criminal psychology-第13章

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　common…sense　which　speak　of　raw；　animal；　passionate　or　modest　faces；　and　of　ordinary；　nervous；　or　spiritual　hands；　but　it　has　also　led　to　the　scientific　interpretation　of　these　phenomena　which　afterwards　went　shipwreck　in　the　form　of　Lombroso's　‘‘criminal　stigmata；''　inasmuch　as　an　overhasty　theory　has　been　built　on　barren；　unexperienced；　and　unstudied　material。　The　notion　of　criminal　stigmata　is；　however；　in　no　sense　new；　and　Lombroso　has　not　invented　it；　according　to　an　incidental　remark　of　Kant　in　his　‘‘Menschenkunde；''　the　first　who　tried　scientifically　to　interpret　these　otherwise　ancient　observations　was　the　German　J。　B。　Friedreich；＇1＇　who　says　expressly　that　determinate　somatic　pathological　phenomena　may　be　shown　to　occur　with　certain　moral　perversions。　It　has　been　observed　with　approximate　clearness　in　several　types　of　cases。　So；　for　example；　incendiarism　occurs　in　the　case　of　abnormal　sexual　conditions；　poisoning　also　springs　from　abnormal　sexual　impulses；　drowning　is　the　consequence　of　oversatiated　drink　mania；　etc。　Modern　psychopathology　knows　nothing　additional　concerning　these　marvels；　and　similar　matters　which　are　spoken　of　nowadays　again；　have　shown　themselves　incapable　of　demonstration。　But　that　there　are　phenomena　so　related；　and　that　their　number　is　continually　increasing　under　exact　observations；　is　not　open　to　doubt。＇2＇　If　we　stop　with　the　phenomena　of　daily　life　and　keep　in　mind　the　ever…cited　fact　that　everybody　recognizes　at　a　glance　the　old　hunter；　the　retired　officer；　the　actor；　the　aristocratic　lady；　etc。；　we　may　go　still　further：　the　more　trained　observers　can　recognize　the　merchant；　the　official；　the　butcher；　the　shoe…maker；　the　real

＇1＇　J。　B。　Friedreich：　System　der　Gericht。　Psych。

＇2＇　Cf。　Ncke　in　Gross's　Archiv；　I；　200；　and　IX；　253。

　tramp；　the　Greek；　the　sexual　pervert；　etc。　Hence　follows　an　important　law_that　if　a　fact　is　once　recognized　correctly　in　its　coarser　form；　then　the　possibility　must　be　granted　that　it　is　correct　in　its　subtler　manifestations_。　The　boundary　between　what　is　coarse　and　what　is　not　may　not　be　drawn　at　any　particular　point。　It　varies　with　the　skill　of　the　observer；　with　the　character　of　the　material　before　him；　and　with　the　excellence　of　his　instruments；　so　that　nobody　can　say　where　the　possibility　of　progress　in　the　matter　ceases。　Something　must　be　granted　in　all　questions　appertaining　to　this　subject　of　recognizable　unit…characters　and　every　layman　pursues　daily　certain　activities　based　on　their　existence。　When　he　speaks　of　stupid　and　intelligent　faces　he　is　a　physiognomist；　he　sees　that　there　are　intellectual　foreheads　and　microcephalic　ones；　and　is　thus　a　craniologist；　he　observes　the　expression　of　fear　and　of　joy；　and　so　observes　the　principles　of　imitation；　he　contemplates　a　fine　and　elegant　hand　in　contrast　with　a　fat　and　mean　hand；　and　therefore　assents　to　the　effectiveness　of　chirognomy；　he　finds　one　hand…writing　scholarly　and　fluid；　another　heavy；　ornate　and　unpleasant；　so　he　is　dealing　with　the　first　principles　of　graphology；all　these　observations　and　inferences　are　nowhere　denied；　and　nobody　can　say　where　their　attainable　boundaries　lie。

Hence；　the　only　proper　point　of　view　to　take　is　that　from　which　we　set　aside　as　too　bold；　all　daring　and　undemonstrated　assertions　on　these　matters。　But　we　will　equally　beware　of　asserting　without　further　consideration　that　far…reaching　statements　are　unjustified；　for　we　shall　get　very　far　by　the　use　of　keener　and　more　careful　observation；　richer　material；　and　better　instruments。

