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Darwin¡¡and¡¡Modern¡¡Science

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ESSAYS¡¡IN¡¡COMMEMORATION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CENTENARY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡BIRTH¡¡OF¡¡CHARLES¡¡DARWIN¡¡AND
OF¡¡THE¡¡FIFTIETH¡¡ANNIVERSARY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡PUBLICATION¡¡OF¡¡¡¨THE¡¡ORIGIN¡¡OF¡¡SPECIES¡¨




¡¨My¡¡success¡¡as¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡science£»¡¡whatever¡¡this¡¡may¡¡have¡¡amounted¡¡to£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡determined£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡I¡¡can¡¡judge£»¡¡by¡¡complex¡¡and¡¡diversified¡¡mental¡¡qualities¡¡and¡¡conditions¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡these£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡have¡¡beenthe¡¡love¡¡of¡¡scienceunbounded¡¡patience¡¡in¡¡long¡¡reflecting¡¡over¡¡any¡¡subject¡¡industry¡¡in¡¡observing¡¡and¡¡collecting¡¡factsand¡¡a¡¡fair¡¡share¡¡of¡¡invention¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡of¡¡common¡¡sense¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡such¡¡moderate¡¡abilities¡¡as¡¡I¡¡possess£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡truly¡¡surprising¡¡that¡¡I¡¡should¡¡have¡¡influenced¡¡to¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡extent¡¡the¡¡belief¡¡of¡¡scientific¡¡men¡¡on¡¡some¡¡important¡¡points¡£¡¨

Autobiography¡¡£¨1881£©£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Life¡¡and¡¡Letters¡¡of¡¡Charles¡¡Darwin¡¨£»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡1¡£¡¡page¡¡107¡£


PREFACE

At¡¡the¡¡suggestion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cambridge¡¡Philosophical¡¡Society£»¡¡the¡¡Syndics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡University¡¡Press¡¡decided¡¡in¡¡March£»¡¡1908£»¡¡to¡¡arrange¡¡for¡¡the¡¡publication¡¡of¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of¡¡Essays¡¡in¡¡commemoration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Centenary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡birth¡¡of¡¡Charles¡¡Darwin¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Fiftieth¡¡anniversary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡publication¡¡of¡¡¡¨The¡¡Origin¡¡of¡¡Species¡¨¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡preliminary¡¡arrangements¡¡were¡¡made¡¡by¡¡a¡¡committee¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡following¡¡representatives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Council¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Philosophical¡¡Society¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Press¡¡Syndicate£º¡¡¡¡Dr¡¡H¡£K¡£¡¡Anderson£»¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Bateson£»¡¡Mr¡¡Francis¡¡Darwin£»¡¡Dr¡¡Hobson£»¡¡Dr¡¡Marr£»¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Sedgwick£»¡¡Mr¡¡David¡¡Sharp£»¡¡Mr¡¡Shipley£»¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Sorley£»¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Seward¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡preparation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡volume£»¡¡the¡¡original¡¡scheme¡¡and¡¡list¡¡of¡¡authors¡¡have¡¡been¡¡modified£º¡¡¡¡a¡¡few¡¡of¡¡those¡¡invited¡¡to¡¡contribute¡¡essays¡¡were£»¡¡for¡¡various¡¡reasons£»¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so£»¡¡and¡¡some¡¡alterations¡¡have¡¡been¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡titles¡¡of¡¡articles¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡selection¡¡of¡¡authors¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡subjects£»¡¡the¡¡committee¡¡are¡¡mainly¡¡responsible£»¡¡but¡¡for¡¡such¡¡share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡work¡¡in¡¡the¡¡preparation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡volume¡¡as¡¡usually¡¡falls¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡an¡¡editor¡¡I¡¡accept¡¡full¡¡responsibility¡£

Authors¡¡were¡¡asked¡¡to¡¡address¡¡themselves¡¡primarily¡¡to¡¡the¡¡educated¡¡layman¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the¡¡expert¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡hoped¡¡that¡¡the¡¡publication¡¡of¡¡the¡¡essays¡¡would¡¡serve¡¡the¡¡double¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡illustrating¡¡the¡¡far¡­reaching¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡Darwin's¡¡work¡¡on¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡the¡¡present¡¡attitude¡¡of¡¡original¡¡investigators¡¡and¡¡thinkers¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡views¡¡embodied¡¡in¡¡Darwin's¡¡works¡£

