criminal psychology-第99章

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etermine　how　much　the　anthropos　and　how　much　the　macroanthropos　is　to　be　blamed　for　any　crime。


＇1＇　Cf。　Friedmann：　Die　Wahnsinn　im　Vlkerleben。　Wiesbaden　1901。　　Sighele：　La　folla　deliquente。　Studio　di　psicologia　Collettiva　2d　Ed。　Torino　1895。　I　delitti　della　folla　studiati　seconde　la　psicologia；　il　diritto　la　giurisprudenza。　Torino　1902。


Section　95。　（e）　Passion　and　Affection。

Passion　and　affection　occasion　in　our　own　minds　and　in　those　of　witnesses　considerable　confusion　of　observations；　influence；　or　even　　effect　the　guilt　of　the　defendant　and　serve　to　explain　many　things　at　the　moment　of　examination。　The　essence　of　passion　or　affection；　its　definition　and　influence；　its　physical　and　physiological　explanation；　is　discussed　in　any　psychology。　The　use　of　this　discussion　for　the　lawyer's　purposes　has　been　little　spoken　of；　and　possibly　can　not　have　more　said　about　it。　Things　that　are　done　with　passion　show　themselves　as　such；　and　require　no　particular　examination　in　that　respect。　What　we　have　to　do　is　to　discover　what　might　have　happened　without　passion；　and　especially　to　protect　ourselves　from　being　in　person　overcome　by　passion　or　affection。　It　is　indubitable　that　the　most　‘‘temperamental''　of　the　criminalists　are　the　best；　for　phlegm　and　melancholy　do　not　carry　one　through　an　examination。　The　lively　and　the　passionate　judges　are　the　most　effective；　but　they　also　have　the　defects　of　their　virtues。　No　one　will　deny　that　it　is　difficult　to　maintain　a　calm　demeanor　with　an　impudent　denying　criminal；　or　in　the　face　of　some　very　cruel；　unhuman；　or　terrible　crime。　But　it　is　essential　to　surmount　this　difficulty。　Everyone　of　us　must　recall　shameful　memories　of　having；　perhaps　justly；　given　way　to　passion。　Of　course　the　very　temperamental　Count　Gideon　Raday　freed　his　county　in　a　short　time　from　numberless　robberies　by　immediately　hanging　the　mayor　of　the　town　in　which　the　robberies　occurred；　but　nowadays　so　much　temperament　is　not　permissible。　It　is　well　to　recall　the　painful　position　of　an　excellent　presiding　justice　at　a　murder　trial；　who　attacked　the　defendant　passionately；　and　had　to　submit　to　the　latter's　really　justified　reprimand。

The　only　means　of　avoiding　such　difficulties　is　not　to　begin　quarrelling。　Just　as　soon　as　a　single　word　is　uttered　which　is　in　any　way　improper　in　polite　society；　everything　is　lost。　The　word　is　the　rolling　snow…ball；　and　how　much　momentum　it　may　gather　depends　upon　the　nature　and　the　training　of　the　judge。　Lonely　insults　are　not　frequent；　and　a　single　improper　word　breaks　down　the　boundaries。　The　criminal　knows　this　and　often　makes　use　of　his　knowledge。　A　man　who　has　‘‘cussed　out''　the　other　fellow　is　no　longer　dangerous；　he　becomes　calm　and　kind；　and　feels　instinctively　the　need　of　repairing　the　damage　he　has　committed　by　‘‘going　too　far。''　He　then　exhibits　an　exaggerated　geniality　and　care　upon　which　many　criminals　count；　and　hence　intentionally　provoke　the　examiner　until　he　does　things　and　says　things　he　is　sorry　for。

The　emotions　of　witnesses；　especially　of　those　who　have　been　harmed　by　the　crime　and　of　those　who　have　seen　something　terrible　　and　disgusting；　and　who　still　tend　to　get　excited　over　it；　constitute　a　great　many　difficulties。　Against　the　unconditional　reliability　of　such　persons'　testimony　experienced　judges　take　measures　of　defence。　The　participant　of　this　class　is　never　calm；　passion；　anxiety；　anger；　personal　interest；　etc。；　either　anticipate　or　exaggerate　trouble。　Of　course；　we　are　not　speaking　of　cases　in　which　a　wound　is　considerably　exaggerated；　or　even　invented　for　the　sake　of　money；　but　of　those　in　which　people　under　emotional　stress　often　say　unthinkable　things　about　their　enemy；　just　to　get　him　punished。　This；　however；　is　comparatively　rare　where　the　damage　has　been　very　great。　A　man　who　has　lost　his　eye；　the　father　of　a　raped　daughter；　the　victim　impoverished　by　arson；　often　behaves　very　calmly　toward　the　criminal。　He　makes　no　especial　accusation；　does　not　exaggerate；　and　does　not　insult。　A　person；　however；　whose　orchard　has　suffered　damage；　may　behave　much　worse。