How　fine；　for　example；　are　the　observations　made　by　Herbert　Spencer　concerning　the　importance　of　the　‘‘timbre''　of　speech　in　the　light　of　the　emotional　stateno　one　had　ever　thought　of　that　before；　or　considered　the　possibilities　of　gaining　anything　of　importance　from　this　single　datum　which　has　since　yielded　such　a　rich　collection　of　completely　proved　and　correctly　founded　results。　Darwin　knew　well　enough　to　make　use　of　it　for　his　own　purposes。＇1＇　He　points　out　that　the　person　who　is　quietly　complaining　of　bad　treatment　or　is　suffering　a　little；　almost　always　speaks　in　a　high　tone　of　voice；　and　that　deep　groans　or　high　and　piercing　shrieks　indicate　extreme　pain。　Now　we　lawyers　can　make　just　such　observations　in　great　number。　Any　one　of　us　who　has　had　a　few　experiences；　can　immediately　recognize　from　the　tone　of　voice　with　which　a　new

＇1＇　C。　Darwin：　The　Expression　of　the　Emotions。

　comer　makes　his　requests　just　about　what　he　wants。　The　accused；　for　example；　who　by　chance　does　not　know　why　he　has　been　called　to　court；　makes　use　of　a　questioning　tone　without　really　pronouncing　his　question。　Anybody　who　is　seriously　wounded；　speaks　hoarsely　and　abruptly。　The　secret　tone　of　voice　of　the　querulous；　and　of　such　people　who　speak　evil　of　another　when　they　are　only　half　or　not　at　all　convinced　of　it；　gives　them　away。　The　voice　of　a　denying　criminal　has　in　hundreds　of　cases　been　proved　through　a　large　number　of　physiological　phenomena　to　do　the　same　thing　for　him；　the　stimulation　of　the　nerves　influences　before　all　the　characteristic　snapping　movement　of　the　mouth　which　alternates　with　the　reflex　tendency　to　swallow。　In　addition　it　causes　lapses　in　blood　pressure　and　palpitation　of　the　heart　by　means　of　disturbances　of　the　heart　action；　and　this　shows　clearly　visible　palpitation　of　the　right　carotid　（well　within　the　breadth　of　hand　under　the　ear　in　the　middle　of　the　right　side　of　the　neck）。　That　the　left　carotid　does　not　show　the　palpitation　may　be　based　on　the　fact　that　the　right　stands　in　much　more　direct　connection　with　the　aorta。　All　this；　taken　together；　causes　that　so　significant；　lightly　vibrating；　cold　and　toneless　voice；　which　is　so　often　to　be　perceived　in　criminals　who　deny　their　guilt。　It　rarely　deceives　the　expert。

But　these　various　timbres　of　the　voice　especially　contain　a　not　insignificant　danger　for　the　criminalist。　Whoever　once　has　devoted　himself　to　the　study　of　them　trusts　them　altogether　too　easily；　for　even　if　he　has　identified　them　correctly　hundreds　of　times；　it　still　may　happen　that　he　is　completely　deceived　by　a　voice　he　holds　as　‘‘characteristically　demonstrative。''　That　timbres　may　deceive；　or　simulations　worthy　of　the　name　occur；　I　hardly　believe。　Such　deceptions　are　often　attempted　and　begun；　but　they　demand　the　entire　attention　of　the　person　who　tries　them；　and　that　can　be　given　for　only　a　short　time。　In　the　very　instant　that　the　matter　he　is　speaking　of　requires　the　attention　of　the　speaker；　his　voice　involuntarily　falls　into　that　tone　demanded　by　its　physical　determinants：　and　the　speaker　significantly　betrays　himself　through　just　this　alteration。　We　may　conclude　that　an　effective　simulation　is　hardly　thinkable。

It　must；　however；　be　noticed　that　earlier　mistaken　observations　and　incorrect　inference　at　the　present　momentsubstitutions　and　similar　mistakesmay　easily　mislead。　As　a　corroborative　fact；　then；　the　judgment　of　a　voice　would　have　great　value；　but　as　a　means　in　itself　it　is　a　thing　too　little　studied　and　far　from　confirmed。　

