criminal psychology-第1章

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Criminal　Psychology

A　MANUAL　FOR　JUDGES；　PRACTITIONERS；　AND　STUDENTS

BY　HANS　GROSS；　J。　U。　D。　_Professor　of　Criminal　Law　at　the　University　of　Graz；　Austria。　Formerly　Magistrate　of　the　Criminal　Court　at　Czernovitz；　Austria_

Translated　from　the　Fourth　German　Edition　BY　HORACE　M。　KALLEN；　PH。　D。　_Assistant　and　Lecturer　in　Philosophy　in　Harvard　University_

WITH　AN　INTRODUCTION　BY　JOSEPH　JASTROW；　PH。D。　PROFESSOR　OF　PSYCHOLOGY　IN　THE　UNIVERSITY　OF　WISCONSIN

PUBLICATION　NO。　13：　PATTERSON　SMITH　REPRINT　SERIES　IN　CRIMINOLOGY；　LAW　ENFORCEMENT；　AND　SOCIAL　PROBLEMS　_Montclair；　New　Jersey_




GENERAL　INTRODUCTION　TO　THE　MODERN　CRIMINAL　SCIENCE　SERIES。


AT　the　National　Conference　of　Criminal　Law　and　Criminology；　held　in　Chicago；　at　Northwestern　University；　in　June；　1909；　the　American　Institute　of　Criminal　Law　and　Criminology　was　organized；　and；　as　a　part　of　its　work；　the　following　resolution　was　passed：

‘‘_Whereas_；　it　is　exceedingly　desirable　that　important　treatises　on　criminology　in　foreign　languages　be　made　readily　accessible　in　the　English　language；　_Resolved_；　that　the　president　appoint　a　committee　of　five　with　power　to　select　such　treatises　as　in　their　judgment　should　be　translated；　and　to　arrange　for　their　publication。''

The　Committee　appointed　under　this　Resolution　has　made　careful　investigation　of　the　literature　of　the　subject；　and　has　consulted　by　frequent　correspondence。　It　has　selected　several　works　from　among　the　mass　of　material。　It　has　arranged　with　publisher；　with　authors；　and　with　translators；　for　the　immediate　undertaking　and　rapid　progress　of　the　task。　It　realizes　the　necessity　of　educating　the　professions　and　the　public　by　the　wide　diffusion　of　information　on　this　subject。　It　desires　here　to　explain　the　considerations　which　have　moved　it　in　seeking　to　select　the　treatises　best　adapted　to　the　purpose。

For　the　community　at　large；　it　is　important　to　recognize　that　criminal　science　is　a　larger　thing　than　criminal　law。　The　legal　profession　in　particular　has　a　duty　to　familiarize　itself　with　the　principles　of　that　science；　as　the　sole　means　for　intelligent　and　systematic　improvement　of　the　criminal　law。

Two　centuries　ago；　while　modern　medical　science　was　still　young；　medical　practitioners　proceeded　upon　two　general　assumptions：　one　as　to　the　cause　of　disease；　the　other　as　to　its　treatment。　As　to　the　cause　of　disease；disease　was　sent　by　the　inscrutable　will　of　God。　No　man　could　fathom　that　will；　nor　its　arbitrary　operation。　As　to　the　treatment　of　disease；　there　were　believed　to　be　a　few　remedial　agents　of　universal　efficacy。　Calomel　and　bloodletting；　for　example；　were　two　of　the　principal　ones。　A　larger　or　　smaller　dose　of　calomel；　a　greater　or　less　quantity　of　bloodletting；　this　blindly　indiscriminate　mode　of　treatment　was　regarded　as　orthodox　for　all　common　varieties　of　ailment。　And　so　his　calomel　pill　and　his　bloodletting　lances　were　carried　everywhere　with　him　by　the　doctor。

Nowadays；　all　this　is　past；　in　medical　science。　As　to　the　causes　of　disease；　we　know　that　they　are　facts　of　nature；various；　but　distinguishable　by　diagnosis　and　research；　and　more　or　less　capable　of　prevention　or　control　or　counter…action。　As　to　the　treatment；　we　now　know　that　there　are　various　specific　modes　of　treatment　for　specific　causes　or　symptoms；　and　that　the　treatment　must　be　adapted　to　the　cause。　In　short；　the　individualization　of　disease；　in　cause　and　in　treatment；　is　the　dominant　truth　of　modern　medical　science。

The　same　truth　is　now　known　about　crime；　but　the　understanding　and　the　application　of　it　are　just　opening　upon　us。　The　old　and　still　dominant　thought　is；　as　to　cause；　that　a　crime　is　caused　by　the　inscrutable　moral　free　will　of　the　human　being；　doing　or　not　doing　the　crime；　just　as　it　pleases；　absolutely　free　in　advance；　at　any　moment　of　time；　to　choose　or　not　to　choose　the　criminal　act；　and　therefore　in　itself　the　sole　and　ultimate　cause　of　crime。　As　to　treatment；　there　still　are　just　two　traditional　measures；　used　in　varying　doses　for　all　kinds　of　crime　and　all　kinds　of　persons；　jail；　or　a　fine　（for　death　is　now　employed　in　rare　cases　only）。　But　modern　science；　here　as　in　medicine；　recognizes　that　crime　also　（like　disease）　has　natural　causes。　It　need　not　be　asserted　for　one　moment　that　crime　is　a　disease。　But　it　does　have　natural　causes；　that　is；　circumstances　which　work　to　produce　it　in　a　given　case。　And　as　to　treatment；　modern　science　recognizes　that　penal　or　remedial　treatment　cannot　possibly　be　indiscriminate　and　machine…　like；　but　must　be　adapted　to　the　causes；　and　to　the　man　as　affected　by　those　causes。　Common　sense　and　logic　alike　require；　inevitably；　that　the　moment　we　predicate　a　specific　cause　for　an　undesirable　effect；　the　remedial　treatment　must　be　specifically　adapted　to　that　cause。

Thus　the　great　truth　of　the　present　and　the　future；　for　criminal　science；　is　the　individualization　of　penal　treatment；for　that　man；　and　for　the　cause　of　that　man's　crime。

Now　this　truth　opens　up　a　vast　field　for　re…examination。　It　means　that　we　must　study　all　the　possible　data　that　can　be　causes　of　crime；the　man's　heredity；　the　man's　physical　and　moral　　make…up；　his　emotional　temperament；　the　surroundings　of　his　youth；　his　present　home；　and　other　conditions；all　the　influencing　circumstances。　And　it　means　that　the　effect　of　different　methods　of　treatment；　old　or　new；　for　different　kinds　of　men　and　of　causes；　must　be　studied；　experimented；　and　compared。　Only　in　this　way　can　accurate　knowledge　be　reached；　and　new　efficient　measures　be　adopted。

All　this　has　been　going　on　in　Europe　for　forty　years　past；　and　in　limited　fields　in　this　country。　All　the　branches　of　science　that　can　help　have　been　working；anthropology；　medicine；　psychology；　economics；　sociology；　philanthropy；　penology。　The　law　alone　has　abstained。　The　science　of　law　is　the　one　to　be　served　by　all　this。　But　the　public　in　general　and　the　legal　profession　in　particular　have　remained　either　ignorant　of　the　entire　subject　or　indifferent　to　the　entire　scientific　movement。　And　this　ignorance　or　indifference　has　blocked　the　way　to　progress　in　administration。

The　Institute　therefore　takes　upon　itself；　as　one　of　its　aims；　to　inculcate　the　study　of　modern　criminal　science；　as　a　pressing　duty　for　the　legal　profession　and　for　the　thoughtful　community　at　large。　One　of　its　principal　modes　of　stimulating　and　aiding　this　study　is　to　make　available　in　the　English　language　the　most　useful　treatises　now　extant　in　the　Continental　languages。　Our　country　has　started　late。　There　is　much　to　catch　up　with；　in　the　results　reached　elsewhere。　We　shall；　to　be　sure；　profit　by　the　long　period　of　argument　and　theorizing　and　experimentation　which　European　thinkers　and　workers　have　passed　through。　But　to　reap　that　profit；　the　results　of　their　experience　must　be　made　accessible　in　the　English　language。

The　effort；　in　selecting　this　series　of　translations；　has　been　to　choose　those　works　which　best　represent　the　various　schools　of　thought　in　criminal　science；　the　general　results　reached；　the　points　of　contact　or　of　controversy；　and　the　contrasts　of　methodhaving　always　in　view　that　class　of　works　which　have　a　more　than　local　value　and　could　best　be　serviceable　to　criminal　science　in　our　country。　As　the　science　has　various　aspects　and　emphasesthe　anthropological；　psychological；　sociological；　legal；　statistical；　economic；　pathologicaldue　regard　was　paid；　in　the　selection；　to　a　representation　of　all　these　aspects。　And　as　the　several　Continental　countries　have　contributed　in　different　ways　to　these　various　aspects；France；　Germany；　Italy；　most　abundantly；　but　the　others　each　its　share；　the　effort　was　made　also　to　recognize　the　different　contributions　as　far　as　feasible。　