It　frequently　happens　that　the　sufferer　and　the　defendant　really　hate　each　other。　Not　necessarily　because　one　had　broken　the　other's　head；　or　robbed　him；　frequently　the　ostensible　reason　for　coming　to　trial　is　the　result　of　a　long　and　far…reaching　hatred。　That　this　emotion　can　go　to　any　length　is　well　known　and　it　is　therefore　necessary；　though　not　always　easy；　to　seek　it　out。　Hatred　is　possible　among　peers；　or　people　who　are　peers　in　one　connection　or　another。　As　a　rule；　the　king　will　not　be　able　to　hate　his　musketeer；　but　he　will　when　they　are　both　passionately　in　love　with　the　same　girl；　for　they　are　peers　in　love。　Similarly；　the　high…bred　lady　will　hardly　hate　her　maid；　but　if　she　observes　the　maid's　magnificent　hair　and　believes　that　it　is　better　than　her　own；　she　will　hate　the　maid；　for　there　is　no　difference　in　rank　with　regard　to　the　love　of　hair。

Real　hate　has　only　three　sources：　pain；　jealousy；　or　love。　Either　the　object　of　hatred　has　caused　his　enemy　a　great　irremediable　pain　or　jealousy；　or　hatred　is；　was；　or　will　become　love。　Some　authorities　believe　that　there　is　another　source　of　hatred　which　becomes　apparent　when　we　have　done　harm　to　somebody。　That　this　might　show　itself　as　hatred　or　passion　similar　to　hatred　is　possible；　but　in　most　cases　it　will　probably　be　a　feeling　of　deep　shame　and　regret；　which　has　certain　particular　characteristics　in　common　with　hatred。　If　it　is　really　hatred；　it　is　hatred　through　pain。　Hatred　is　difficult　to　hide；　and　even　criminalists　of　small　experience　will　overlook　it　only　in　exceptional　cases。　The　discovery　of　envy；　which　is　less　forgiving　than　hatred；　less　explosive；　much　profounder　and　much　more　extensive；　is　incomparably　more　difficult。　Real　hatred；　　like　exquisite　passion；　requires　temperament；　and　under　circumstances　may　evoke　sympathy；　but　friendless　envy；　any　scamp　is　capable　of。　Possibly　no　other　passion　endangers　and　destroys　so　many　lives；　chokes　off　so　much　service；　makes　impossible　so　many　significant　things；　and　finally；　judges　so　falsely　an　endless　number　of　persons。　When　you　remember；　moreover；　its　exaggerated　extent；　and　the　poor…spirited；　easy　trick　of　hiding　it；　its　dangerous　nature　can　not　be　overestimated。　We　lawyers　are　even　more　imperilled　by　it　because　we　do　not　easily　allow　people　to　be　praised　before　us；　we　require　witnesses；　etc。；　to　speak　incriminatingly　most　of　the　time；　and　we　cannot　easily　see　whether　they　are　envious。

However　freely　one　man　may　speak　against　another；　we　may　assume　that　he　is　telling　the　truth；　or　at　worst；　that　he　has　a　false　notion　of　the　matter；　or　was　badly　instructed；　but　we　rarely　think　that　his　envy　dictates　it　all。　This　idea　occurs　to　us　when　he　is　to　praise　the　other　man。　Then　he　exhibits　a　cautious；　tentative；　narrowing　attitude；　so　that　even　a　person　of　little　experience　infers　envy。　And　here　the　much…discussed　fact　manifests　itself；　that　real　envy　requires　a　certain　equality。　By　way　of　example　the　petty　shopkeeper　is　cited　as　envying　his　more　fortunate　competitor；　but　not　the　great　merchant　whose　ships　go　round　the　world。　The　feeling　of　the　private　toward　his　general；　the　peasant　toward　his　landlord；　is　not　really　envy；　it　is　desire　to　be　like　him。　It　is　anger　that　the　other　is　better　off；　but　inasmuch　as　the　emotion　lacks　that　effective　capacity　which　we　require　for　envy；　we　can　not　call　it　envy。　It　becomes　envy　when　something　by　way　of　intrigue　or　evil　communication；　etc。；　has　been　undertaken　against　the　envied　person。　Thus　the　mere　_*feeling_　is　confessed　at　once。　People　say；　‘‘How　I　envy　him　this　trip；　his　magnificent　health；　his　gorgeous　automobile；　etc。''　They　do　not　say：　‘‘I　have　enviously　spoken　evil　of　him；　or　done　this　or　that　against　him。''　Yet　it　is　in　the　latter　form　that　the　actual　passion　of　envy　expresses　itself。

The　capacity　of　the　envious　for　false　representation　makes　them　particularly　dangerous　in　the　court…room。　If　we　want　to　discover　anything　about　an　individual　we　naturally　inquire　of　his　colleagues；　his　relatives；　etc。　But　it　is　just　among　these　that　envy　rules。　If　you　inquire　of　people　without　influence　you　learn　nothing　from　them；　since　they　do　not　understand　the　matter；　if　you　ask　professional　people　they　speak　enviously　or　selfishly；　and　that　constitutes　our　dilemma。　Our　attention　may　be　called　to　envy　by　the　speaker's　hesitation；　his　reserved　manner　of　answering。　This　is　the　same　in　　all　classes；　and　is　valuable　because　it　may　warn　us　against　very　bad　misunderstandings。

As　a　rule；　nothing　can　be　said　about　passion　as　a　source　of　crime。　We　may　assume　that　passion　passes　through　three　periods。　The　first　is　characterized　by　the　general　or　partial　recurrence　of　older　images；　in　the　second；　the　new　idea　employs　its　dominating　place　negatively　or　positively　with　respect　to　the　older　one；the　passion　culminates；　and　in　the　third；　the　forcibly…disturbed　emotional　equilibrium　is　restored。　Most　emotions　are　accompanied　by　well…　known　physical　phenomena。　Some　have　been　thoroughly　studied；　e。　g。；　the　juristically　important　emotion　of　fear。　In　fear；　breathing　is　irregular；　inspiration　is　frequently　broken；　a　series　of　short　breaths　is　followed　by　one　or　more　deep　ones；　inspiration　is　short；　expiration　is　prolonged；　one　or　the　other　is　sobbing。　All　these　phenomena　are　only　a　single　consequence　of　the　increase　of　respiratory　changes。　The　irregularity　of　the　latter　causes　coughing；　then　a　disturbance　of　speech；　which　is　induced　by　the　irregular　action　of　the　muscles　of　the　jaw；　and　in　part　by　the　acceleration　of　the　breathing。　In　the　stages　of　echoing　fear；　yawning　occurs；　and　the　distention　of　the　pupils　may　be　noticed　as　the　emotion　develops。　This　is　what　we　often　see　when　a　denying　defendant　finds　himself　confounded　by　evidence；　etc。

The　most　remarkable　and　in　no　way　explicable　fact　is；　that　these　phenomena　do　not　occur　in　innocent　people。　One　might　think　that　the　fear　of　being　innocently　convicted　would　cause　an　expression　of　dread；　anger；　etc。；　but　it　does　not　cause　an　expression　of　real　terror。　I　have　no　other　than　empirical　evidence　of　the　fact；　so　that　many　more　observations　are　required　before　any　fresh　inferences　are　deduced　therefrom　anent　a　man's　guilt　or　innocence。　We　must　never　forget　that　under　such　circumstances　passions　and　emotions　often　change　into　their　opposites　according　to　rule。　Parsimony　becomes　extravagance；　and　conversely；　love　becomes　hate。　Many　a　man　becomes　altogether　too　foolhardy　because　of　despairing　fear。　So　it　may　happen　that　terror　may　become　petrifying　coldness；　and　then　not　one　of　the　typical　marks　of　terror　appears。　But　it　betrays　itself　just　as　certainly　by　its　icy　indifference　as　by　its　own　proper　traits。　Just　as　passions　transmute　into　their　opposites；　so　they　carry　a　significant　company　of　subordinate　characteristics。　Thus；　dread　or　fear　is　accompanied　by　disorderly　impertinence；　sensuality　by　cruelty。　The　latter　connection　is　of　great　importance　to　us；　for　it　frequently　eliminates　difficulties　in　the　explanation　of　　crime。　That　cruelty　and　lasciviousness　have　the　same　root　has　long　been　known。　The　very　ecstasy　of　adventurous　and　passionate　love　is　frequently　connected　with　a　certain　cruel　tendency。　Wome