°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > darwin and modern science >

µÚ120ÕÂ

darwin and modern science-µÚ120ÕÂ

С˵£º darwin and modern science ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



¡¡often¡¡insisted¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡various¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡symbiosis¡£¡¡¡¡Kropotkin¡¡in¡¡¡¨Mutual¡¡Aid¡¨¡¡has¡¡chosen¡¡to¡¡enumerate¡¡many¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡altruism¡¡furnished¡¡by¡¡animals¡¡to¡¡mankind¡£¡¡¡¡Geddes¡¡and¡¡Thomson¡¡went¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡¡¨Each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡steps¡¡of¡¡progress¡¡is¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡an¡¡increased¡¡measure¡¡of¡¡subordination¡¡of¡¡individual¡¡competition¡¡to¡¡reproductive¡¡or¡¡social¡¡ends£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡interspecific¡¡competition¡¡to¡¡co¡­¡¡operative¡¡association¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡£¨Geddes¡¡and¡¡Thomson£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Evolution¡¡of¡¡Sex¡¨£»¡¡page¡¡311£»¡¡London£»¡¡1889¡££©¡¡¡¡Experience¡¡shows£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Geddes£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡types¡¡which¡¡are¡¡fittest¡¡to¡¡surmount¡¡great¡¡obstacles¡¡are¡¡not¡¡so¡¡much¡¡those¡¡who¡¡engage¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fiercest¡¡competitive¡¡struggle¡¡for¡¡existence£»¡¡as¡¡those¡¡who¡¡contrive¡¡to¡¡temper¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡all¡¡these¡¡observations¡¡there¡¡resulted£»¡¡along¡¡with¡¡a¡¡limitation¡¡of¡¡Darwinian¡¡pessimism£»¡¡some¡¡encouragement¡¡for¡¡the¡¡aspirations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡collectivists¡£

And¡¡Darwin¡¡himself¡¡would£»¡¡doubtless£»¡¡have¡¡subscribed¡¡to¡¡these¡¡rectifications¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡never¡¡insisted£»¡¡like¡¡his¡¡rival£»¡¡Wallace£»¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡solitary¡¡struggle¡¡of¡¡creatures¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡each¡¡for¡¡himself¡¡and¡¡against¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡in¡¡¡¨The¡¡Descent¡¡of¡¡Man¡¨£»¡¡he¡¡pointed¡¡out¡¡the¡¡serviceableness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡social¡¡instincts£»¡¡and¡¡corroborated¡¡Bagehot's¡¡statements¡¡when¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡applying¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡physics¡¡to¡¡politics£»¡¡showed¡¡the¡¡great¡¡advantage¡¡societies¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡intercourse¡¡and¡¡communion¡£¡¡¡¡Again£»¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡sexual¡¡evolution¡¡which¡¡makes¡¡the¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡types¡¡depend¡¡increasingly¡¡upon¡¡preferences£»¡¡judgments£»¡¡mental¡¡factors£»¡¡surely¡¡offers¡¡something¡¡to¡¡qualify¡¡what¡¡seems¡¡hard¡¡and¡¡brutal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡selection¡£

But£»¡¡as¡¡often¡¡happens¡¡with¡¡disciples£»¡¡the¡¡Darwinians¡¡had¡¡out¡­Darwined¡¡Darwin¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡extravagancies¡¡of¡¡social¡¡Darwinism¡¡provoked¡¡a¡¡useful¡¡reaction£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡people¡¡were¡¡led¡¡to¡¡seek£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡kingdom£»¡¡for¡¡facts¡¡of¡¡solidarity¡¡which¡¡would¡¡serve¡¡to¡¡justify¡¡humane¡¡effort¡£

