criminal psychology-第6章

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　suspect　that　whoever　studies　or　memorizes　them；　（such　books　as　Pockel's；　Herz's；　Meister's；　Engel's；　Jassoix's；　and　others；　enumerated　by　Volkmar）　will　have　gained　little　that　is　of　use。　A　knowledge　of　human　nature　is　acquired　only　（barring　of　course　a　certain　talent　thereto）　by　persevering　observation；　comparison；　summarization；　and　further　comparison。　So　acquired；　it　sets　its　possessor　to　the　fore；　and　makes　him　independent　of　a　mass　of　information　with　which　the　others　have　to　repair　their　ignorance　of　mankind。　This　is　to　be　observed　in　countless　cases　in　our　profession。　Whoever　has　had　to　deal　with　certain　sorts　of　swindlers；　lying　horsetraders；　antiquarians；　prestidigitators；　soon　comes　to　the　remarkable　conclusion；　that　of　this　class；　exactly　those　who　flourish　most　in　their　profession　and　really　get　rich　understand　their　trade　the　least。　The　horsedealer　is　no　connoisseur　whatever　in　horses；　the　antiquarian　can　not　judge　the　value　nor　the　age　and　excellence　of　antiquities；　the　cardsharp　knows　a　few　stupid　tricks　with　which；　one　might　think；　he　ought　to　be　able　to　deceive　only　the　most　innocent　persons。　Nevertheless　they　all　have　comfortable　incomes；　and　merely　because　they　know　their　fellows　and　have　practiced　this　knowledge　with　repeatedly　fresh　applications。

I　do　not　of　course　assert　that　we　criminalists　need　little　scholarly　knowledge　of　law；　and　ought　to　depend　entirely　upon　knowledge　of　men。　We　need　exactly　as　much　more　knowledge　as　our　task　exceeds　　that　of　the　horse…dealer；　but　we　can　not　do　without　knowledge　of　humanity。　The　immense　onerousness　of　the　judge's　office　lies　in　just　the　fact　that　he　needs　so　very　much　more　than　his　bare　legal　knowledge。　He　must；　before　all　things；　be　a　jurist　and　not　merely　a　criminalist；　he　must　be　in　full　possession　not　only　of　the　knowledge　he　has　acquired　in　his　academy；　but　of　the　very　latest　up…to…date　status　of　his　entire　science。　If　he　neglects　the　purely　theoretical；　he　degenerates　into　a　mere　laborer。　He　is　in　duty　bound　not　only　to　make　himself　familiar　with　hundreds　of　things；　to　be　able　to　consort　with　all　sorts　of　crafts　and　trades；　but　also；　finally；　to　form　so　much　out　of　the　material　supplied　him　by　the　law　as　is　possible　to　human　power。

Section　4。　（b）　Integrity　of　Witnesses。


One　of　the　criminal　judge's　grossest　derelictions　from　duty　consists　in　his　simply　throwing　the　witness　the　question　and　in　permitting　him　to　say　what　he　chooses。　If　he　contents　himself　in　that；　he　leaves　to　the　witness's　conscience　the　telling　of　the　truth；　and　the　whole　truth；　the　witness　is；　in　such　a　case；　certainly　responsible　for　one　part　of　the　untruthful　and　suppressed；　but　the　responsibility　for　the　other；　and　larger　part；　lies　with　the　judge　who　has　failed　to　do　his　best　to　bring　out　the　uttermost　value　of　the　evidence；　indifferently　for　or　against　the　prisoner。　The　work　of　education　is　intended　for　this　purpose；not；　as　might　be　supposed；　for　training　the　populace　as　a　whole　into　good　witnesses；　but　to　make　that　individual　into　a　good；　trustworthy　witness　who　is　called　upon　to　testify　for　the　first；　and；　perhaps；　for　the　last　time　in　his　life。　This　training　must　in　each　case　take　two　directionsit　must　make　him　_*want_　to　tell　the　truth；　it　must　make　him　_*able_　to　tell　the　truth。　The　first　requirement　deals　not　only　with　the　lie　alone；　it　deals　with　the　development　of　complete　conscientiousness。　How　to　face　the　lie　itself　can　not　be　determined　by　means　of　training；　but　conscientious　answers　under　examination　can　certainly　be　so　acquired。　We　are　not　here　considering　people　to　whom　truth　is　an　utter　stranger；　who　are　fundamentally　liars　and　whose　very　existence　is　a　libel　on　mankind。　We　consider　here　only　those　people　who　have　been　unaccustomed　to　speaking　the　full　and　unadulterated　truth；　who　have　contented　themselves　throughout　their　lives　with　‘‘approximately；''　and　have　never　had　the　opportunity　of　learning　the　value　of　veracity。　It　may　be　said　that　a　disturbingly　large　number　of　　people　are　given　to　wandering；　in　conversation；　and　in　the　reproduction　of　the　past。　They　do　not　go　straight；　quickly；　and　openly　to　the　point；　they　loiter　toward　it‘‘If　I　do　not　reach　it　in　a　bee　line；　I　can　get　along　on　by…paths；　if　not　to…day；　then　to…morrow；　and　if　I　really　do　not　get　to　it　at　all；　I　do　get　somewhere　else。''　Such　people　have　not　homes　but　innsif　they　are　not　in　one　place；　another　will　do。

