criminal psychology-第2章

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ly　as　we　do　steam…rollers　and　change　their　patterns　to　suit　the　roads　we　have　to　build。　But　with　the　profit　of　our　adaptability　we　are　in　danger　of　losing　the　underlying　sense　of　purpose　that　inspires　and　continues　to　justify　measures；　and　to　lose　also　a　certain　intimate　intercourse　with　problems　of　theory　and　philosophy　which　is　one　of　the　requisites　of　a　professional　equipment　　and　one　nowhere　better　appreciated　than　in　countries　loyal　to　Teutonic　ideals　of　culture。　The　present　volume　bears　the　promise　of　performing　a　notable　service　for　English　readers　by　rendering　accessible　an　admirable　review　of　the　data　and　principles　germane　to　the　practices　of　justice　as　related　to　their　intimate　conditioning　in　the　psychological　traits　of　men。

The　significant　fact　in　regard　to　the　procedures　of　justice　is　that　they　are　of　men；　by　men；　and　for　men。　Any　attempt　to　eliminate　unduly　the　human　element；　or　to　esteem　a　system　apart　from　its　adaptation　to　the　psychology　of　human　traits　as　they　serve　the　ends　of　justice；　is　likely　to　result　in　a　machine…made　justice　and　a　mechanical　administration。　As　a　means　of　furthering　the　plasticity　of　the　law；　of　infusing　it　with　a　large　human　vitalitya　movement　of　large　scope　in　which　religion　and　ethics；　economics　and　sociology　are　worthily　cooperatingthe　psychology　of　the　party　of　the　first　part　and　the　party　of　the　second　part　may　well　be　considered。　The　psychology　of　the　judge　enters　into　the　consideration　as　influentially　as　the　psychology　of　the　offender。　The　many…　sidedness　of　the　problems　thus　unified　in　a　common　application　is　worthy　of　emphasis。　There　is　the　problem　of　evidence：　the　ability　of　a　witness　to　observe　and　recount　an　incident；　and　the　distortions　to　which　such　report　is　liable　through　errors　of　sense；　confusion　of　inference　with　observation；　weakness　of　judgment；　prepossession；　emotional　interest；　excitement；　or　an　abnormal　mental　condition。　It　is　the　author's　view　that　the　judge　should　understand　these　relations　not　merely　in　their　narrower　practical　bearings；　but　in　their　larger　and　more　theoretical　aspects　which　the　study　of　psychology　as　a　comprehensive　science　sets　forth。　There　is　the　allied　problem　of　testimony　and　belief；　which　concerns　the　peculiarly　judicial　qualities。　To　ease　the　step　from　ideas　to　their　expression；　to　estimate　motive　and　intention；　to　know　and　appraise　at　their　proper　value　the　logical　weaknesses　and　personal　foibles　of　all　kinds　and　conditions　of　offenders　and　witnesses；to　do　this　in　accord　with　high　standards；　requires　that　men　as　well　as　evidence　shall　be　judged。　Allied　to　this　problem　which　appeals　to　a　large　range　of　psychological　doctrine；　there　is　yet　another　which　appeals　to　a　yet　larger　and　more　intricate　range；that　of　human　character　and　condition。　Crimes　are　such　complex　issues　as　to　demand　the　systematic　diagnosis　of　the　criminal。　Heredity　and　environment；　associations　and　standards；　initiative　and　suggestibility；　may　all　be　condoning　as　well　as　aggravating　factors　of　what　becomes　a　　‘‘case。''　The　peculiar　temptations　of　distinctive　periods　of　life；　the　perplexing　intrusion　of　subtle　abnormalities；　particularly　when　of　a　sexual　type；　have　brought　it　about　that　the　psychologist　has　extended　his　laboratory　procedures　to　include　the　study　of　such　deviation；　and　thus　a　common　set　of　findings　have　an　equally　pertinent　though　a　different　interest　for　the　theoretical　student　of　relations　and　the　practitioner。　There　are；　as　well；　certain　special　psychological　conditions　that　may　color　and　quite　transform　the　interpretation　of　a　situation　or　a　bit　of　testimony。　To　distinguish　between　hysterical　deception　and　lying；　between　a　superstitious　believer　in　the　reality　of　an　experience　and　the　victim　of　an　actual　hallucination；　to　detect　whether　a　condition　of　emotional　excitement　or　despair　is　a　cause　or　an　effect；　is　no　less　a　psychological　problem　than　the　more　popularly　discussed　question　of　compelling　confession　of　guilt　by　the　analysis　of　laboratory　reactions。　It　may　well　be　that　judges　and　lawyers　and　men　of　science　will　continue　to　differ　in　their　estimate　of　the　aid　which　may　come　to　the　practical　pursuits　from　a　knowledge　of　the　relations　as　the　psychologist　presents　them　in　a　non…technical；　but　yet　systematic　analysis。　Professor　Gross　believes　thoroughly　in　its　importance；　and　those　who　read　his　book　will　arrive　at　a　clearer　view　of　the　methods　and　issues　that　give　character　to　this　notable　chapter　in　applied　psychology。