On¡¡quite¡¡another¡¡line£»¡¡however£»¡¡an¡¡attempt¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡to¡¡connect¡¡socialist¡¡tendencies¡¡with¡¡Darwinian¡¡principles¡£¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡and¡¡Darwin¡¡have¡¡been¡¡confronted£»¡¡and¡¡writers¡¡have¡¡undertaken¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡German¡¡philosopher¡¡fell¡¡readily¡¡into¡¡line¡¡with¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English¡¡naturalist¡¡and¡¡was¡¡a¡¡development¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡endeavour¡¡of¡¡Ferri¡¡in¡¡Italy¡¡and¡¡of¡¡Woltmann¡¡in¡¡Germany£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡mention¡¡others¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡founders¡¡of¡¡¡¨scientific¡¡socialism¡¨¡¡had£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡themselves¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡this¡¡reconciliation¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡make¡¡more¡¡than¡¡one¡¡allusion¡¡to¡¡Darwin¡¡in¡¡works¡¡which¡¡appeared¡¡after¡¡1859¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡sometimes¡¡they¡¡use¡¡his¡¡theory¡¡to¡¡define¡¡by¡¡contrast¡¡their¡¡own¡¡ideal¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡remark¡¡that¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡system£»¡¡by¡¡giving¡¡free¡¡course¡¡to¡¡individual¡¡competition£»¡¡ends¡¡indeed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡bellum¡¡omnium¡¡contra¡¡omnes£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡make¡¡it¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡Darwinism£»¡¡thus¡¡understood£»¡¡is¡¡as¡¡repugnant¡¡to¡¡them¡¡as¡¡to¡¡Duhring¡£

But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡the¡¡scientific¡¡and¡¡not¡¡at¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡that¡¡they¡¡place¡¡themselves¡¡when¡¡they¡¡connect¡¡their¡¡economic¡¡history¡¡with¡¡Darwin's¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡Thanks¡¡to¡¡this¡¡unifying¡¡hypothesis£»¡¡they¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡have¡¡constructed¡¡as¡¡Marx¡¡does¡¡in¡¡his¡¡preface¡¡to¡¡¡¨Das¡¡Kapital¡¨a¡¡veritable¡¡natural¡¡history¡¡of¡¡social¡¡evolution¡£¡¡¡¡Engels¡¡speaks¡¡in¡¡praise¡¡of¡¡his¡¡friend¡¡Marx¡¡as¡¡having¡¡discovered¡¡the¡¡true¡¡mainspring¡¡of¡¡history¡¡hidden¡¡under¡¡the¡¡veil¡¡of¡¡idealism¡¡and¡¡sentimentalism£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡having¡¡proclaimed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡primum¡¡vivere¡¡the¡¡inevitableness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡for¡¡existence¡£¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡himself£»¡¡in¡¡¡¨Das¡¡Kapital¡¨£»¡¡indicated¡¡another¡¡analogy¡¡when¡¡he¡¡dwelt¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡general¡¡technology¡¡for¡¡the¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡this¡¡psychology£ºa¡¡history¡¡of¡¡tools¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡to¡¡social¡¡organs¡¡what¡¡Darwinism¡¡is¡¡to¡¡the¡¡organs¡¡of¡¡animal¡¡species¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡the¡¡very¡¡importance¡¡they¡¡attach¡¡to¡¡tools£»¡¡to¡¡apparatus£»¡¡to¡¡machines£»¡¡abundantly¡¡proves¡¡that¡¡neither¡¡Marx¡¡nor¡¡Engels¡¡were¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡forget¡¡the¡¡special¡¡characters¡¡which¡¡mark¡¡off¡¡the¡¡human¡¡world¡¡from¡¡the¡¡animal¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡former¡¡always¡¡remains¡¡to¡¡a¡¡great¡¡extent¡¡an¡¡artificial¡¡world¡£¡¡¡¡Inventions¡¡change¡¡the¡¡face¡¡of¡¡its¡¡institutions¡£¡¡¡¡New¡¡modes¡¡of¡¡production¡¡revolutionise¡¡not¡¡only¡¡modes¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡but¡¡modes¡¡even¡¡of¡¡collective¡¡thought¡£¡¡¡¡Therefore¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡society¡¡is¡¡controlled¡¡by¡¡laws¡¡special¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡spectacle¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡offers¡¡no¡¡suggestion¡£

