criminal psychology-第113章

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fterwards　to　apparent　contradictions。　This　habit　is　very　old。

If　we　inquire　when　the　lie　has　least　influence　on　mankind　we　find　it　to　be　under　emotional　stress；　especially　during　anger；　joy；　fear；　and　on　the　death…bed。＇2＇　We　all　know　of　various　cases　in　which　a　man；　angry　at　the　betrayal　of　an　accomplice；　happy　over　approaching　release；　or　terrified　by　the　likelihood　of　arrest；　etc。；　suddenly　declares；　‘‘Now　I　am　going　to　tell　the　truth。''　And　this　is　a　typical　form　which　introduces　the　subsequent　confession。　As　a　rule　the　resolution　to　tell　the　truth　does　not　last　long。　If　the　emotion　passes；　the　confession　is　regretted；　and　much　thought　is　given　to　the　withdrawal　of　a　part　of　the　confession。　If　the　protocols　concerning　the　matter　are　very　long　this　regret　is　easily　observable　toward　the　end。

That　it　is　not　easy　to　lie　during　intoxication　is　well　known。＇3＇　What


＇1＇　E。　Kiefer：　Die　Lge　u。　der　Irrtum　vor　Gericht。　Beiblatt　der　‘‘Magdeburgischen　Zeitung；''　Nos。　17；　18；　19。　1895

＇2＇　Cf。　‘‘Manual；''　‘‘Die　Aussage　Sterbender。''

＇3＇　Cf。　Ncke：　Zeugenaussage　in　Akohol。　Gross's　Archiv。　XIII；　177　and　H。　Gross；　I　337。

　is　said　on　the　death…bed　may　always；　especially　if　the　confessor　is　positively　religious；　be　taken　to　be　true。　It　is　known　that　under　such　circumstances　the　consciousness　of　even　mentally　disturbed　people　and　idiots　becomes　remarkably　clear；　and　very　often　astonishing　illuminations　result。　If　the　mind　of　the　dying　be　already　clouded　it　is　never　difficult　to　determine　the　fact；　inasmuch　as　particularly　such　confessions　are　distinguished　by　the　great　simplicity　and　clearness　of　the　very　few　words　used。


Section　109。（2）　_The　Pathoformic　lie_。

As　in　many　other　forms　of　human　expression；　there　is　a　stage　in　the　telling　of　lies　where　the　normal　condition　has　passed　and　the　diseased　one　has　not　yet　begun。　The　extreme　limit　on　the　one　side　is　the　harmless　story…teller；　the　hunter；　the　tourist；　the　student；　the　lieutenant；all　of　whom　boast　a　little；　on　the　other　side　there　is　the　completely　insane　paralytic　who　tells　about　his　millions　and　his　monstrous　achievements。　The　characteristic　pseudologia　phantastica；　the　lie　of　advanced　hysteria；　in　which　people　write　anonymous　letters　and　send　messages　to　themselves；　to　their　servants；　to　high　officials　and　to　clergy；　in　order　to　cast　suspicion　on　them；　are　all　diseased。　The　characteristic　lie　of　the　epileptics；　and　perhaps　also；　the　lies　of　people　who　are　close　to　the　idiocy　of　old　age；　mixes　up　what　has　been　experienced；　read　and　told；　and　represents　it　as　the　experience　of　the　speaker。＇1＇

Still　there　is　a　class　of　people　who　can　not　be　shown　to　be　in　any　sense　diseased；　and　who　still　lie　in　such　a　fashion　that　they　can　not　be　well。　The　development　of　such　lies　may　probably　be　best　assigned　to　progressive　habituation。　People　who　commit　these　falsehoods　may　be　people　of　talent；　and；　as　Goethe　says　of　himself；　may　have　‘‘desire　to　fabulate。''　Most　of　them　are　people；　I　will　not　say　who　are　desirous　of　honor；　but　who　are　still　so　endowed　that　they　would　be　glad　to　play　some　grand　part　and　are　eager　to　push　their　own　personality　into　the　foreground。　If　they　do　not　succeed　in　the　daily　life；　they　try　to　convince　themselves　and　others　by　progressively　broader　stories　that　they　really　hold　a　prominent　position。　I　had　and　still　have　opportunity　to　study　accurately　several　well…developed　types　of　these　people。　They　not　only　have　in　common　the　fact　that　they　lie；　they　also　have　common　themes。　They　tell　how　important