These　persons　are　characterized　by　the　event　that　whenever　one　has　seen　their　loitering　and　puts　the　matter　to　them　with　just　anger；　they　either　get　frightened　or　say　carelessly；　‘‘Oh；　I　thought　this　was　not　so　accurate。''　This　famine　of　conscience；　this　indifference　to　truth；　does　far…reaching　damage　in　our　profession。　I　assert　that　it　does　immensely　greater　harm　than　obvious　falsehood；　because；　indeed；　the　unvarnished　lie　is　much　more　easily　discoverable　than　the　probable　truth　which　is　still　untruth。　Moreover；　lies　come　generally　from　people　with　regard　to　whom　one　is；　for　one　reason　or　another；　already　cautious；　while　these　insinuating　approximations　are　made　by　people　who　are　not　mistrusted　at　all。＇1＇

The　lack　of　conscientiousness　is　common　to　all　ages；　both　sexes；　and　to　all　sorts　and　conditions　of　men。　But　it　is　most　characteristically　frequent　and　sharply　defined　among　people　who　have　no　real　business　in　life。　Whoever　romances　in　the　daily　life；　romances　when　he　ought　to　be　absolutely　truthful。　The　most　dangerous　of　this　class　are　those　who　make　a　living　by　means　of　show　and　exhibition。　They　are　not　conscienceless　because　they　do　nothing　worth　while；　they　do　nothing　worth　while　because　they　are　conscienceless。　To　this　class　belong　peddlers；　street　merchants；　innkeepers；　certain　shop…keepers；　hack…drivers；　artists；　etc。；　and　especially　prostitutes　（cf。　Lombroso；　etc。；　etc。）。　All　these　people　follow　a　calling　perhaps　much　troubled；　but　they　do　no　actual　work　and　have　chosen　their　profession　to　avoid　regular；　actual　work。　They　have　much　unoccupied　time；　and　when　they　are　working；　part　of　the　work　consists　of　gossip；　part　of　loafing　about；　or　of　a　use　of　the　hands　that　is　little　more。　In　brief；since　they　loiter　about　and　make　a　profit　out　of　it；　it　is　no　wonder　that　in　giving　evidence　they　also　loaf　and　bring　to　light　only　approximate　truth。　Nor　is　it　difficult　to　indicate　analogous　persons　in　the　higher　walks　of　life。

The　most　hateful　and　most　dangerous　of　these　people　are　the　congenital　trampspeople　who　did　not　have　to　work　and　faithfully　pursued　the　opportunity　of　doing　nothing。　Whoever　does　not

＇1＇　Cf。　Lwenstimm；　in　H。　Gross's　Archiv；　VII；　191。

　recognize　that　the　world　has　no　place　for　idlers　and　that　life　on　God's　earth　must　be　earned　by　labor；　is　without　conscience。　No　conscientious　testimony　need　be　expected　from　such。　Among　the　few　rules　without　exception　which　in　the　course　of　long　experience　the　criminalist　may　make；　this　is　onethat　_the　real　tramps　of　both　sexes　and　all　walks　of　life　will　never　testify　conscientiously；hic　niger　est；　hunc　Tu；　Romane；　caveto_。


Section　5。　（c）　The　Correctness　of　Testimony。


The　training　of　the　witness　into　a　_*capacity_　for　truth…telling　must　be　based；　（1）　on　the　judge's　knowledge　of　all　the　conditions　that　affect；　negatively；　correct　observations　and　reproductions；　（2）　on　his　making　clear　to　himself　whether　and　which　conditions　are　operative　in　the　case　in　question；　and　（3）　on　his　aiming　to　eliminate　this　negative　influence　from　the　witness。　The　last　is　in　many　cases　difficult；　but　not　impossible。　That　mistakes　have　been　made　is　generally　soon　noted；　but　then；　‘‘being　called　and　being　chosen''　are　two　things；　and　similarly；　the　discovery　of　_*what_　is　correct　and　the　substitution　of　the　essential　observations　for　the　opinionative　ones；　is　always　the　most　difficult　of　the　judge's　tasks。

When　the　witness　is　both　unwilling　to　tell　the　truth　and　unable　to　do　so；　the　business　of　training　may　be　approached　from　a　few　common　view…points。　Patience　with　the　witness　is　perhaps　the　most　important　key　to　success。　No　doubt　it　is　difficult　to　be　patient　where　there　is　no　time；　and　what　with　our　contemporary　overtasking；　there　is　no　time。　But　that　must　be　altered。　Justice　must　have　strength　to　keep　everybody's　labor　proportional　to　his　task。　A　nation　whose　representatives　do　not　grant　money　enough　for　this　purpose　must　not　expect　satisfactory　law　courts‘‘no　checkee　no　washee；''　no　money　no　justice。　People　who　have　time　will　acquire　patience。

Patience　is　necessary　above　all　while　taking　evidence。　A　great　many　witnesses　are　accustomed　to　say　much　and　redundantly；　and　again；　most　criminal　justices　are　accustomed　to　try　to　shut　them　off　and　to　require　brief　statements。　That　is　silly。　If　the　witness　is　wandering　on　purpose；　as　many　a　prisoner　does　for　definite　reasons　of　his　own；　he　will　spread　himself　still　more　as　he　recognizes　that　his　examiner　does　not　like　it。　To　be　disagreeable　is　his　purpose。　He　is　never　led　by　impatience　beyond　his　introduction；　and　some　piece　of　evidence　is　lost　because　almost　every　accused　who　speaks　　unintelligibly　on　purpose；　says　too　much　in　the　course　of　his　speech　and　brings　things　to　light　that　no　effort　might　otherwise　have　attained　to。　Besides；　whoever　is　making　a　purposely　long…winded　testimony　does　not　want　to　say　anything　superfluous；　and　if　he　actually　does　so；　is　unaware　of　it。　And　even　when　he　knows　that　he　is　talking　too　much　（most　of　the　time　he　knows　it　from　the　impatient　looks　of　his　auditors）；　he　never　can　tell　just　what　exceeded　the　measure。　If；　then；　he　is　asked　to　cut　it　short；　he　remains　unmoved；　or　at　most　begins　again　at　the　beginning；　or；　if　he　actually　condescends；　he　omits　things　of　importance；　perhaps　even　of　the　utmost　importance。　Nor　must　it　be　forgotten　that　at　least　a　large　proportion　of　such　people　who　are　brought　to　court　have　prepared　their　story　or　probably　blocked　it　out　in　the　rough。　If　they　are　not　permitted　to　follow　their　plans；　they　get　confused；　and　nothing　coherent　or　half…coherent　is　discovered。　And　generally　those　who　say　most　have　thought　their　testimony　over　before。　Those　who　merely　have　to　say　no　more　than　_*yes_　and　_*no_　at　the　trial　do　not　reduce　the　little　they　are　going　to　say　to　any　great　order；　that　is　done　only　by　such　as　have　a　story　to　tell。　Once　the　stream　of　talk　breaks　loose　it　is　best　allowed　to　flow　on；　and　only　then　interrupted　with　appropriate　questions　when　it　threatens　to　become　exhausting。　Help　against　too　much　talk　can　be　found　in　one　direction。　But　it　must　be　made　use　of　before　the　evil　begins；　and　is　in　any　event　of　use　only　in　the　description　of　a　long　chain　of　events；e。　g。；　a　great　brawl。　There；　if　one　has　been　put　in　complete　possession　of　the　whole　truth；　through　one　or　more　witnesses；　the　next　witness　may　be　told：　‘‘Begin　where　X　entered　the　room。''　If　that　is　not　done；　one　may　be　compelled　to　hear　all　the　witness　did　the　day　before　the　brawl　and　how　these　introductions；　in　themselves　indifferent；　have　led　to　the　event。　But　if　you　set　the　subject；　the　witness　simply　abandons　the　first　part　of　possibly　studied　testimony　without　thereby　losing　his　coherence。　The　procedure　may　be　accurately　observed：　The　witness　is　told；　‘‘Begin　at　this　or　that　point。''　This　deliverance　is　generally　followed　by　a　pause　during　which　he　obviousl