criminal psychology-第15章

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ad　signifies　improvidence；　easiness；　conceit；　sensuality　and　extravagance；　the　farther　back　the　more　dangerous　is　the　position　of　the　wearer。　The　man　who　presses　his　hat　against　his　temples　complains；　is　melancholy；　and　in　a　bad　way。　It　is　now　many　years　since　I　have　read　this　exposition　by　the　much…　traveled　and　experienced　author；　and　I　have　thought　countless　times　how　right　he　was；　but　also；　how　there　may　be　numberless　similar

＇1＇　L。　Meyer：　ber　knstliches　Errten。　Westphals。　Archiv；　IV。

　marks　of　recognition　which　show　as　much　as　the　manner　of　wearing　a　hat。　There　are　plenty　of　similar　expositions　to　be　known；　one　man　seeks　to　recognize　the　nature　of　others　by　their　manner　of　wearing　and　using　shoes；　the　other　by　the　manipulation　of　an　umbrella；　and　the　prudent　mother　advises　her　son　how　the　candidate　for　bride　behaves　toward　a　groom　lying　on　the　floor；　or　how　she　eats　cheesethe　extravagant　one　cuts　the　rind　away　thick；　the　miserly　one　eats　the　rind；　the　right　one　cuts　the　rind　away　thin　and　carefully。　Many　people　judge　families；　hotel　guests；　and　inhabitants　of　a　city；　and　not　without　reason；　according　to　the　comfort　and　cleanliness　of　their　privies。

Lazarus　has　rightly　called　to　mind　what　is　told　by　the　pious　Chr。　von　Schmidt；　concerning　the　clever　boy　who　lies　under　a　tree　and　recognizes　the　condition　of　every　passer…by　according　to　what　he　says。　‘‘What　fine　lumber；''‘‘Good…morning；　carpenter；''　‘‘What　magnificent　bark；''Good…morning；　tanner；''‘‘What　beautiful　branches；''‘‘Good…morning；　painter。''　This　significant　story　shows　us　how　easy　it　is　with　a　little　observation　to　perceive　things　that　might　otherwise　have　been　hidden。　With　what　subtle　clearness　it　shows　how　effective　is　the　egoism　which　makes　each　man　first　of　all；　and　in　most　cases　exclusively；　perceive　what　most　concerns　him　as　most　prominent！　And　in　addition　men　so　eagerly　and　often　present　us　the　chance　for　the　deepest　insight　into　their　souls　that　we　need　only　to　open　our　eyesseeing　and　interpreting　is　so　childishly　easy！　Each　one　of　us　experiences　almost　daily　the　most　instructive　things；　e。　g。　through　the　window　of　my　study　I　could　look　into　a　great　garden　in　which　a　house　was　being　built；　when　the　carpenters　left　in　the　evening　they　put　two　blocks　at　the　entrance　and　put　a　board　on　them　crosswise。　Later　there　came　each　evening　a　gang　of　youngsters　who　found　in　this　place　a　welcome　playground。　That　obstruction　which　they　had　to　pass　gave　me　an　opportunity　to　notice　the　expression　of　their　characters。　One　ran　quickly　and　jumped　easily　over；that　one　will　progress　easily　and　quickly　in　his　life。　Another　approached　carefully；　climbed　slowly　up　the　board　and　as　cautiously　descended　on　the　other　side　careful；　thoughtful；　and　certain。　The　third　climbed　up　and　jumped　downa　deed　purposeless；　incidental；　uninforming。　The　fourth　ran　energetically　to　the　obstruction；　then　stopped　and　crawled　boldly　underneathdisgusting　boy　who　nevertheless　will　have　carried　his　job　ahead。　Then；　again；　there　came　a　fifth　who　jumped；　but　too　low；　remained　hanging　and　tumbled；　he　got　up；　rubbed　his　　knee；　went　back；　ran　again　and　came　over　magnificentlyand　how　magnificently　will　he　achieve　all　things　in　life；　for　he　has　will；　fearlessness；　and　courageous　endurance！he　can't　sink。　Finally　a　sixth　came　storming　alongone　step；　and　board　and　blocks　fell　together　crashing；　but　he　proudly　ran　over　the　obstruction；　and　those　who　came　behind　him　made　use　of　the　open　way。　He　is　of　the　people　who　go　through　life　as　path…finders；　we　get　our　great　men　from　among　such。

Well；　all　this　is　just　a　game；　and　no　one　would　dare　to　draw　conclusions　concerning　our　so　serious　work　from　such　observations　merely。　But　they　can　have　a　corroborative　value　if　they　are　well　done；　when　large　numbers；　and　not　an　isolated　few；　are　brought　together；　and　when　appropriate　analogies　are　brought　from　appropriate　cases。　Such　studies；　which　have　to　be　sought　in　the　daily　life　itself；　permit　easy　development；　if　observations　have　been　clearly　made；　correctly　apprehended；　and　if；　especially；　the　proper　notions　have　been　drawn　from　them；　they　are　easily　to　be　observed；　stick　in　the　memory；　and　come　willingly　at　the　right　moment。　But　they　must　then　serve　only　as　indices；　they　must　only　suggest：　‘‘perhaps　the　case　is　the　same　to…day。''　And　that　means　a　good　deal；　a　point　of　view　for　the　taking　of　evidence　is　established；　not；　of　course；　proof　as　such；　or　a　bit　of　evidence；　but　a　way　of　receiving　it；perhaps　a　false　one。　But　if　one　proceeds　carefully　along　this　way；　it　shows　its　falseness　immediately；　and　another　presented　by　memory　shows　us　another　way　that　is　perhaps　correct。

The　most　important　thing　in　this　matter　is　to　get　a　general　view　of　the　human　specimenand　incidentally；　nobody　needs　more　to　do　this　than　the　criminalist。　For　most　of　us　the　person　before　us　is　only　‘‘A；　suspected　of　_x_。''　But　our　man　is　rather　more　than　that；　and　especially　he　was　rather　more　before　he　became　‘‘A　suspected　of　_x_。''　Hence；　the　greatest　mistake；　and；　unfortunately；　the　commonest；　committed　by　the　judge；　is　his　failure　to　discuss　with　the　prisoner　his　more　or　less　necessary　earlier　life。　Is　it　not　known　that　every　deed　is　an　outcome　of　the　total　character　of　the　doer？　Is　it　not　considered　that　deed　and　character　are　correlative　concepts；　and　that　the　character　by　means　of　which　the　deed　is　to　be　established　cannot　be　inferred　from　the　deed　alone？　‘‘Crime　is　the　product　of　the　physiologically　grounded　psyche　of　the　criminal　and　his　environing　external　conditions。''　（Liszt）。　Each　particular　deed　is　thinkable　only　when　a　determinate　character　of　the　doer　is　brought　in　relation　with　ita　certain　character　predisposes　to　　determinate　deeds；　another　character　makes　them　unthinkable　and　unrelatable　with　this　or　that　person。　But　who　thinks　to　know　the　character　of　a　man　without　knowing　his　view　of　the　world；　and　who　talks　of　their　world…views　with　his　criminals？　‘‘Whoever　wants　to　learn　to　know　men；''　says　Hippel；＇1＇　‘‘must　judge　them　according　to　their　wishes；''　and　it　is　the　opinion　of　Struve：＇2＇　‘‘A　man's　belief　indicates　his　purpose。''　But　who　of　us　asks　his　criminals　about　their　wishes　and　beliefs？

If　we　grant　the　correctness　of　what　we　have　said　we　gain　the　conviction　that　we　can　proceed　with　approximate　certainty　and　conscientiousness　only　if　we　speak　with　the　criminal；　not　alone　concerning　the　deed　immediately　in　question；　but　also　searchingly　concerning　the　important　conditions　of　his　inner　life。　So　we　may　as　far　as　possible　see　clearly　what　he　is　according　to　general　notions　and　his　particular　relationships。

The　same　thing　must　also　be　done　with　regard　to　an　important　witness；　especially　when　much　depends　upon　his　way　of　judging；　of　experiencing；　of　feeling；　and　of　thinking；　and　when　it　is　impossible　to　discover　these　things　otherwise。　Of　course　such　analyses　are　often　tiring　and　without　result；　but　that；　on　the　other　hand；　they　lay　open　with　few　words　whole　broadsides　of　physical　conditions；　so　that　we　need　no　longer　doubt；　is　also　a　matter　of　course。　Who　wants　to　leave　unused　a　formula　of　Schopenhauer's：　‘‘We　discover　what　we　are　through　what　we　do？''　Nothing　is　easier　than　to　discover　from　some　person　important　to　us　what　he　does；　even　though　the　discovery　develops　merely　as　a　simple　conversation　about　what　he　has　done　until　now　and　what　he　did　lately。　And　up　to　date　we　have　gotten　at　such　courses　of　life　only　in　the　great　cases；　in　cases　of　murder　or　important　political　criminals；　and　then　only　at　externals；　we　have　cared　little　about　the　essential　deeds；　the　smaller　forms　of　activity　which　are　always　the　significant　ones。　Suppose　we　allow　some　man　to　speak　about　others；　no　matter　whom；　on　condition　that　he　must　know　them　well。　He　judges　their　deeds；　praises　and　condemns　them；　and　thinks　that　he　is　talking　about　them　but　is　really　talking　about　himself　alone；　for　in　each　judgment　of　the　others　he　aims　to　justify　and　enhance　himself；　the　things　he　praises　he　does；　what　he　finds　fault　with；　he　does　not；　or　at　least　he　wishes　people　to　believe　that　he　does　the　former　and　avoids　the

＇1＇　Th。　G。　von　Hippel：　Lebenlsufe　nach　aufsteigender　Linie。　Ed。　v　Oettingen。　Leipzig　1880

＇2＇　G。　Struve：　Das　Seelenleben　oder　die　Naturgeschichte　des　Menschen。　Berlin　1869。

　latter。　And　when　he　speaks　unpleasantly　about　his　friends　he　has　simply　abandoned　what　he　formerly　had　in　common　with　them。　Then　again　he　scolds　at　those　who　have　gotten　on　and　blames　their　evil　nature　for　it；　but　whoever　looks　more　closely　may　perceive　that　he　had　no　gain　in　the　same　evil　and　therefore　dislikes　it。　At　the　same　time；　he　cannot　possibly　suppress　what　he　wishes　and　what　he　needs。　Now；　whoever　knows　this　fact；　knows　his　motives　and　to　decide　in　view　of　these　with　regard　to　a　crime　is　seldom　difficult。　‘‘Nos　besoins　vent　nos　forces''but　superficial　needs　do　not　really　excite　us　while　what　is　an　actual　need　does。　Once　we　are　compelled；　our　power　to　achieve　what　we　want　grows　astoundingly。　How　we　wonder　at　the　great　amount　of　power　used　up；　in　the　case　of　many　criminals！　If　we　know　that　a　real　need　was　behind　the　crime；　we　need　no　longer　wonder　at　the　magnitude　of　the　power。　The　relation　between　the　crime　and　the　criminal　is　defined　because　we　have　discovered　his　needs。　To　these　needs　a　man's　pleasures　belong　also；　every　man；　until　the　practically　complete　loss　of　vigor；　has　as　a　rule　a　very　obvious　need　for　some　kind　of　pleasure。　It　is　human　nature　not　to　be　continuously　a　machine；　to　require　relief　and　pleasure。

The　word　pleasure　must　of　course　be　used　in　the　loosest　way；　for　one　man　finds　his　pleasure　in　sitting　beside　the　stove　or　in　the　shadow；　while　another　speaks　of　pleasure　only　when　he　can　bring　some　change　in　his　work。　I　consider　it　impossible　not　to　understand　a　man　whose　pleasures　are　known；　his　will；　his　power；　his　striving　and　knowing；　feeling　and　perceiving　cannot　be　made　clearer　by　any　other　thing。　Moreover；　it　happens　that　it　is　a　man's　pleasures　which　bring　him　into　court；　and　as　he　resists　or　falls　into　them　he　reveals　his　character。　The　famous　author　of　the　‘‘Imitation　of　Christ；''　Thomas　　Kempis；　whose　book　is；　saving　the　Bible；　the　most　wide…spread　on　earth；　says：　‘‘Occasiones　hominem　fragilem　non　faciunt；　sea；　qualis　sit；　ostendunt。''　That　is　a　golden　maxim　for　the　criminalist。　Opportunity；　the　chance　to　taste；　is　close　to　every　man；　countless　times；　is　his　greatest　danger；　for　that　reason　it　was　great　wisdom　in　the　Bible　that　called　the　devil；　the　Tempter。　A　man's　behavior　with　regard　to　the　discovered　or　sought…out　opportunity　exhibits　his　character　wholly　and　completely。　But　the　chance　to　observe　men　face　to　face　with　opportunity　is　a　rare　one；　and　that　falling…off　with　which　we　are　concerned　is　often　the　outcome　of　such　an　opportunity。　But　at　this　point　we　ought　not　longer　to　learn；　but　to　know；　and　hence　our　duty　to　study　the　　pleasures　of　men；　to　know　how　they　behave　in　the　presence　of　their　opportunities。

There　is　another　group　of　conditions　through　which　you　may　observe　and　judge　men　in　general。　The　most　important　one　is　to　know　yourself　as　well　as　possible；　for　accurate　self…knowledge　leads　to　deep　mistrust　with　regard　to　others；　and　only　the　man　suspicious　with　regard　to　others　is　insure