＇1＇　Delbrck：　De　pathologische　Lge；　etc。　Stuttgart　1891。　‘‘Manual；''　‘‘Das　pathoforme　Lgen。

　personages　asked　their　advice；　sought　their　company　and　honored　them。　They　suggest　their　great　influence；　are　eager　to　grant　their　patronage　and　protection；　suggest　their　great　intimacy　with　persons　of　high　position；　exaggerate　when　they　speak　of　their　property；　their　achievements；　and　their　work；　and　broadly　deny　all　events　in　which　they　are　set　at　a　disadvantage。　The　thing　by　which　they　are　to　be　distinguished　from　ordinary　‘‘story…tellers；''　and　which　defines　what　is　essentially　pathoformic　in　them；　is　the　fact　that　they　lie　without　considering　that　the　untrue　is　discovered　immediately；　or　very　soon。　Thus　they　will　tell　somebody　that　he　has　to　thank　their　patronage　for　this　or　that；　although　the　person　in　question　knows　the　case　to　be　absolutely　different。　Or　again；　they　tell　somebody　of　an　achievement　of　theirs　and　the　man　happens　to　have　been　closely　concerned　with　that　particular　work　and　is　able　to　estimate　properly　their　relation　to　it。　Again　they　promise　things　which　the　auditor　knows　they　can　not　perform；　and　they　boast　of　their　wealth　although　at　least　one　auditor　knows　its　amount　accurately。　If　their　stories　are　objected　to　they　have　some　extraordinarily　unskilful　explanation；　which　again　indicates　the　pathoformic　character　of　their　minds。　Their　lies　most　resemble　those　of　pregnant　women；　or　women　lying…in；　also　that　particular　form　of　lie　which　prostitutes　seem　typically　addicted　to；　and　which　are　cited　by　Carlier；　Lombroso；　Ferrero；　as　representative　of　them；　and　as　a　professional　mark　of　identification。　I　also　suspect　that　the　essentially　pathoformic　lie　has　some　relation　to　sex；　perhaps　to　perversity　or　impotence；　or　exaggerated　sexual　impulse。　And　I　believe　that　it　occurs　more　frequently　than　is　supposed；　although　it　is　easily　known　in　even　its　slightly　developed　stages。　I　once　believed　that　the　pathoformic　lie　was　not　of　great　importance　in　our　work；　because　on　the　one　hand；　it　is　most　complete　and　distinct　when　it　deals　with　the　person　of　the　speaker；　and　on　the　other　it　is　so　characteristic　that　it　must　be　recognized　without　fail　by　anybody　who　has　had　the　slightest　experience　with　it。　But　since；　I　have　noticed　that　the　pathoformic　lie　plays　an　enormous　part　in　the　work　of　the　criminalist　and　deserves　full　consideration。


TOPIC　IV。　ISOLATED　SPECIAL　CONDITIONS。

Section　110。　（a）　Sleep　and　Dream。

If　a　phenomenon　occurs　frequently；　its　frequency　must　have　a　certain　relation　to　its　importance　to　the　criminalist。　Hence；　sleep　　and　dream　must　in　any　event　be　of　great　influence　upon　our　task。　As　we　rarely　hear　them　mentioned；　we　have　underestimated　their　significance。　The　literature　dealing　with　them　is　comparatively　rich。＇1＇

The　physician　is　to　be　called　in　not　only　when　we　are　dealing　with　conditions　of　sleep　and　dream　which　are　in　the　least　diseased；　i。　e。；　abnormally　intense　sleepiness；　sleep…walking；　hallucinatory　dreams；　etc。；　but　also　when　the　physiological　side　of　sleep　and　dream　are　in　question；　e。　g。；　the　need　of　sleep；　the　effect　of　insomnia；　of　normal　sleepiness；　etc。　The　criminalist　must　study　also　these　things　in　order　to　know　the　kind　of　situation　he　is　facing　and　when　he　is　to　call　in　the　physician　for　assistance。　Ignorance　of　the　matter　means　spoiling　a　case　by　unskilful　interrogation　and　neglect　of　the　most　important　things。　At　the　very　least；　it　makes　the　work　essentially　more　difficult。

But　in　many　cases　the　criminalist　must　act　alone　since　in　those　cases　there　is　neither　disease　nor　a　physiological　condition　by　way　of　explanation　but　merely　a　simple　fact　of　the　daily　life　which　any　educated　layman　must　deal　with　for　himself。　Suppose；　e。　g。；　we　are　studying　the　influence　of　a　dream　upon　our　emotions。　It　has　been　shown　that　frequently　one　may　spend　a　whole　day　under　the　influence　of　a　dream；　that　one's　attitude　is　happy　and　merry　as　if　something　pleasant　had　been　learned；　or　one　is　cross；　afraid；　excited；　as　if　something　unhappy　had　happened。　The　reason　and　source　of　these　attitudes　is　frequently　a　pleasant　or　unpleasant　dream；　and　sometimes　this　may　be　at　work　subconsciously　and　unremembered。　We　have　already　shown　that　so…called　errors　of　memory　are　to　a　large　extent　attributable　to　dreams。＇2＇

This　effect　of　the　dream　may　be　of　significance　in　women；　excitable　men；　and　especially　in　children。　There　are　children　who　consider　their　dreams　as　real　experiences；　and　women　who　are　unable　to　distinguish　between　dreams　and　real　experience；　while　the　senile　and　aged　can　not　distinguish　dreams　and　memories　because　their　memories　and　the　power　to　distinguish　have　become　weakened。＇3＇

I　know　of　an　eight…year…old　child　who　after　dinner　had　gone　looking　for　chestnuts　with　a　man。　In　the　evening　it　came　home　happy　but　woke　up　in　tears　and　confessed　that　the　man　in　question　had


＇1＇　Cf。　S。　Freud：　Traumdeutung。　Leipzig　1900　（for　the　complete　bibliography）。　　B。　Sidis：　An　Experimental　Study　of　Sleep：　Journal　of　Abnormal　Psychology。

＇2＇　Maudsley。　Physiology　and　Pathology　of　the　Mind。

＇3＇　Cf。　Altmann　in　H。　Gross's　Archiv。　I；　261。

　raped　it。　Another　case　concerns　a　great　burglary　which　had　caused　its　victims　considerable　excitement。　The　second　day　after　the　event　the　ten　or　twelve…year…old　daughter　of　the　victim　asserted　with　certainty　that　she　had　recognized　the　son　of　a　neighbor　among　the　thieves。　In　both　cases　there　were　serious　legal　steps　taken　against　the　suspects；　and　in　both　cases　the　children　finally　admitted；　after　much　thinking；　that　they　had　possibly　dreamed　the　whole　matter　of　their　complaints。

The　character…mark　of　such　cases　is　the　fact　that　the　children　do　not　make　their　assertions　immediately；　but　after　one　or　two　nights　have　passed。　Hence；　whenever　this　occurs　one　must　entertain　at　least　the　suspicion　that　reality　and　dreams　have　been　confused。

Similarly；　Taine　narrates　that　Baillarger　once　dreamed　that　he　had　been　made　director　of　a　certain　journal；　and　believed　it　so　definitely　that　he　told　it　to　a　number　of　people。　Then　there　is　the　familiar　dream　of　Julius　Scaliger。　Leibnitz　writes　that　Scaliger　had　praised　in　verse　the　famous　men　of　Verona。　In　dream　he　saw　a　certain　Brugnolus　who　complained　that　he　had　been　forgotten。　Later　Scaliger's　son　Joseph　discovered　that　there　really　had　been　a　Brugnolus　who　had　distinguished　himself　as　grammarian　and　critic。　Obviously　Scaliger　senior　had　once　known；　and　had　completely　forgotten　about　him。　In　this　case　the　dream　had　been　just　a　refreshing　of　the　memory。　Such　a　dream　may　be　of　importance；　but　is　unreliable　and　must　be　dealt　with　carefully。

To　get　at　a　point　of　departure　concerning　the　nature　of　the　sleep　and　the　dreams　of　any　given　person；　we　may　classify　them　with　reference　to　the　following　propositions：＇1＇　1。　The　vividness　of　dreams　increases　with　their　frequency。　2。　The　lighter　the　sleep　the　more　frequent　the　dreams。　3。　Women　sleep　less　profoundly　than　men　and　hence　dream　more。　4。　With　increasing　age　dreams　become　rarer　and　sleep　less　profound。　b。　Who　sleeps　lightly　needs　less　sleep。　6。　The　feminine　need　of　sleep　is　greater。　I　might　add　with　regard　to　the　last　point　that　the　fact　that　women　are　better　able　to　endure　nursing　children　or　invalids　constitutes　only　an　apparent　contradiction　of　this　point。　The　need　of　sleep　is　not　decreased；　but　the　goodwill　and　the　joy　of　sacrifice　is　greater　in　woman　than　in　man。

The　extraordinary　things　people　do　in　half…dream　and　in　sleep　are　numerously　exemplified　by　Jessen。　Most　of　them　are　taken　from　the　older　literature；　but　are　quite　reliable。　A　comparison　indicates


＇1＇　F。　Heerwazen　Statistische　Untersuchung　ber　Trume　und　Schlaf。　Wundt's　Philosophische　Studien　V