The　selection　made　by　the　Committee；　then；　represents　its　judgment　of　the　works　that　are　most　useful　and　most　instructive　for　the　purpose　of　translation。　It　is　its　conviction　that　this　Series；　when　completed；　will　furnish　the　American　student　of　criminal　science　a　systematic　and　sufficient　acquaintance　with　the　controlling　doctrines　and　methods　that　now　hold　the　stage　of　thought　in　Continental　Europe。　Which　of　the　various　principles　and　methods　will　prove　best　adapted　to　help　our　problems　can　only　be　told　after　our　students　and　workers　have　tested　them　in　our　own　experience。　But　it　is　certain　that　we　must　first　acquaint　ourselves　with　these　results　of　a　generation　of　European　thought。

In　closing；　the　Committee　thinks　it　desirable　to　refer　the　members　of　the　Institute；　for　purposes　of　further　investigation　of　the　literature；　to　the　‘‘Preliminary　Bibliography　of　Modern　Criminal　Law　and　Criminology''　（Bulletin　No。　1　of　the　Gary　Library　of　Law　of　Northwestern　University）；　already　issued　to　members　of　the　Conference。　The　Committee　believes　that　some　of　the　Anglo…　American　works　listed　therein　will　be　found　useful。

COMMITTEE　ON　TRANSLATIONS。

_Chairman_；　WM。　W。　SMITHERS；

_Secretary　of　the　Comparative　Law　Bureau　of　the　American　Bar　Association；　Philadelphia；　Pa_。

ERNST　FREUND；

_Professor　of　Law　in　the　University　of　Chicago_。　MAURICE　PARMELEE；

_Professor　of　Sociology　in　the　State　University　of　Kansas_。　ROSCOE　POUND；

_Professor　of　Law　in　the　University　of　Chicago_。　ROBERT　B。　SCOTT；

_Professor　of　Political　Science　in　the　State　University　of　Wisconsin_。　JOHN　H。　WIGMORE；

_Professor　of　Law　in　Northwestern　University；　Chicago_。



INTRODUCTION　TO　THE　ENGLISH　VERSION。

WHAT　Professor　Gross　presents　in　this　volume　is　nothing　less　than　an　applied　psychology　of　the　judicial　processes；a　critical　survey　of　the　procedures　incident　to　the　administration　of　justice　with　due　recognition　of　their　intrinsically　psychological　character；　and　yet　with　the　insight　conferred　by　a　responsible　experience　with　a　working　system。　There　is　nothing　more　significant　in　the　history　of　institutions　than　their　tendency　to　get　in　the　way　of　the　very　purposes　which　they　were　devised　to　meet。　The　adoration　of　measures　seems　to　be　an　ineradicable　human　trait。　Prophets　and　reformers　ever　insist　upon　the　values　of　ideals　and　endsthe　spiritual　meanings　of　thingswhile　the　people　as　naturally　drift　to　the　worship　of　cults　and　ceremonies；　and　thus　secure　the　more　superficial　while　losing　the　deeper　satisfactions　of　a　duty　performed。　So　restraining　is　the　formal　rigidity　of　primitive　cultures　that　the　mind　of　man　hardly　moves　within　their　enforced　orbits。　In　complex　societies　the　conservatism；　which　is　at　once　profitably　conservative　and　needlessly　obstructing；　assumes　a　more　intricate；　a　more　evasive；　and　a　more　engaging　form。　In　an　age　for　which　machinery　has　accomplished　such　heroic　service；　the　dependence　upon　mechanical　devices　acquires　quite　unprecedented　dimensions。　It　is　compatible　with；　if　not　provocative　of；　a　mental　indolence；　an　attention　to　details　sufficient　to　operate　the　machinery；　but　a　disinclination　to　think　about　the　principles　of　the　ends　of　its　operation。　There　is　no　set　of　human　relations　that　exhibits　more　distinctively　the　issues　of　these　undesirable　tendencies　than　those　which　the　process　of　law　adjusts。　We　have　lost　utterly　the　older　sense　of　a　hallowed　fealty　towards　man…made　law；　we　are　not　suffering　from　the　inflexibility　of　the　Medes　and　the　Persians。　We　manufacture　laws　as　readily