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APPENDIX¡£







NOTE¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡CONTRIBUTIONS¡¡OF¡¡FLEEMING¡¡JENKIN¡¡TO¡¡ELECTRICAL¡¡AND¡¡

ENGINEERING¡¡SCIENCE¡£¡¡¡¡BY¡¡SIR¡¡WILLIAM¡¡THOMSON£»¡¡F¡£R¡£S¡££»¡¡LL¡¡D¡££»¡¡ETC¡££»¡¡

ETC¡£



IN¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1859¡¡my¡¡former¡¡colleague¡¡£¨the¡¡first¡¡

British¡¡University¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Engineering£©£»¡¡Lewis¡¡Gordon£»¡¡at¡¡that¡¡

time¡¡deeply¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡the¡¡then¡¡new¡¡work¡¡of¡¡cable¡¡making¡¡and¡¡cable¡¡

laying£»¡¡came¡¡to¡¡Glasgow¡¡to¡¡see¡¡apparatus¡¡for¡¡testing¡¡submarine¡¡

cables¡¡and¡¡signalling¡¡through¡¡them£»¡¡which¡¡I¡¡had¡¡been¡¡preparing¡¡for¡¡

practical¡¡use¡¡on¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Atlantic¡¡cable£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡had¡¡actually¡¡

done¡¡service¡¡upon¡¡it£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡six¡¡weeks¡¡of¡¡its¡¡successful¡¡

working¡¡between¡¡Valencia¡¡and¡¡Newfoundland¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡seen¡¡

something¡¡of¡¡what¡¡I¡¡had¡¡in¡¡hand£»¡¡he¡¡said¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡'I¡¡would¡¡like¡¡to¡¡

show¡¡this¡¡to¡¡a¡¡young¡¡man¡¡of¡¡remarkable¡¡ability£»¡¡at¡¡present¡¡engaged¡¡

in¡¡our¡¡works¡¡at¡¡Birkenhead¡£'¡¡¡¡Fleeming¡¡Jenkin¡¡was¡¡accordingly¡¡

telegraphed¡¡for£»¡¡and¡¡appeared¡¡next¡¡morning¡¡in¡¡Glasgow¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡remained¡¡

for¡¡a¡¡week£»¡¡spending¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡day¡¡in¡¡my¡¡class¡­room¡¡and¡¡laboratory£»¡¡

and¡¡thus¡¡pleasantly¡¡began¡¡our¡¡lifelong¡¡acquaintance¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡was¡¡much¡¡

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thoroughly¡¡through¡¡every¡¡difficult¡¡question£»¡¡and¡¡£¨no¡¡if¡¡about¡¡

this£¡£©¡¡to¡¡slur¡¡over¡¡nothing¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡soon¡¡found¡¡that¡¡thoroughness¡¡of¡¡

honesty¡¡was¡¡as¡¡strongly¡¡engrained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡scientific¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡

side¡¡of¡¡his¡¡character¡£



In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡week¡¡of¡¡our¡¡acquaintance£»¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡telegraph¡¡and£»¡¡

particularly£»¡¡submarine¡¡cables£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡methods£»¡¡machines£»¡¡and¡¡

instruments¡¡for¡¡laying£»¡¡testing£»¡¡and¡¡using¡¡them£»¡¡formed¡¡naturally¡¡

the¡¡chief¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡our¡¡conversations¡¡and¡¡discussions£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡

in¡¡fact¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡object¡¡of¡¡Jenkin's¡¡visit¡¡to¡¡me¡¡in¡¡Glasgow£»¡¡

but¡¡not¡¡much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡week¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡before¡¡I¡¡found¡¡him¡¡remarkably¡¡

interested¡¡in¡¡science¡¡generally£»¡¡and¡¡full¡¡of¡¡intelligent¡¡eagerness¡¡

on¡¡many¡¡particular¡¡questions¡¡of¡¡dynamics¡¡and¡¡physics¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡he¡¡

returned¡¡from¡¡Glasgow¡¡to¡¡Birkenhead¡¡a¡¡correspondence¡¡commenced¡¡

between¡¡us£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡continued¡¡without¡¡intermission¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡last¡¡

days¡¡of¡¡his¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡commenced¡¡with¡¡a¡¡well¡­sustained¡¡fire¡¡of¡¡

letters¡¡on¡¡each¡¡side¡¡about¡¡the¡¡physical¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡submarine¡¡

cables£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡results¡¡attainable¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way¡¡of¡¡rapid¡¡

signalling¡¡through¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡Jenkin¡¡used¡¡excellently¡¡the¡¡valuable¡¡

opportunities¡¡for¡¡experiment¡¡allowed¡¡him¡¡by¡¡Newall£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡partner¡¡

Lewis¡¡Gordon£»¡¡at¡¡their¡¡Birkenhead¡¡factory¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡he¡¡began¡¡definite¡¡

scientific¡¡investigation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡copper¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conductor£»¡¡

and¡¡the¡¡insulating¡¡resistance¡¡and¡¡specific¡¡inductive¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡

its¡¡gutta¡­percha¡¡coating£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡factory£»¡¡in¡¡various¡¡stages¡¡of¡¡

manufacture£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡very¡¡first¡¡to¡¡introduce¡¡systematically¡¡

into¡¡practice¡¡the¡¡grand¡¡system¡¡of¡¡absolute¡¡measurement¡¡founded¡¡in¡¡

Germany¡¡by¡¡Gauss¡¡and¡¡Weber¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡immense¡¡value¡¡of¡¡this¡¡step£»¡¡if¡¡

only¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡telegraph£»¡¡is¡¡amply¡¡appreciated¡¡by¡¡

all¡¡who¡¡remember¡¡or¡¡who¡¡have¡¡read¡¡something¡¡of¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡

submarine¡¡telegraphy£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡can¡¡scarcely¡¡be¡¡known¡¡generally¡¡how¡¡

much¡¡it¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡Jenkin¡£



Looking¡¡to¡¡the¡¡article¡¡'Telegraph¡¡£¨Electric£©'¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡volume¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡old¡¡edition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡'Encyclopaedia¡¡Britannica£»'¡¡which¡¡was¡¡

published¡¡about¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1861£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡on¡¡record¡¡that¡¡Jenkin's¡¡

measurements¡¡in¡¡absolute¡¡units¡¡of¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡pure¡¡

gutta¡­percha£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gutta¡­percha¡¡with¡¡Chatterton's¡¡compound¡¡

constituting¡¡the¡¡insulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡Sea¡¡cable¡¡of¡¡1859£»¡¡are¡¡given¡¡

as¡¡the¡¡only¡¡results¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way¡¡of¡¡absolute¡¡measurements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

electric¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡an¡¡insulating¡¡material¡¡which¡¡had¡¡then¡¡been¡¡

made¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡remarks¡¡are¡¡prefaced¡¡in¡¡the¡¡'Encyclopaedia'¡¡article¡¡by¡¡

the¡¡following¡¡statement£º¡¡¡¡'No¡¡telegraphic¡¡testing¡¡ought¡¡in¡¡future¡¡

to¡¡be¡¡accepted¡¡in¡¡any¡¡department¡¡of¡¡telegraphic¡¡business¡¡which¡¡has¡¡

not¡¡this¡¡definite¡¡character£»¡¡although¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡within¡¡the¡¡last¡¡

year¡¡that¡¡convenient¡¡instruments¡¡for¡¡working£»¡¡in¡¡absolute¡¡measure£»¡¡

have¡¡been¡¡introduced¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡system¡¡of¡¡absolute¡¡

measure¡¡is¡¡still¡¡almost¡¡unknown¡¡to¡¡practical¡¡electricians¡£'



A¡¡particular¡¡result¡¡of¡¡great¡¡importance¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡testing¡¡is¡¡

referred¡¡to¡¡as¡¡follows¡¡in¡¡the¡¡'Encyclopaedia'¡¡article£º¡¡¡¡'The¡¡

importance¡¡of¡¡having¡¡results¡¡thus¡¡stated¡¡in¡¡absolute¡¡measure¡¡is¡¡

illustrated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡circumstance£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡writer¡¡has¡¡been¡¡able¡¡at¡¡

once¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡them£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡stated¡¡in¡¡a¡¡preceding¡¡

paragraph£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡own¡¡previous¡¡deductions¡¡from¡¡the¡¡testings¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡Atlantic¡¡cable¡¡during¡¡its¡¡manufacture¡¡in¡¡1857£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡Weber's¡¡

measurements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡copper¡£'¡¡¡¡It¡¡has¡¡now¡¡

become¡¡universally¡¡adapted¡¡¡­¡¡first¡¡of¡¡all¡¡in¡¡England£»¡¡twenty¡­two¡¡

years¡¡later¡¡by¡¡Germany£»¡¡the¡¡country¡¡of¡¡its¡¡birth£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡France¡¡and¡¡

Italy£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡countries¡¡of¡¡Europe¡¡and¡¡America¡¡¡­¡¡

practically¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡scientific¡¡world¡¡¡­¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Electrical¡¡Congress¡¡

in¡¡Paris¡¡in¡¡the¡¡years¡¡1882¡¡and¡¡1884¡£



An¡¡important¡¡paper¡¡of¡¡thirty¡¡quarto¡¡pages¡¡published¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

'Transactions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Royal¡¡Society'¡¡for¡¡June¡¡19£»¡¡1862£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡

title¡¡'Experimental¡¡Researches¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Transmission¡¡of¡¡Electric¡¡

Signals¡¡through¡¡submarine¡¡cables£»¡¡Part¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡Laws¡¡of¡¡Transmission¡¡

through¡¡various¡¡lengths¡¡of¡¡one¡¡cable£»¡¡by¡¡Fleeming¡¡Jenkin£»¡¡Esq¡££»¡¡

communicated¡¡by¡¡C¡£¡¡Wheatstone£»¡¡Esq¡££»¡¡F¡£R¡£S¡££»'¡¡contains¡¡an¡¡account¡¡

of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡part¡¡of¡¡Jenkin's¡¡experimental¡¡work¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Birkenhead¡¡

factory¡¡during¡¡the¡¡years¡¡1859¡¡and¡¡1860¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡paper¡¡is¡¡called¡¡Part¡¡

I¡£¡¡¡¡Part¡¡II¡£¡¡alas¡¡never¡¡appeared£»¡¡but¡¡something¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡have¡¡

included¡¡we¡¡can¡¡see¡¡from¡¡the¡¡following¡¡ominous¡¡statement¡¡which¡¡I¡¡

find¡¡near¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡Part¡¡I¡££º¡¡¡¡'From¡¡this¡¡value£»¡¡the¡¡

electrostatical¡¡capacity¡¡per¡¡unit¡¡of¡¡length¡¡and¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡

inductive¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dielectric£»¡¡could¡¡be¡¡determined¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡

points¡¡will£»¡¡however£»¡¡be¡¡more¡¡fully¡¡treated¡¡of¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡part¡¡

of¡¡this¡¡paper¡£'¡¡¡¡Jenkin¡¡had¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡made¡¡a¡¡determination¡¡at¡¡

Birkenhead¡¡of¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡inductive¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡gutta¡­percha£»¡¡or¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡gutta¡­percha¡¡and¡¡Chatterton's¡¡compound¡¡constituting¡¡the¡¡

insulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cable£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡he¡¡experimented¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡

very¡¡first¡¡true¡¡measurement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡inductive¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡a¡¡

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the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡property£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡primitive¡¡measurement¡¡of¡¡it¡¡

for¡¡the¡¡three¡¡substances£»¡¡glass£»¡¡shellac£»¡¡and¡¡sulphur£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡

time¡¡when¡¡Jenkin¡¡made¡¡his¡¡measurements¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡specific¡¡

inductive¡¡capacity¡¡was¡¡either¡¡unknown£»¡¡or¡¡ignored£»¡¡or¡¡denied£»¡¡by¡¡

almost¡¡all¡¡the¡¡scientific¡¡authorities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡day¡£



The¡¡original¡¡determination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡microfarad£»¡¡brought¡¡out¡¡under¡¡the¡¡

auspices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Association¡¡Committee¡¡on¡¡Electrical¡¡

Standards£»¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡experimental¡¡work¡¡by¡¡Jenkin£»¡¡described¡¡in¡¡a¡¡

paper£»¡¡'Experiments¡¡on¡¡Capacity£»'¡¡constituting¡¡No¡£¡¡IV¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

appendix¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Report¡¡presented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Dundee¡¡

Meeting¡¡of¡¡1867¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡other¡¡determination£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡I¡¡know£»¡¡of¡¡this¡¡

important¡¡element¡¡of¡¡electric¡¡measurement¡¡has¡¡hitherto¡¡been¡¡made£»¡¡

and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡no¡¡small¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡proud¡¡of¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡Jenkin's¡¡fame¡¡

as¡¡a¡¡scientific¡¡and¡¡practical¡¡electrician¡¡that¡¡the¡¡microfarad¡¡which¡¡

we¡¡now¡¡all¡¡use¡¡is¡¡his¡£



The¡¡British¡¡Association¡¡unit¡¡of¡¡electrical¡¡resistance£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡was¡¡

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on¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡Gauss¡¡and¡¡Weber£»¡¡was¡¡largely¡¡due¡¡to¡¡Jenkin's¡¡zeal¡¡

as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡originators£»¡¡and¡¡persevering¡¡energy¡¡as¡¡a¡¡working¡¡

member£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Electrical¡¡Standards¡¡Committee¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡

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the¡¡absolute¡¡system£»¡¡which¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡unit¡¡now¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡British¡¡

Association¡¡ohm£»¡¡was¡¡chiefly¡¡performed¡¡by¡¡Clerk¡¡Maxwell¡¡and¡¡Jenkin¡£¡¡¡¡

The¡¡realisation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡practical¡¡benefit¡¡which¡¡has¡¡resulted¡¡

from¡¡the¡¡experimental¡¡and¡¡scientific¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡is¡¡

certainly¡¡in¡¡a¡¡large¡¡measure¡¡due¡¡to¡¡Je

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