timaeu-第15章

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produced　or　changed　in　a　manner　contrary　to　nature；　the　parts　which

were　previously　cool　grow　warm；　and　those　which　were　dry　become　moist；

and　the　light　become　heavy；　and　the　heavy　light；　all　sorts　of

changes　occur。　For；　as　we　affirm；　a　thing　can　only　remain　the　same

with　itself；　whole　and　sound；　when　the　same　is　added　to　it；　or

subtracted　from　it；　in　the　same　respect　and　in　the　same　manner　and

in　due　proportion；　and　whatever　comes　or　goes　away　in　violation　of

these　laws　causes　all　manner　of　changes　and　infinite　diseases　and

corruptions。　Now　there　is　a　second　class　of　structures　which　are

also　natural；　and　this　affords　a　second　opportunity　of　observing

diseases　to　him　who　would　understand　them。　For　whereas　marrow　and　bone

and　flesh　and　sinews　are　composed　of　the　four　elements；　and　the　blood；

though　after　another　manner；　is　likewise　formed　out　of　them；　most

diseases　originate　in　the　way　which　I　have　described；　but　the　worst　of

all　owe　their　severity　to　the　fact　that　the　generation　of　these

substances　stances　in　a　wrong　order；　they　are　then　destroyed。　For

the　natural　order　is　that　the　flesh　and　sinews　should　be　made　of

blood；　the　sinews　out　of　the　fibres　to　which　they　are　akin；　and　the

flesh　out　of　the　dots　which　are　formed　when　the　fibres　are

separated。　And　the　glutinous　and　rich　matter　which　comes　away　from　the

sinews　and　the　flesh；　not　only　glues　the　flesh　to　the　bones；　but

nourishes　and　imparts　growth　to　the　bone　which　surrounds　the　marrow；

and　by　reason　of　the　solidity　of　the　bones；　that　which　filters　through

consists　of　the　purest　and　smoothest　and　oiliest　sort　of　triangles；

dropping　like　dew　from　the　bones　and　watering　the　marrow。

　　Now　when　each　process　takes　place　in　this　order；　health　commonly

results；　when　in　the　opposite　order；　disease。　For　when　the　flesh

becomes　decomposed　and　sends　back　the　wasting　substance　into　the

veins；　then　an　over…supply　of　blood　of　diverse　kinds；　mingling　with

air　in　the　veins；　having　variegated　colours　and　bitter　properties；

as　well　as　acid　and　saline　qualities；　contains　all　sorts　of　bile　and

serum　and　phlegm。　For　all　things　go　the　wrong　way；　and　having　become

corrupted；　first　they　taint　the　blood　itself；　and　then　ceasing　to　give

nourishment　the　body　they　are　carried　along　the　veins　in　all

directions；　no　longer　preserving　the　order　of　their　natural　courses；

but　at　war　with　themselves；　because　they　receive　no　good　from　one

another；　and　are　hostile　to　the　abiding　constitution　of　the　body；

which　they　corrupt　and　dissolve。　The　oldest　part　of　the　flesh　which　is

corrupted；　being　hard　to　decompose；　from　long　burning　grows　black；　and

from　being　everywhere　corroded　becomes　bitter；　and　is　injurious　to

every　part　of　the　body　which　is　still　uncorrupted。　Sometimes；　when　the

bitter　element　is　refined　away；　the　black　part　assumes　an　acidity

which　takes　the　place　of　the　bitterness；　at　other　times　the　bitterness

being　tinged　with　blood　has　a　redder　colour；　and　this；　when　mixed　with

black；　takes　the　hue　of　grass；　and　again；　an　auburn　colour　mingles

with　the　bitter　matter　when　new　flesh　is　decomposed　by　the　fire

which　surrounds　the　internal　flame…to　all　which　symptoms　some

physician　perhaps；　or　rather　some　philosopher；　who　had　the　power　of

seeing　in　many　dissimilar　things　one　nature　deserving　of　a　name；　has

assigned　the　common　name　of　bile。　But　the　other　kinds　of　bile　are

variously　distinguished　by　their　colours。　As　for　serum；　that　sort

which　is　the　watery　part　of　blood　is　innocent；　but　that　which　is　a

secretion　of　black　and　acid　bile　is　malignant　when　mingled　by　the

power　of　heat　with　any　salt　substance；　and　is　then　called　acid　phlegm。

　Again；　the　substance　which　is　formed　by　the　liquefaction　of　new　and

tender　flesh　when　air　is　present；　if　inflated　and　encased　in　liquid　so

as　to　form　bubbles；　which　separately　are　invisible　owing　to　their

small　size；　but　when　collected　are　of　a　bulk　which　is　visible；　and

have　a　white　colour　arising　out　of　the　generation　of　foam…all　this

decomposition　of　tender　flesh　when　inter…mingled　with　air　is　termed　by

us　white　phlegm。　And　the　whey　or　sediment　of　newly…formed　phlegm　is

sweat　and　tears；　and　includes　the　various　daily　discharges　by　which

the　body　is　purified。　Now　all　these　become　causes　of　disease　when

the　blood　is　not　replenished　in　a　natural　manner　by　food　and　drink　but

gains　bulk　from　opposite　sources　in　violation　of　the　laws　of　nature。

When　the　several　parts　of　the　flesh　are　separated　by　disease；　if　the

foundation　remains；　the　power　of　the　disorder　is　only　half　as　great；

and　there　is　still　a　prospect　of　an　easy　recovery；　but　when　that　which

binds　the　flesh　to　the　bones　is　diseased；　and　no　longer　being

separated　from　the　muscles　and　sinews；　ceases　to　give　nourishment　to

the　bone　and　to　unite　flesh　and　bone；　and　from　being　oily　and　smooth

and　glutinous　becomes　rough　and　salt　and　dry；　owing　to　bad　regimen；

then　all　the　substance　thus　corrupted　crumbles　away　under　the　flesh

and　the　sinews；　and　separates　from　the　bone；　and　the　fleshy　parts　fall

away　from　their　foundation　and　leave　the　sinews　bare　and　full　of

brine；　and　the　flesh　again　gets　into　the　circulation　of　the　blood

and　makes　the　previously…mentioned　disorders　still　greater。　And　if

these　bodily　affections　be　severe；　still　worse　are　the　prior

disorders；　as　when　the　bone　itself；　by　reason　of　the　density　of　the

flesh；　does　not　obtain　sufficient　air；　but　becomes　mouldy　and　hot

and　gangrened　and　receives　no　nutriment；　and　the　natural　process　is

inverted；　and　the　bone　crumbling　passes　into　the　food；　and　the　food

into　the　flesh；　and　the　flesh　again　falling　into　the　blood　makes　all

maladies　that　may　occur　more　virulent　than　those　already　mentioned。

But　the　worst　case　of　all　is　when　the　marrow　is　diseased；　either

from　excess　or　defect；　and　this　is　the　cause　of　the　very　greatest

and　most　fatal　disorders；　in　which　the　whole　course　of　the　body　is

reversed。

　　There　is　a　third　class　of　diseases　which　may　be　conceived　of　as

arising　in　three　ways；　for　they　are　produced　sometimes　by　wind；　and

sometimes　by　phlegm；　and　sometimes　by　bile。　When　the　lung；　which　is

the　dispenser　of　the　air　to　the　body；　is　obstructed　by　rheums　and

its　passages　are　not　free；　some　of　them　not　acting；　while　through

others　too　much　air　enters；　then　the　parts　which　are　unrefreshed　by

air　corrode；　while　in　other　parts　the　excess　of　air　forcing　its　way

through　the　veins　distorts　them　and　decomposing　the　body　is　enclosed

in　the　midst　of　it　and　occupies　the　midriff　thus　numberless　painful

diseases　are　produced；　accompanied　by　copious　sweats。　And　oftentimes

when　the　flesh　is　dissolved　in　the　body；　wind；　generated　within　and

unable　to　escape；　is　the　source　of　quite　as　much　pain　as　the　air

coming　in　from　without；　but　the　greatest　pain　is　felt　when　the　wind

gets　about　the　sinews　and　the　veins　of　the　shoulders；　and　swells

them　up；　so　twists　back　the　great　tendons　and　the　sinews　which　are

connected　with　them。　These　disorders　are　called　tetanus　and

opisthotonus；　by　reason　of　the　tension　which　accompanies　them。　The

cure　of　them　is　difficult；　relief　is　in　most　cases　given　by　fever

supervening。　The　white　phlegm；　though　dangerous　when　detained　within

by　reason　of　the　air…bubbles；　yet　if　it　can　communicate　with　the

outside　air；　is　less　severe；　and　only　discolours　the　body；

generating　leprous　eruptions　and　similar　diseases。　When　it　is

mingled　with　black　bile　and　dispersed　about　the　courses　of　the　head；

which　are　the　divinest　part　of　us；　the　attack　if　coming　on　in　sleep；

is　not　so　severe；　but　when　assailing　those　who　are　awake　it　is　hard　to

be　got　rid　of；　and　being　an　affection　of　a　sacred　part；　is　most　justly

called　sacred。　An　acid　and　salt　phlegm；　again；　is　the　source　of　all

those　diseases　which　take　the　form　of　catarrh；　but　they　have　many

names　because　the　places　into　which　they　flow　are　manifold。

　　Inflammations　of　the　body　come　from　burnings　and　inflamings；　and　all

of　them　originate　in　bile。　When　bile　finds　a　means　of　discharge；　it

boils　up　and　sends　forth　all　sorts　of　tumours；　but　when　imprisoned

within；　it　generates　many　inflammatory　diseases；　above　all　when

mingled　with　pure　blood；　since　it　then　displaces　the　fibres　which

are　scattered　about　in　the　blood　and　are　designed　to　maintain　the

balance　of　rare　and　dense；　in　order　that　the　blood　may　not　be　so

liquefied　by　heat　as　to　exude　from　the　pores　of　the　body；　nor　again

become　too　dense　and　thus　find　a　difficulty　in　circulating　through　the

veins。　The　fibres　are　so　constituted　as　to　maintain　this　balance；

and　if　any　one　brings　them　all　together　when　the　blood　is　dead　and

in　process　of　cooling；　then　the　blood　which　remains　becomes　fluid；　but

if　they　are　left　alone；　they　soon　congeal　by　reason　of　the　surrounding

cold。　The　fibres　having　this　power　over　the　blood；　bile；　which　is　only

stale　blood；　and　which　from　being　flesh　is　dissolved　again　into　blood；

at　the　first　influx　coming　in　little　by　little；　hot　and　liquid；　is

congealed　by　the　power　of　the　fibres；　and　so　congealing　and　made　to

cool；　it　produces　internal　cold　and　shuddering。　When　it　enters　with

more　of　a　flood　and　overcomes　the　fibres　by　its　heat；　and　boiling　up

throws　them　into　disorder；　if　it　have　power　enough　to　maintain　its

supremacy；　it　penetrates　the　marrow　and　burns　up　what　may　be　termed

the　cables　of　the　soul；　and　sets　her　free；　but　when　there　is　not　so

much　of　it；　and　the　body　though　wasted　still　holds　out；　the　bile　is

itself　mastered；　and　is　either　utterly　banished；　or　is　thrust

through　the　veins　into　the　lower　or　upper…belly；　and　is　driven　out

of　the　body　like　an　exile　from　a　state　in　which　there　has　been　civil

war；　whence　arise　diarrhoeas　and　dysenteries；　and　all　such

disorders。　When　the　constitution　is　disordered　by　excess　of　fire；

continuous　heat　and　fever　are　the　result；　when　excess　of　air　is　the

cause；　then　the　fever　is　quotidian；　when　of　water；　which　is　a　more

sluggish　element　than　either　fire　or　air；　then　the　fever　is　a　tertian；

when　of　earth；　which　is　the　most　sluggish　of　the　four；　and　is　only

purged　away　in　a　four…fold　period；　the　result　is　a　quartan　fever；

which　can　with　difficulty　be　shaken　off。

　　Such　is　the　manner　in　which　diseases　of　the　body　arise；　the

disorders　of　the　soul；　which　depend　upon　the　body；　originate　as

follows。　We　must　acknowledge　disease　of　the　mind　to　be　a　want　of

intelligence；　and　of　this　there　are　two　kinds；　to　wit；　madness　and

ignorance。　In　whatever　state　a　man　experiences　either　of　them；　that

state　may　be　called　disease；　and　excessive　pains　and　pleasures　are

justly　to　be　regarded　as　the　greatest　diseases　to　which　the　soul　is

liable。　For　a　man　who　is　in　great　joy　or　in　great　pain；　in　his

unseasonable　eagerness　to　attain　the　one　and　to　avoid　the　other；　is

not　able　to　see　or　to　hear　anything　rightly；　but　he　is　mad；　and　is

at　the　time　utterly　incapable　of　any　participation　in　reason。　He　who

has　the　seed　about　the　spinal　marrow　too　plentiful　and　overflowing；

like　a　tree　overladen　with　fruit；　has　many　throes；　and　also　obtains

many　pleasures　in　his　desires　and　their　offspring；　and　is　for　the　most

part　of　his　life　deranged；　because