If£»¡¡however£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡this¡¡special¡¡sphere£»¡¡it¡¡can¡¡still¡¡be¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡the¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡material¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡society¡¡is¡¡in¡¡accord¡¡with¡¡Darwin's¡¡theory£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡because¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡production¡¡is¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡be¡¡explained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡incessant¡¡strife¡¡of¡¡the¡¡various¡¡classes¡¡with¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡end¡¡Marx£»¡¡like¡¡Darwin£»¡¡finds¡¡the¡¡source¡¡of¡¡all¡¡progress¡¡in¡¡struggle¡£¡¡¡¡Both¡¡are¡¡grandsons¡¡of¡¡Heraclitus£ºpolemos¡¡pater¡¡panton¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡sometimes¡¡happens£»¡¡in¡¡these¡¡days£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡revolutionary¡¡socialism¡¡is¡¡contrasted¡¡as¡¡rude¡¡and¡¡healthy¡¡with¡¡what¡¡may¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡enervating¡¡tendency¡¡of¡¡¡¨solidarist¡¨¡¡philanthropy£º¡¡¡¡the¡¡apologists¡¡of¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡then¡¡pride¡¡themselves¡¡above¡¡all¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡faithfulness¡¡to¡¡Darwinian¡¡principles¡£

So¡¡far¡¡we¡¡have¡¡been¡¡mainly¡¡concerned¡¡to¡¡show¡¡the¡¡use¡¡that¡¡social¡¡philosophies¡¡have¡¡made¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Darwinian¡¡laws¡¡for¡¡practical¡¡purposes£º¡¡¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡orientate¡¡society¡¡towards¡¡their¡¡ideals¡¡each¡¡school¡¡tries¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡the¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡science¡¡is¡¡on¡¡its¡¡side¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡even¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡objective¡¡of¡¡theories£»¡¡those¡¡which¡¡systematically¡¡make¡¡abstraction¡¡of¡¡all¡¡political¡¡tendencies¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡study¡¡the¡¡social¡¡reality¡¡in¡¡itself£»¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡Darwinism¡¡are¡¡readily¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡£

Let¡¡us¡¡take¡¡for¡¡example¡¡Durkheim's¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡Division¡¡of¡¡Labour¡¡£¨¡¨De¡¡la¡¡Division¡¡du¡¡Travail¡¡social¡¨£»¡¡Paris£»¡¡1893¡££©¡¡¡¡The¡¡conclusions¡¡he¡¡derives¡¡from¡¡it¡¡are¡¡that¡¡whenever¡¡professional¡¡specialisation¡¡causes¡¡multiplication¡¡of¡¡distinct¡¡branches¡¡of¡¡activity£»¡¡we¡¡get¡¡organic¡¡solidarityimplying¡¡differencessubstituted¡¡for¡¡mechanical¡¡solidarity£»¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡likenesses¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡umbilical¡¡cord£»¡¡as¡¡Marx¡¡said£»¡¡which¡¡connects¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡consciousness¡¡with¡¡the¡¡collective¡¡consciousness¡¡is¡¡cut¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡personality¡¡becomes¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡emancipated¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡on¡¡what¡¡does¡¡this¡¡phenomenon£»¡¡so¡¡big¡¡with¡¡consequences£»¡¡itself¡¡depend£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡author¡¡goes¡¡to¡¡social¡¡morphology¡¡for¡¡the¡¡answer£º¡¡¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡he¡¡says£»¡¡the¡¡growing¡¡density¡¡of¡¡population¡¡which¡¡brings¡¡with¡¡it¡¡this¡¡increasing¡¡differentiation¡¡of¡¡activities¡£¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡again£»¡¡why£¿¡¡¡¡Because¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡density£»¡¡in¡¡thrusting¡¡men¡¡up¡¡against¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡augments¡¡the¡¡intensity¡¡of¡¡their¡¡competition¡¡for¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡existence£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡problems¡¡which¡¡society¡¡thus¡¡has¡¡to¡¡face¡¡differentiation¡¡of¡¡functions¡¡presents¡¡itself¡¡as¡¡the¡¡gentlest¡¡solution¡£

Here¡¡one¡¡sees¡¡that¡¡the¡¡writer¡¡borrows¡¡directly¡¡from¡¡Darwin¡£¡¡¡¡Competition¡¡is¡¡at¡¡its¡¡maximum¡¡between¡¡similars£»¡¡Darwin¡¡had¡¡declared£»¡¡different¡¡species£»¡¡not¡¡laying¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡the¡¡same¡¡food£»¡¡could¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡coexist¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡lay¡¡the¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡same¡¡oak¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡different¡¡insects¡¡might¡¡be¡¡found¡£¡¡¡¡Other¡¡things¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡applies¡¡to¡¡society¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡who¡¡finds¡¡some¡¡unadopted¡¡speciality¡¡possesses¡¡a¡¡means¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡for¡¡getting¡¡a¡¡living¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡by¡¡this¡¡division¡¡of¡¡their¡¡manifold¡¡tasks¡¡that¡¡men¡¡contrive¡¡not¡¡to¡¡crush¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡we¡¡obviously¡¡have¡¡a¡¡Darwinian¡¡law¡¡serving¡¡as¡¡intermediary¡¡in¡¡the¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡that¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡division¡¡of¡¡labour¡¡which¡¡itself¡¡explains¡¡so¡¡much¡¡in¡¡the¡¡social¡¡evolution¡£

And¡¡we¡¡might¡¡take¡¡another¡¡example£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡other¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡series¡¡of¡¡sociological¡¡systems¡£¡¡¡¡G¡£¡¡Tarde¡¡is¡¡a¡¡sociologist¡¡with¡¡the¡¡most¡¡pronounced¡¡anti¡­naturalistic¡¡views¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡has¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡all¡¡application¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡science¡¡to¡¡society¡¡is¡¡misleading¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡his¡¡¡¨Opposition¡¡Universelle¡¨¡¡he¡¡has¡¡directly¡¡combatted¡¡all¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡sociological¡¡Darwinism¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡him¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡that¡¡the¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡society¡¡can¡¡be¡¡traced¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡plan¡¡as¡¡the¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡species¡¡is¡¡chimerical¡£¡¡¡¡Social¡¡evolution¡¡is¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mercy¡¡of¡¡all¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡inventions£»¡¡which¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡imitation¡¡modify£»¡¡through¡¡individual¡¡to¡¡individual£»¡¡through¡¡neighbourhood¡¡to¡¡neighbourhood£»¡¡the¡¡general¡¡state¡¡of¡¡those¡¡beliefs¡¡and¡¡desires¡¡which¡¡are¡¡the¡¡only¡¡¡¨quantities¡¨¡¡whose¡¡variation¡¡matters¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sociologist¡£¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡rejoined£»¡¡that¡¡however¡¡psychical¡¡the¡¡forces¡¡may¡¡be£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡none¡¡the¡¡less¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡Darwinian¡¡laws¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡compete¡¡with¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡they¡¡struggle¡¡for¡¡the¡¡mastery¡¡of¡¡minds¡£¡¡¡¡Between¡¡types¡¡of¡¡ideas£»¡¡as¡¡between¡¡organic¡¡forms£»¡¡selection¡¡operates¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡though¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡that¡¡these¡¡types¡¡are¡¡ushered¡¡into¡¡the¡¡arena¡¡by¡¡unexpected¡¡discoveries£»¡¡we¡¡yet¡¡recognise¡¡in¡¡the¡¡psychological¡¡accidents£»¡¡which¡¡Tarde¡¡places¡¡at¡¡the¡¡base¡¡of¡¡everything£»¡¡near¡¡relatives¡¡of¡¡those¡¡small¡¡accidental¡¡variations¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡Darwin¡¡builds¡£¡¡¡¡Thus£»¡¡accepting¡¡Tarde's¡¡own¡¡representations£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡express¡¡in¡¡Darwinian¡¡terms£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡transpositions£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡idealistic¡¡sociologies¡¡that¡¡have¡¡ever¡¡been¡¡constructed¡£

These¡¡few¡¡examples¡¡suffice¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡enable¡¡us¡¡to¡¡estimate¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡field¡¡of¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡Darwinism¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡affects¡¡sociology¡¡not¡¡only¡¡through¡¡the¡¡agency¡¡of¡¡its¡¡advocates¡¡but¡¡through¡¡that¡¡of¡¡its¡¡opponents¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡questionings¡¡to¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has¡¡given¡¡rise¡¡have¡¡proved¡¡no¡¡less¡¡fruitful¡¡than¡¡the¡¡solutions¡¡it¡¡has¡¡suggested¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡short£»¡¡few¡¡doctrines£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡social¡¡philosophy£»¡¡will¡¡have¡¡produced¡¡on¡¡their¡¡passage¡¡a¡¡finer¡¡outcrop¡¡of¡¡ideas¡£