There　is；　however；　another　aspect　of　the　matter　which　manifests　itself　in　an　opposite　way　from　voice　and　gesture。　Lazarus　calls　attention　to　the　fact　that　the　spectators　at　a　fencing　match　can　not　prevent　themselves　from　imitative　accompaniment　of　the　actions　of　the　fencers；　and　that　anybody　who　happens　to　have　any　swinging　object　in　his　hand　moves　his　hand　here　and　there　as　they　do。　Stricker＇1＇　makes　similar　observations　concerning　involuntary　movements　performed　while　looking　at　drilling　or　marching　soldiers。　Many　other　phenomena　of　the　daily　lifeas；　for　example；　keeping　step　with　some　pedestrian　near　us；　with　the　movement　of　a　pitcher　who　with　all　sorts　of　twistings　of　his　body　wants　to　guide　the　ball　correctly　when　it　has　already　long　ago　left　his　hand；　keeping　time　to　music　and　accompanying　the　rhythm　of　a　wagon　knocking　on　cobblestones；　even　the　enforcement　of　what　is　said　through　appropriate　gestures　when　people　speak　vivaciouslynaturally　belong　to　the　same　class。　So　do　nodding　the　head　in　agreement　and　shaking　it　in　denial；　shrugging　the　shoulders　with　a　declaration　of　ignorance。　The　expression　by　word　of　mouth　should　have　been　enough　and　have　needed　no　reinforcement　through　conventional　gestures；　but　the　last　are　spontaneously　involuntary　accompaniments。

On　the　other　hand　there　is　the　converse　fact　that　the　voice　may　be　influenced　through　expression　and　gesture。　If　we　fix　an　expression　on　our　features　or　bring　our　body　into　an　attitude　which　involves　passional　excitement　we　may　be　sure　that　we　will　be　affected　more　or　less　by　the　appropriate　emotion。　This　statement；　formulated　by　Maudsley；　is　perfectly　true　and　may　be　proved　by　anybody　at　any　moment。　It　presents　itself　to　us　as　an　effective　corroboration　of　the　so　well…known　phenomenon　of　‘‘talking…yourself…into…it。''　Suppose　you　correctly　imagine　how　a　very　angry　man　looks：　frowning　brow；　clenched　fists；　gritting　teeth；　hoarse；　gasping　voice；　and　suppose　you　imitate。　Then；　even　if　you　feel　most　harmless　and　order…　loving；　you　become　quite　angry　though　you　keep　up　the　imitation　only　a　little　while。　By　means　of　the　imitation　of　lively　bodily　changes　you　may　in　the　same　way　bring　yourself　into　any　conceivable　emotional　condition；　the　outer　expressions　of　which　appear　energetically。　It　must　have　occurred　to　every　one　of　us　how　often　prisoners　present　so　well　the　excitement　of　passion　that　their　earnestness　is　actually　believed；　as　for　example；　the　anger　of　a　guiltless　suspect　or　of　an　obviously　needy　person；　of　a　man　financially　ruined　by　his　trusted　servant；　etc。　Such　scenes　of　passion　happen

＇1＇　S。　Stricker：　Studien　ber　die　Bewegungsvorstellungen。　Vienna　1882。

　daily　in　every　court…house　and　they　are　so　excellently　presented　that　even　an　experienced　judge　believes　in　their　reality　and　tells　himself　that　such　a　thing　can　not　be　imitated　because　the　imitation　is　altogether　too　hard　to　do　and　still　harder　to　maintain。　But　in　reality　the　presentation　is　not　so　wonderful；　and　taken　altogether；　is　not　at　all　skilful；　whoever　wants　to　manifest　_*anger_　must　make　the　proper　gestures　（and　that　requires　no　art）　and　when　he　makes　the　gestures　the　necessary　conditions　occur　and　these　stimulate　and　cause　the　correct　manifestation　of　the　later　gestures；　while　these　again　influence　the　voice。　Thus　without　any　essential　mummery　the　comedy　plays　itself　out；　self…sufficient；　correct；　convincing。　Alarming　oneself　is　not　performed　by　words；　but　by　the　reciprocal　influence　of　word　and　gesture；　and　the　power　of　that　influence　is　observable　in　the　large　number　of　cases　where；　in　the　end；　people　themselves　believe　what　they　have　invented。　If　they　are　of　delicate　spiritual　equilibrium　they　even　become　hypochondriacs。　Writing；　and　the　reading　of　writing；　is　to　be　considered　in　the　same　way　as　gesticulation；　it　has　the　same　alarming　influence　on　voice　and　general　appearance　as　the　other；　so　that　it　is　relatively　indifferent　whether　a　man　speaks　and　acts　or　writes　and　thinks。　This　fact　is　well　known　to　everybody　who　has　ever　in　his　life　written　a　really　coarse　letter。

Now　this　exciting　gesticulation　can　be　very　easily　observed；　but　the　observation　must　not　come　too　late。　If　the　witness　is　once　quite　lost　in　it　and　suffici