The　author　of　the　volume　is　a　distinguished　representative　of　the　modern　scientific　study　of　criminology；　or　‘‘criminalistic''　as　he　prefers　to　call　it。　He　was　born　December　26th；　1847；　in　Graz　（Steiermark）；　Austria；　pursued　his　university　studies　at　Vienna　and　Graz；　and　qualified　for　the　law　in　1869。　He　served　as　‘‘Untersuchungsrichter''　（examining　magistrate）　and　in　other　capacities；　and　received　his　first　academic　appointment　as　professor　of　criminal　law　at　the　University　of　Czernowitz。　He　was　later　attached　to　the　German　University　at　Prague；　and　is　now　professor　in　the　University　of　Graz。　He　is　the　author　of　a　considerable　range　of　volumes　bearing　on　the　administration　of　criminal　law　and　upon　the　theoretical　foundations　of　the　science　of　criminology。　In　1898　he　issued　his　‘‘Handbuch　fur　Untersuchungsrichter；　als　System　der　Kriminalistik；''　a　work　that　reached　its　fifth　edition　in　1908；　and　has　been　translated　into　eight　foreign　languages。　From　1898　on　he　has　been　the　editor　of　the　‘‘Archiv　fr　Kriminalanthropologie　und　Kriminalistik；''　of　which　about　twenty　volumes　have　appeared。　He　is　a　frequent　contributor　to　this　journal；　which　is　an　admirable　representative　of　an　efficient　technical　aid　to　the　dissemination　of　interest　　in　an　important　and　difficult　field。　It　is　also　worthy　of　mention　that　at　the　University　of　Graz　he　has　established　a　Museum　of　Criminology；　and　that　his　son；　Otto　Gross；　is　well　known　as　a　specialist　in　nervous　and　mental　disorders　and　as　a　contributor　to　the　psychological　aspects　of　his　specialty。　The　volume　here　presented　was　issued　in　1897；　the　translation　is　from　the　second　and　enlarged　edition　of　1905。　The　volume　may　be　accepted　as　an　authoritative　exposition　of　a　leader　in　his　‘‘Fach；''　and　is　the　more　acceptable　for　purposes　of　translation；　in　that　the　wide　interests　of　the　writer　and　his　sympathetic　handling　of　his　material　impart　an　unusually　readable　quality　to　his　pages。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　JOSEPH　JASTROW。　MADISON；　WISCONSIN；　　DECEMBER；　1910。



AUTHOR'S　PREFACE　TO　THE　AMERICAN　EDITION。


THE　present　work　was　the　first　really　objective　Criminal　Psychology　which　dealt　with　the　mental　states　of　judges；　experts；　jury；　witnesses；　etc。；　as　well　as　with　the　mental　states　of　criminals。　And　a　study　of　the　former　is　just　as　needful　as　a　study　of　the　latter。　The　need　has　fortunately　since　been　recognized　and　several　studies　of　special　topics　treated　in　this　booke。　g。　depositions　of　witnesses；　perception；　the　pathoformic　lie；　superstition；　probability；　sensory　illusions；　inference；　sexual　differences；　etc。have　become　the　subjects　of　a　considerable　literature；　referred　to　in　our　second　edition。

I　agreed　with　much　pleasure　to　the　proposition　of　the　American　Institute　of　Criminal　Law　and　Criminology　to　have　the　book　translated。　I　am　proud　of　the　opportunity　to　address　Americans　and　Englishmen　in　their　language。　We　of　the　German　countries　recognize　the　intellectual　achievements　of　America　and　are　well　aware　how　much　Americans　can　teach　us。

I　can　only　hope　that　the　translation　will　justify　itself　by　its　usefulness　to　the　legal　profession。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　HANS　GROSS。



TRANSLATOR'S　NOTE。


THE　present　version　of　Gross's　Kriminal　Psychologie　differs　from　the　original　in　the　fact　that　many　references　not　of　general　psychological　or　criminological　interest　or　not　readily　accessible　to　English　readers　have　been　eliminated；　and　in　some　instances　more　accessible　ones　have　been　inserted。　Prof。　Gross's　erudition　is　so　stupendous　that　it　reaches　far　out　into　texts　where　no　ordinary　reader　would　be　able　or　willing　to　follow　him；　and　the　book　suffers　no　loss　from　the　excision。　In　other　places　it　was　necessary　to　omit　or　to　condense　passages。　Wherever　this　is　done　attention　is　called　to　it　in　the　notes。　The　chief　omission　is　a　portion　of　the　section　on　dialects。　Otherwise　the　translation　is　practically　literal。　Additional　bibliography　of　psychological　and　criminological　works　likely　to　be　generally　helpful　has　been　appended。







CRIMINAL　PSYCHOLOGY。

INTRODUCTION。


OF　all　disciplines　necessary　to　the　criminal　justice　in　addition　to　the　knowledge　of　law；　the　most　important　are　those　derived　from　psychology。　For　such　sciences　teach　him　to　know　the　type　of　man　it　is　his　business　to　deal　with。　Now　psychological　sciences　appear　in　various　forms。　There　is　a　native　psychology；　a　keenness　of　vision　given　in　the　march　of　experience；　to　a　few　fortunate　persons；　who　see　rightly　without　having　learned　the　laws　which　determine　the　course　of　events；　or　without　being　even　conscious　of　them。　Of　this　native　psychological　power　many　men　show　traces；　but　very　few　indeed　are　possessed　of　as　much　as　criminalists　intrinsically　require。　In　the　colleges　and　pre…professional　schools　we　jurists　may　acquire　a　little　scientific　psychology　as　a　‘‘philosophical　propaedeutic；''　but　we　all　know　how　insufficient　it　is　and　how　little　of　it　endures　in　the　business　of　life。　And　we　had　rather　not　reckon　up　the　number　of　criminalists　who；　seeing　this　insufficiency；　pursue　serious　psychological　investigations。

One　especial　psychological　discipline　which　was　apparently　created　for　our　sake　is　the　psychology　of　law；　the　development　of　which；　in　Germany；　Volkmar＇1＇　recounts。　This　science　afterward　developed；　through　the　instrumentality　of　Metzger＇2＇　and　Platner；＇3＇　as　criminal　psychology。　From　the　medical　point　of　view　especially；　Choulant's　collection　of　the　latter's；　‘‘Quaestiones；''　is　still　valuable。　Criminal　psychology　was　developed　further　by　Hoffbauer；＇4＇　Grohmann；＇5＇


＇1＇　W。　Volkmann　v。　Volkmar：　Lehrbuch　der　Psychologie　（2　vols。）。　Cthen　1875

＇2＇　J。　Metzger：　‘‘Gerichtlich…medizinische　Abhandhingen。''　Knigsberg　1803

＇3＇　Ernst　Platner：　Questiones　medicinae　forensic；　tr。　German　by　Hederich

＇4＇　J。　C。　Hoffbauer　Die　Psychologie　in　ibren　Hauptanwendungen　auf　die　Rechtspflege。　Halle　1823。

＇5＇　G。　A。　Grohmann：　Ideen　zu　einer　physiognomisehen　Anthropologie。　Leipzig　1791。


　Heinroth；＇1＇　Sehaumann；＇2＇　Mnch；＇3＇　Eckartshausen；＇4＇　and　others。　In　Kant's　time　the　subject　was　a　bone　of　contention　between　faculties；　Kant　representing　in　the　quarrel　the　philosophic；　Metzger；　Hoffbauer；　and　Fries；＇5＇　the　medical　faculties。　Later　legal　psychology　was　simply　absorbed　by　psychiatry；　and　thereby　completely　subsumed　among　the　medical　disciplines；　in　spite　of　the　fact　that　Regnault；＇6＇　still　later；　attempted　to　recover　it　for　philosophy；　as　is　pointed　out　in　Friedreich's＇7＇　well…known　text…book　（cf。　moreover　V。　Wilbrand's＇8＇　text…book）。　Nowadays；　criminal　psychology；　as　represented　by　Kraus；＇9＇　Krafft…　Ebing；＇10＇　Maudsley；＇11＇　Holtzendorff；＇12＇　Lombroso；＇13＇　and　others　has　become　a　branch　of　criminal　anthropology。　It　is　valued　as　the　doctrine