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In¡¡reading¡¡the¡¡essays¡¡in¡¡proof¡¡I¡¡have¡¡availed¡¡myself¡¡freely¡¡of¡¡the¡¡willing¡¡assistance¡¡of¡¡several¡¡Cambridge¡¡friends£»¡¡among¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡wish¡¡more¡¡especially¡¡to¡¡thank¡¡Mr¡¡Francis¡¡Darwin¡¡for¡¡the¡¡active¡¡interest¡¡he¡¡has¡¡taken¡¡in¡¡the¡¡preparation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡volume¡£¡¡¡¡Mrs¡¡J¡£A¡£¡¡Thomson¡¡kindly¡¡undertook¡¡the¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡essays¡¡by¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Weismann¡¡and¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Schwalbe£»¡¡Mrs¡¡James¡¡Ward¡¡was¡¡good¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡assist¡¡me¡¡by¡¡translating¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Bougle's¡¡article¡¡on¡¡Sociology£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡Mr¡¡McCabe¡¡I¡¡am¡¡indebted¡¡for¡¡the¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡essay¡¡by¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Haeckel¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡botanical¡¡articles¡¡by¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Goebel£»¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Klebs¡¡and¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Strasburger£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡responsible£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡revision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Strasburger's¡¡essay¡¡Madame¡¡Errera¡¡of¡¡Brussels¡¡rendered¡¡valuable¡¡help¡£¡¡¡¡Mr¡¡Wright£»¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Press¡¡Syndicate£»¡¡and¡¡Mr¡¡Waller£»¡¡the¡¡Assistant¡¡Secretary£»¡¡have¡¡cordially¡¡cooperated¡¡with¡¡me¡¡in¡¡my¡¡editorial¡¡work£»¡¡nor¡¡can¡¡I¡¡omit¡¡to¡¡thank¡¡the¡¡readers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡University¡¡Press¡¡for¡¡keeping¡¡watchful¡¡eyes¡¡on¡¡my¡¡shortcomings¡¡in¡¡the¡¡correction¡¡of¡¡proofs¡£

The¡¡two¡¡portraits¡¡of¡¡Darwin¡¡are¡¡reproduced¡¡by¡¡permission¡¡of¡¡Messrs¡¡Maull¡¡and¡¡Fox¡¡and¡¡Messrs¡¡Elliott¡¡and¡¡Fry¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡photogravure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡study¡¡at¡¡Down¡¡is¡¡reproduced¡¡from¡¡an¡¡etching¡¡by¡¡Mr¡¡Axel¡¡Haig£»¡¡lent¡¡by¡¡Mr¡¡Francis¡¡Darwin£»¡¡the¡¡coloured¡¡plate¡¡illustrating¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Weismann's¡¡essay¡¡was¡¡originally¡¡published¡¡by¡¡him¡¡in¡¡his¡¡¡¨Vortrage¡¡uber¡¡Descendenztheorie¡¨¡¡which¡¡afterwards¡¡appeared¡¡£¨1904£©¡¡in¡¡English¡¡under¡¡the¡¡title¡¡¡¨The¡¡Evolution¡¡Theory¡¨¡£¡¡¡¡Copies¡¡of¡¡this¡¡plate¡¡were¡¡supplied¡¡by¡¡Messrs¡¡Fischer¡¡of¡¡Jena¡£

The¡¡Syndics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡University¡¡Press¡¡have¡¡agreed£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡event¡¡of¡¡this¡¡volume¡¡being¡¡a¡¡financial¡¡success£»¡¡to¡¡hand¡¡over¡¡the¡¡profits¡¡to¡¡a¡¡University¡¡fund¡¡for¡¡the¡¡endowment¡¡of¡¡biological¡¡research¡£

It¡¡is¡¡clearly¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡express¡¡adequately¡¡in¡¡a¡¡single¡¡volume¡¡of¡¡Essays¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡Darwin's¡¡contributions¡¡to¡¡knowledge¡¡on¡¡the¡¡subsequent¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡scientific¡¡inquiry¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡Huxley¡¡said¡¡in¡¡1885£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Whatever¡¡be¡¡the¡¡ultimate¡¡verdict¡¡of¡¡posterity¡¡upon¡¡this¡¡or¡¡that¡¡opinion¡¡which¡¡Mr¡¡Darwin¡¡has¡¡propounded£»¡¡whatever¡¡adumbrations¡¡or¡¡anticipations¡¡of¡¡his¡¡doctrines¡¡may¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡writings¡¡of¡¡his¡¡predecessors£»¡¡the¡¡broad¡¡fact¡¡remains¡¡that£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡publication¡¡and¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡the¡¡publication¡¡of¡¡¡¨The¡¡Origin¡¡of¡¡Species¡¨¡¡the¡¡fundamental¡¡conceptions¡¡and¡¡the¡¡aims¡¡of¡¡the¡¡students¡¡of¡¡living¡¡Nature¡¡have¡¡been¡¡completely¡¡changed¡£¡£¡£But¡¡the¡¡impulse¡¡thus¡¡given¡¡to¡¡scientific¡¡thought¡¡rapidly¡¡spread¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡ordinarily¡¡recognised¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡Biology¡£¡¡¡¡Psychology£»¡¡Ethics£»¡¡Cosmology¡¡were¡¡stirred¡¡to¡¡their¡¡foundations£»¡¡and¡¡'The¡¡Origin¡¡of¡¡Species'¡¡proved¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡fixed¡¡point¡¡which¡¡the¡¡general¡¡doctrine¡¡needed¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡move¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¨

In¡¡the¡¡contributions¡¡to¡¡this¡¡Memorial¡¡Volume£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡authors¡¡have¡¡more¡¡especially¡¡concerned¡¡themselves¡¡with¡¡the¡¡results¡¡achieved¡¡by¡¡Darwin's¡¡own¡¡work£»¡¡while¡¡others¡¡pass¡¡in¡¡review¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡research¡¡on¡¡lines¡¡which£»¡¡though¡¡unknown¡¡or¡¡but¡¡little¡¡followed¡¡in¡¡his¡¡day£»¡¡are¡¡the¡¡direct¡¡outcome¡¡of¡¡his¡¡work¡£

The¡¡divergence¡¡of¡¡views¡¡among¡¡biologists¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡species¡¡and¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡most¡¡promising¡¡directions¡¡in¡¡which¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡for¡¡truth¡¡is¡¡illustrated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡different¡¡opinions¡¡of¡¡contributors¡£¡¡¡¡Whether¡¡Darwin's¡¡views¡¡on¡¡the¡¡modus¡¡operandi¡¡of¡¡evolutionary¡¡forces¡¡receive¡¡further¡¡confirmation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡future£»¡¡or¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡are¡¡materially¡¡modified£»¡¡in¡¡no¡¡way¡¡affects¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡statement¡¡that£»¡¡by¡¡employing¡¡his¡¡life¡¡¡¨in¡¡adding¡¡a¡¡little¡¡to¡¡Natural¡¡Science£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡revolutionised¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡thought¡£¡¡¡¡Darwin¡¡wrote¡¡in¡¡1872¡¡to¡¡Alfred¡¡Russel¡¡Wallace£º¡¡¡¡¡¨How¡¡grand¡¡is¡¡the¡¡onward¡¡rush¡¡of¡¡science£º¡¡¡¡it¡¡is¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡console¡¡us¡¡for¡¡the¡¡many¡¡errors¡¡which¡¡we¡¡have¡¡committed£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡our¡¡efforts¡¡being¡¡overlaid¡¡and¡¡forgotten¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡new¡¡facts¡¡and¡¡new¡¡views¡¡which¡¡are¡¡daily¡¡turning¡¡up¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡onward¡¡rush£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡easy¡¡for¡¡students¡¡convinced¡¡of¡¡the¡¡correctness¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡views¡¡and¡¡equally¡¡convinced¡¡of¡¡the¡¡falsity¡¡of¡¡those¡¡of¡¡their¡¡fellow¡­¡¡workers¡¡to¡¡forget¡¡the¡¡lessons¡¡of¡¡Darwin's¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡his¡¡autobiographical¡¡sketch£»¡¡he¡¡tells¡¡us£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡steadily¡¡endeavoured¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡my¡¡mind¡¡free¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡give¡¡up¡¡any¡¡hypothesis£»¡¡however¡¡much¡¡beloved¡£¡£¡£as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡facts¡¡are¡¡shown¡¡to¡¡be¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡it¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Writing¡¡to¡¡Mr¡¡J¡£¡¡Scott£»¡¡he¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡golden¡¡rule£»¡¡which¡¡I¡¡try¡¡to¡¡follow£»¡¡to¡¡put¡¡every¡¡fact¡¡which¡¡is¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡one's¡¡preconceived¡¡opinion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡strongest¡¡light¡£¡¡¡¡Absolute¡¡accuracy¡¡is¡¡the¡¡hardest¡¡merit¡¡to¡¡attain£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡merit¡£¡¡¡¡Any¡¡deviation¡¡is¡¡ruin¡£¡¨

He¡¡acted¡¡strictly¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡his¡¡determination¡¡expressed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡to¡¡Lyell¡¡in¡¡1844£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡shall¡¡keep¡¡out¡¡of¡¡controversy£»¡¡and¡¡just¡¡give¡¡my¡¡own¡¡facts¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡As¡¡was¡¡said¡¡of¡¡another¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Cambridge£»¡¡Sir¡¡George¡¡Stokes£»¡¡¡¨He¡¡would¡¡no¡¡more¡¡have¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡disputing¡¡about¡¡priority£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡authorship¡¡of¡¡an¡¡idea£»¡¡than¡¡of¡¡writing¡¡a¡¡report¡¡for¡¡a¡¡company¡¡promoter¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Darwin's¡¡life¡¡affords¡¡a¡¡striking¡¡confirmation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡of¡¡Hazlitt's¡¡aphorism£»¡¡¡¨Where¡¡the¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡truth¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡habitual¡¡study¡¡of¡¡any¡¡man's¡¡life£»¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡truth¡¡will¡¡be¡¡his¡¡ruling¡¡passion¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Great¡¡as¡¡was¡¡the¡¡intellect¡¡of¡¡Darwin£»¡¡his¡¡character£»¡¡as¡¡Huxley¡¡wrote£»¡¡was¡¡even¡¡nobler¡¡than¡¡his¡¡intellect¡£

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CONTENTS

I¡£¡¡¡¡INTRODUCTORY¡¡LETTER¡¡TO¡¡THE¡¡EDITOR¡¡from¡¡SIR¡¡JOSEPH¡¡DALTON¡¡HOOKER£»¡¡O¡£M¡£

II¡£¡¡¡¡DARWIN'S¡¡PREDECESSORS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡J¡£¡¡ARTHUR¡¡THOMSON£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Natural¡¡History¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Aberdeen¡£

III¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡SELECTION¡¡THEORY£º¡¡¡¡¡¡AUGUST¡¡WEISMANN£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Zoology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Freiburg¡¡£¨Baden£©¡£

IV¡£¡¡¡¡VARIATION£º¡¡¡¡¡¡HUGO¡¡DE¡¡VRIES£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Botany¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Amsterdam¡£

V¡£¡¡¡¡HEREDITY¡¡AND¡¡VARIATION¡¡IN¡¡MODERN¡¡LIGHTS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡W¡£¡¡BATESON£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Biology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Cambridge¡£

VI¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MINUTE¡¡STRUCTURE¡¡OF¡¡CELLS¡¡IN¡¡RELATION¡¡TO¡¡HEREDITY£º¡¡¡¡¡¡EDUARD¡¡STRASBURGER£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Botany¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Bonn¡£

VII¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨THE¡¡DESCENT¡¡OF¡¡MAN¡¨£º¡¡¡¡¡¡G¡£¡¡SCHWALBE£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Anatomy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Strassburg¡£

VIII¡£¡¡¡¡CHARLES¡¡DARWIN¡¡AS¡¡AN¡¡ANTHROPOLOGIST£º¡¡¡¡¡¡ERNST¡¡HAECKEL£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Zoology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Jena¡£

IX¡£¡¡¡¡SOME¡¡PRIMITIVE¡¡THEORIES¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡ORIGIN¡¡OF¡¡MAN£º¡¡¡¡¡¡J¡£G¡£¡¡FRAZER£»¡¡Fellow¡¡of¡¡Trinity¡¡College£»¡¡Cambridge¡£

X¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡DARWIN¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡STUDY¡¡OF¡¡ANIMAL¡¡EMBRYOLOGY£º¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡£¡¡SEDGWICK£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Zoology¡¡and¡¡Comparative¡¡Anatomy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Cambridge¡£

XI¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PALAEONTOLOGICAL¡¡RECORD¡£¡¡¡¡I¡£¡¡ANIMALS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡W¡£B¡£¡¡SCOTT£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Geology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Princeton¡£

XII¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PALAEONTOLOGICAL¡¡RECORD¡£¡¡¡¡II¡£¡¡PLANTS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡D¡£H¡£¡¡SCOTT£»¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Linnean¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡London¡£

XIII¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡ENVIRONMENT¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡FORMS¡¡OF¡¡PLANTS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡GEORG¡¡KLEBS£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Botany¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Heidelberg¡£

XIV¡£¡¡¡¡EXPERIMENTAL¡¡STUDY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡ENVIRONMENT¡¡ON¡¡ANIMALS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡JACQUES¡¡LOEB£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Physiology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡California¡£

XV¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡VALUE¡¡OF¡¡COLOUR¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡STRUGGLE¡¡FOR¡¡LIFE£º¡¡¡¡¡¡E¡£B¡£¡¡POULTON£»¡¡Hope¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Zoology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Oxford¡£

XVI¡£¡¡¡¡GEOGRAPHICAL¡¡DISTRIBUTION¡¡OF¡¡PLANTS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡SIR¡¡WILLIAM¡¡THISELTON¡­DYER¡£

XVII¡£¡¡¡¡GEOGRAPHICAL¡¡DISTRIBUTION¡¡OF¡¡ANIMALS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡HANS¡¡GADOW£»¡¡Strickland¡¡Curator¡¡and¡¡Lecturer¡¡on¡¡Zoology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Cambridge¡£

XVIII¡£¡¡¡¡DARWIN¡¡AND¡¡GEOLOGY£º¡¡¡¡¡¡J¡£W¡£¡¡JUDD¡£

XIX¡£¡¡¡¡DARWIN'S¡¡WORK¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡MOVEMENTS¡¡OF¡¡PLANTS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡FRANCIS¡¡DARWIN¡£

XX¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡BIOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡FLOWERS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡K¡£¡¡GOEBEL£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Botany¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Munich¡£

XXI¡£¡¡¡¡MENTAL¡¡FACTORS¡¡IN¡¡EVOLUTION£º¡¡¡¡¡¡C¡£¡¡LLOYD¡¡MORGAN£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Psychology¡¡at¡¡University¡¡College£»¡¡Bristol¡£

XXII¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CONCEPTION¡¡OF¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡ON¡¡MODERN¡¡PHILOSOPHY£º¡¡¡¡¡¡H¡£¡¡HOFFDING£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Philosophy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Copenhagen¡£

XXIII¡£¡¡¡¡DARWINISM¡¡AND¡¡SOCIOLOGY£º¡¡¡¡¡¡C¡£¡¡BOUGLE£»¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Social¡¡Philosophy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Toulouse£»¡¡and¡¡Deputy¡­Professor¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Sorbonne£»¡¡Paris¡£

XXIV¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡DARWIN¡¡UPON¡¡RELIGIOUS¡¡THOUGHT£º¡¡¡¡¡¡REV¡£¡¡P¡£N¡£¡¡WAGGETT¡£

XXV¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡DARWINISM¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡STUDY¡¡OF¡¡RELIGIONS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡JANE¡¡ELLEN¡¡HARRISON£»¡¡Staff¡­Lecturer¡¡and¡¡sometime¡¡Fellow¡¡of¡¡Newnham¡¡College£»¡¡Cambridge¡£

XXVI¡£¡¡¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡SCIENCE¡¡OF¡¡LANGUAGE£º¡¡¡¡¡¡P¡£¡¡GILES£»¡¡Reader¡¡in¡¡Comparative¡¡Philology¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Cambridge¡£

XXVII¡£¡¡¡¡DARWINISM¡¡AND¡¡HISTORY£º¡¡¡¡¡¡J¡£B¡£¡¡BURY£»¡¡Regius¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Modern¡¡History¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Cambridge¡£

XXVIII¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡GENESIS¡¡OF¡¡DOUBLE¡¡STARS£º¡¡¡¡¡¡SIR¡¡GEORGE¡¡DARWIN£»¡¡Plumian¡¡Professor¡¡of¡¡Astronomy¡¡and¡¡Experimental¡¡Philosophy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Cambridge¡£

XXIX¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡MATTER£º¡¡¡¡¡¡W¡£C¡£D¡£¡¡WHETHAM£»¡¡Fellow¡¡of¡¡Trinity¡¡College£»¡¡Cambridge¡£

INDEX¡£


DATES¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡PUBLICATION¡¡Of¡¡CHARLES¡¡DARWIN'S¡¡BOOKS¡¡AND¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡PRINCIPAL¡¡EVENTS¡¡IN¡¡HIS¡¡LIFE

1809£º

Charles¡¡Darwin¡¡born¡¡at¡¡Shrewsbury£»¡¡February¡¡12¡£

1817£º

¡¨At¡¡8¡¡1/2¡¡years¡¡old¡¡I¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Mr¡¡Case's¡¡

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