XXIV¡£¡¡¡¡THE¡¡INFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡DARWIN¡¡UPON¡¡RELIGIOUS¡¡THOUGHT¡£

By¡¡P¡£N¡£¡¡WAGGETT£»¡¡M¡£A¡££»¡¡S¡£S¡£J¡£E¡£

I¡£

The¡¡object¡¡of¡¡this¡¡paper¡¡is¡¡first¡¡to¡¡point¡¡out¡¡certain¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Darwinian¡¡influence¡¡upon¡¡Religious¡¡thought£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡to¡¡show¡¡reason¡¡for¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡that¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been£»¡¡from¡¡a¡¡Christian¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view£»¡¡satisfactory¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡proceed¡¡further¡¡to¡¡urge¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡apologetic¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡biology¡¡has¡¡been¡¡successful¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡variety¡¡of¡¡opinions¡¡may¡¡be¡¡held¡¡on¡¡this¡¡question£»¡¡without¡¡disturbing¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡movements¡¡of¡¡readjustment¡¡have¡¡been¡¡beneficial¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡remain¡¡Christians£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡by¡¡making¡¡them¡¡more¡¡Christian¡¡and¡¡not¡¡only¡¡more¡¡liberal¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡theologians¡¡may¡¡sometimes¡¡have¡¡retreated£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡has¡¡been¡¡an¡¡advance¡¡of¡¡theology¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡know¡¡that¡¡this¡¡account¡¡incurs¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡optimism¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡worst¡¡that¡¡could¡¡be¡¡made¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡influence¡¡has¡¡been¡¡limited¡¡in¡¡personal¡¡range£»¡¡unequal£»¡¡even¡¡divergent£»¡¡in¡¡operation£»¡¡and¡¡accompanied¡¡by¡¡the¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡waste¡¡and¡¡mischievous¡¡products¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡estimate¡¡which¡¡follows¡¡requires¡¡for¡¡due¡¡balance¡¡a¡¡full¡¡development¡¡of¡¡many¡¡qualifying¡¡considerations¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡this¡¡I¡¡lack¡¡space£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡must¡¡at¡¡least¡¡distinguish¡¡my¡¡view¡¡from¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡one¡¡that¡¡our¡¡difficulties¡¡about¡¡religion¡¡and¡¡natural¡¡science¡¡have¡¡come¡¡to¡¡an¡¡end¡£

Concerning¡¡the¡¡older¡¡questions¡¡about¡¡originsthe¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡of¡¡species£»¡¡of¡¡man£»¡¡of¡¡reason£»¡¡conscience£»¡¡religiona¡¡large¡¡measure¡¡of¡¡understanding¡¡has¡¡been¡¡reached¡¡by¡¡some¡¡thoughtful¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡meanwhile¡¡new¡¡questions¡¡have¡¡arisen£»¡¡questions¡¡about¡¡conduct£»¡¡regarding¡¡both¡¡the¡¡reality¡¡of¡¡morals¡¡and¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡right¡¡action¡¡for¡¡individuals¡¡and¡¡societies¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡these¡¡problems£»¡¡still¡¡far¡¡from¡¡solution£»¡¡may¡¡also¡¡be¡¡traced¡¡to¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡Darwin¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡they¡¡arise¡¡from¡¡the¡¡renewed¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡heredity£»¡¡brought¡¡about¡¡by¡¡the¡¡search¡¡for¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡variation£»¡¡without¡¡which¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡selection¡¡of¡¡variations¡¡has¡¡no¡¡sufficient¡¡basis¡£

Even¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡understanding¡¡about¡¡origins¡¡is¡¡very¡¡far¡¡from¡¡universal¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡these¡¡points¡¡there¡¡were¡¡always¡¡thoughtful¡¡men¡¡who¡¡denied¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡conflict£»¡¡and¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