key ideas．The first one
will serve as an example for you．
e．g．successful interview requires
certain qualities
____________________________________________①topic sentence
____________________________________________②____________
____________________________________________③____________
____________________________________________④____________
____________________________________________⑤____________
____________________________________________⑥____________
Exercise 21…2
Directions：Read the model essay again，try to observe the plan of organization of the essay，and write out its organization．The organization of the model essay
is：____________
第二十二单元 篇章的统一性、支撑性、连贯性和一致性
22．1 篇章的统一性（Unity of an Essay）
篇章的统一性是指各推展段落都必须紧扣主题思想，不包含与主题思想无关的任何部分。如果包含与主题思想无关的部分或出现多层意思，就会导致主旨不清，思路混乱。
22．2 篇章的支撑性（Support of an Essay）
只有通过具体的实例、事实、细节或事件对篇章中的主题思想加以充实和发挥，才能使文章的主题更加明确具体。例如：在Unit 21…2范文中的四个Supporting Paragraphs（SP1，SP2，SP3，SP4）都是通过具体的实例、细节，来进一步明确本篇文章的主题思想—To be successful in a job interview，you must demonstrate cetain personal and professional qualities．
22．3 篇章的连贯性（Coherence of an Essay）
篇章的连贯性是指句子与句子，段落与段落的排列组合必须合乎逻辑（意连）；句子间以及段落间的过渡必须自然流畅（形连）。篇章的意连有三种：a．Time Order or
Chronological Order（时间顺序）；b．Space or
Spatial Order（位置或空间顺序）；c．Logical Order（逻辑顺序）。其中，逻辑顺序又可分为三种：
1）Order of
Importance（重要性顺序）
2）Specific…to…General（从具体到总论）
3）General…to…Spacific（从总论到具体）
例如，在Unit 21中的Model Essay中，作者就是以General…to…Specific的逻辑顺序来推展文章主题的。作者先是给出一个Topic Sentence，然后通过四个具体的“You should……”对主题加以支撑、充实，从而达到了意连。
而转换此词语（Transitions）则是篇章形连的重要手段。
Unit 21中的Model Essay也正是通过许许多多的转换词语使文章达到了自然流畅。以下让我们就此范文的首段（TP）和第一支撑段（SP1）为例，来看看转�
