英语复习指南-第1章
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一、命题形式
根据《英语考试大纲》规定，英译汉主要测试考生根据上下文准确理解英语句子并用汉语正确予以表达的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分 （约150词） 译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
二、对考生的能力要求
2002年以后的研究生英语入学考试的英译汉题与以往相比有两个新特点：第一，英译汉是作为阅读理解题的一部分来设计的，即往年的五篇阅读理解文章减至四篇，另外一篇文章用于英译汉。但是，这种变化决不意味着对阅读理解能力降低要求，相反，它更强调英译汉的基础是理解，更强调对划线部分的正确理解对上下文的紧密依赖；第二个变化是该题的赋分由原来的15分降至10分。这一点希望考生给予关注。
英译汉题看似简单，其实不然。历年的考生答题情况都不是很理想。相当一部分考生面对结构复杂、意义抽象的英语句子，在正确理解和通顺表达两方面都有困难。因此，答好英译汉题，考生既要有较强的阅读理解能力，又要掌握英译汉的主要基本技能，同时还应有较强的汉语组织和表达能力，只有这样才能使译文准确、完整、通顺。
英译汉第二节 备考策略
一、典型真题回顾
●Exercise （选自2003年考研英语英译汉真题。）
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it。 Humans are thoughtful and creative； possessed of insatiable curiosity。 （1） Furthermore； humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live； thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies。 Therefore； it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner； with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth。 “Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of”。 By its very name； anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind。
Anthropology is one of the social sciences。 （2） Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned； orderly； systematic； and dispassioned manner that natural scientists used for the study of natural phenomena。
Social science disciplines include geography； economics； political science； psychology and sociology。 Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology。All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity。 Anthropology is a field study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis。 （3） The emphasis on data gathered first hand； combined with a cross cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present； makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science。
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture。 Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science。 （4） Tylor defined culture as “ 。。。 that complex whole which includes belief； art； morals； law； custom； and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society。” This insight； so profound in its simplicity； opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life。 Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned； shared； and patterned behavior。
（5） Thus； the anthropological concept of “culture”； like the concept of “set” in mathematics； is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understand。
参考译文
各个时代和地区的人们都思考各自的世界，探询自己在世界的位置。人类喜欢思考，善于创造，为永不休止的好奇心所征服。（1） 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。因此，以一种冷静而系统的方式研究人类丰富的内涵和广博的多样性是十分重要的。目的是通过这些研究获得的知识可以让人类与同类和谐生活，同时与世界上其他物种和谐相处。
“人类学”一词来自于希腊语“anthropos”（人）和“logos”（研究）两个词汇。从字面来看，人类学包括所有人类的研究。
人类学是社会科学的一个分支。（2） 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
社会科学学科包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学。所有这些学科都有一个课题或专业领域与人类学有密切的关系。
所有的社会科学集中研究人类的各个方面。人类学是以实地研究为导向的学科，广泛使用分析过程中的对比方法。（3） 强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
人类学的研究主要依赖于文化的概念。爱德华·泰勒对文化概念的定义是19世纪知识界取得的一个伟大的成就。（4） 泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯”。这一颇具洞察力的定义简单明了却意义深奥，为看待和理解人类生活提出了一种崭新的思维方式。泰勒的定义还暗示着某种看法，即文化是学会的、分享的和塑造的行为。
（5） 因此，人类学中的概念“文化”就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
●Exercise （选自2002年考研英语英译汉真题。）
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior； and they can not be solved by physical and biological technology alone。 What is needed is a technology of behavior； but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn。 （1） One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind； feelings； traits of character； human nature and so on。 Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them。 （2） The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because their explanatory items seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find。 The environment is obviously important； but its role has remained obscure。 It does not push or pull； it selects and this function is difficult to discover and analyze。 （3） The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago。 and the selective role of the environment in only environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied。 As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood； however； effects once assigned to states of mind； feelings； and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions； and a technology of behavior may therefore become available。 It will not solve our problems； however； until it replaces traditional prescientific views； and these are strongly entrenched。 Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty。 （4） They are the possessions of the autonomous （selfgoverning） man of traditional theory； and they are essential practices in which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements。 A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment。 It also questions concerning“values。”Who will use a technology and to what end。 （5） Until these issues are resolved； a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected； and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems。
参考译文
几乎人类的主要问题都与人类的行为有关，不可能只通过物理和生物技术来解决。所需的解决方法是行为技术，但是要从这样的技术研发这门行为科学，人类的行动一直迟缓。（1） 难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学曾一度使用了同样的做法；只有抛弃了这些做法，这两门学科才能取得进步。（2） 行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。毫无置疑，环境是重要的，但其作用是模糊的。环境既不排斥也不吸引，而是选择。这一功能很难发现和加以分析。（3） 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。某些结果曾一度被归因于思想、情感和性格特征的影响，但随着有机物与环境的相互作用逐步得以了解，这些结果正在被认为是由于可以接近的环境造成。行为技术因此应运而生了。但是，直到它代替了先前的科学观念才能解决人类的问题。可要改变这些观念并不容易，自由和尊严说明了这一困难。（4） 自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学的分析把责任和成绩都归于环境，同时对有关的“价值观”提出了质疑：技术使用者是谁和使用的目的是什么。（5） （如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
●Exercise （选自于2001年考研英语英译汉真题。）
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality。 Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments； allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall。
（1） There will be television chat shows hosted by robots； and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend。 （2） Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips； computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools； relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision； and digital age will have arrived。
According to BT’s futurologist； Ian Pearson； these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium （a period of 1；000 years）； when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life。
（3） Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place。 Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine； including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040。
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computerhuman links。“By linking directly to our nervous system； computers could pick up what we feel and； hopefully； simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments； rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck；”he says。 （4） But that； Pearson points out； is only the start of manmachine integration：“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century。”
Through his research； Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted。 However； there are still no forecasts for when fasterthanlight travel will be available； or when human cloning will be perfected； or when time travel will be possible。 But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances。 A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will； for example； cause problems in 2010； while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the druids； （5） And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder ——kitchen rage。
参考译文
“星球旅行”太空平台再过不到30年将成为现实。大脑神经系统与计算机的直接连接也将创造出全方位感官上的虚拟环境，�
