°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > darwin and modern science >

µÚ145ÕÂ

darwin and modern science-µÚ145ÕÂ

С˵£º darwin and modern science ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




Uranium¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡238¡£5¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha¡¡¡·¡¡Uranium¡­X¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡22¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡beta£»¡¡gamma¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡¡Actinium¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡rays¡¡¡·¡¡Actinium¡­X¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10¡£2¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha¡¡£¨beta£»¡¡gamma£©¡¡¡·¡¡Actinium¡¡Emanation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£9¡¡seconds¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha¡¡¡·¡¡Actinium¡­A¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡35¡£7¡¡minutes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡rays¡¡¡·¡¡Actinium¡­B¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£15¡¡minutes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha£»¡¡beta£»¡¡gamma¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡¡Radium¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡225¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡2600¡¡years¡¡¡¡alpha¡¡¡·¡¡Radium¡¡Emanation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£8¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha¡¡¡·¡¡Radium¡­A¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡¡minutes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha¡¡¡·¡¡Radium¡­B¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡21¡¡minutes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡rays¡¡¡·¡¡Radium¡­C¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡28¡¡minutes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha£»¡¡beta£»¡¡gamma¡¡¡·¡¡Radium¡­D¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡40¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡rays¡¡¡·¡¡Radium¡­E¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡beta¡¡£¨gamma£©¡¡¡·¡¡Radium¡­F¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡143¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alpha¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡¡Lead¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡207¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡rays

As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡transmutation¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡radio¡­activity¡¡was¡¡accepted£»¡¡it¡¡became¡¡natural¡¡to¡¡speculate¡¡about¡¡the¡¡intimate¡¡structure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡radio¡­¡¡active¡¡atoms£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mode¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡broke¡¡up¡¡with¡¡the¡¡liberation¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡their¡¡store¡¡of¡¡internal¡¡energy¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡could¡¡we¡¡imagine¡¡an¡¡atomic¡¡structure¡¡which¡¡would¡¡persist¡¡unchanged¡¡for¡¡long¡¡periods¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡eventually¡¡spontaneously¡¡explode£»¡¡as¡¡here¡¡an¡¡atom¡¡and¡¡there¡¡an¡¡atom¡¡reached¡¡a¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡instability£¿

The¡¡atomic¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡corpuscles¡¡or¡¡electrons¡¡fortunately¡¡was¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡be¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡this¡¡new¡¡problem¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡resulting¡¡speculations¡¡the¡¡most¡¡detailed¡¡and¡¡suggestive¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡J¡£J¡£¡¡Thomson¡£¡¡¡¡£¨¡¨Phil¡£¡¡Mag¡£¡¨¡¡March£»¡¡1904¡££©¡¡¡¡Thomson¡¡regards¡¡the¡¡atom¡¡as¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡mutually¡¡repelling¡¡negative¡¡corpuscles¡¡or¡¡electrons¡¡held¡¡together¡¡by¡¡some¡¡central¡¡attractive¡¡force¡¡which¡¡he¡¡represents¡¡by¡¡supposing¡¡them¡¡immersed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡uniform¡¡sphere¡¡of¡¡positive¡¡electricity¡£¡¡¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡forces£»¡¡the¡¡electrons¡¡space¡¡themselves¡¡in¡¡symmetrical¡¡patterns£»¡¡which¡¡depend¡¡on¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡electrons¡£¡¡¡¡Three¡¡place¡¡themselves¡¡at¡¡the¡¡corner¡¡of¡¡an¡¡equilateral¡¡triangle£»¡¡four¡¡at¡¡those¡¡of¡¡a¡¡square£»¡¡and¡¡five¡¡form¡¡a¡¡pentagon¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡six£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡single¡¡ring¡¡becomes¡¡unstable£»¡¡one¡¡corpuscle¡¡moves¡¡to¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡and¡¡five¡¡lie¡¡round¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡if¡¡we¡¡imagine¡¡the¡¡system¡¡rapidly¡¡to¡¡rotate£»¡¡the¡¡centrifugal¡¡force¡¡would¡¡enable¡¡the¡¡six¡¡corpuscles¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡a¡¡single¡¡ring¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡internal¡¡kinetic¡¡energy¡¡would¡¡maintain¡¡a¡¡configuration¡¡which¡¡would¡¡become¡¡unstable¡¡as¡¡the¡¡energy¡¡drained¡¡away¡£¡¡¡¡Now¡¡in¡¡a¡¡system¡¡of¡¡electrons£»¡¡electromagnetic¡¡radiation¡¡would¡¡result¡¡in¡¡a¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡energy£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡one¡¡point¡¡of¡¡instability¡¡we¡¡might¡¡well¡¡have¡¡a¡¡sudden¡¡spontaneous¡¡redistribution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constituents£»¡¡taking¡¡place¡¡with¡¡an¡¡explosive¡¡violence£»¡¡and¡¡accompanied¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ejection¡¡of¡¡a¡¡corpuscle¡¡as¡¡a¡¡beta¡­ray£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡fragment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡atom¡¡as¡¡an¡¡alpha¡­ray¡£

The¡¡discovery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡property¡¡of¡¡radio¡­activity¡¡in¡¡a¡¡small¡¡number¡¡of¡¡chemical¡¡elements¡¡led¡¡physicists¡¡to¡¡ask¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡property¡¡might¡¡not¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡other¡¡elements£»¡¡though¡¡in¡¡a¡¡much¡¡less¡¡striking¡¡form¡£¡¡¡¡Are¡¡ordinary¡¡materials¡¡slightly¡¡radio¡­active£¿¡¡¡¡Does¡¡the¡¡feeble¡¡electric¡¡conductivity¡¡always¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡¡contained¡¡within¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡of¡¡an¡¡electroscope¡¡depend¡¡on¡¡ionizing¡¡radiations¡¡from¡¡the¡¡material¡¡of¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡themselves£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡question¡¡is¡¡very¡¡difficult£»¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wide¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡slight¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡radium¡£¡¡¡¡Contact¡¡with¡¡radium¡¡emanation¡¡results¡¡in¡¡a¡¡deposit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fatal¡¡radium¡­D£»¡¡which¡¡in¡¡40¡¡years¡¡is¡¡but¡¡half¡¡removed¡£¡¡¡¡Is¡¡the¡¡¡¨natural¡¨¡¡leak¡¡of¡¡a¡¡brass¡¡electroscope¡¡due¡¡to¡¡an¡¡intrinsic¡¡radio¡­activity¡¡of¡¡brass£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡traces¡¡of¡¡a¡¡radio¡­active¡¡impurity¡¡on¡¡its¡¡surface£¿¡¡¡¡Long¡¡and¡¡laborious¡¡researches¡¡have¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡establishing¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡slight¡¡intrinsic¡¡radio¡­activity¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡metals¡¡such¡¡as¡¡potassium£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡left¡¡the¡¡wider¡¡problem¡¡still¡¡unsolved¡£

It¡¡should¡¡be¡¡noted£»¡¡however£»¡¡that£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡ordinary¡¡elements¡¡are¡¡not¡¡radio¡­¡¡active£»¡¡they¡¡may¡¡still¡¡be¡¡undergoing¡¡spontaneous¡¡disintegration¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡detection¡¡of¡¡ray¡­less¡¡changes¡¡by¡¡Rutherford£»¡¡when¡¡those¡¡changes¡¡are¡¡interposed¡¡between¡¡two¡¡radio¡­active¡¡transformations¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡followed£»¡¡show¡¡that¡¡spontaneous¡¡transmutation¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡without¡¡measureable¡¡radio¡­¡¡activity¡£¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡any¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡disintegration£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Thomson's¡¡corpuscular¡¡hypothesis£»¡¡would¡¡suggest¡¡that¡¡atomic¡¡rearrangements¡¡are¡¡of¡¡much¡¡more¡¡general¡¡occurrence¡¡than¡¡would¡¡be¡¡apparent¡¡to¡¡one¡¡who¡¡could¡¡observe¡¡them¡¡only¡¡by¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡projectiles£»¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡special¡¡cases£»¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡some¡¡peculiarity¡¡of¡¡atomic¡¡configuration£»¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡shot¡¡out¡¡with¡¡the¡¡enormous¡¡velocity¡¡needed¡¡to¡¡ionize¡¡the¡¡surrounding¡¡gas¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡evidence¡¡for¡¡such¡¡ray¡­less¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡ordinary¡¡elements¡¡is¡¡yet¡¡known£»¡¡perhaps¡¡none¡¡may¡¡ever¡¡be¡¡obtained£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡possibility¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡forgotten¡£

In¡¡the¡¡strict¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡word£»¡¡the¡¡process¡¡of¡¡atomic¡¡disintegration¡¡revealed¡¡to¡¡us¡¡by¡¡the¡¡new¡¡science¡¡of¡¡radio¡­activity¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡called¡¡evolution¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡each¡¡case¡¡radio¡­active¡¡change¡¡involves¡¡the¡¡breaking¡¡up¡¡of¡¡a¡¡heavier£»¡¡more¡¡complex¡¡atom¡¡into¡¡lighter¡¡and¡¡simpler¡¡fragments¡£¡¡¡¡Are¡¡we¡¡to¡¡regard¡¡this¡¡process¡¡as¡¡characteristic¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tendencies¡¡in¡¡accord¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡universe¡¡has¡¡reached¡¡its¡¡present¡¡state£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡passing¡¡to¡¡its¡¡unknown¡¡future£¿¡¡¡¡Or¡¡have¡¡we¡¡chanced¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡eddy¡¡in¡¡a¡¡backwater£»¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡main¡¡stream¡¡of¡¡advance£¿¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡chaos¡¡from¡¡which¡¡the¡¡present¡¡universe¡¡developed£»¡¡was¡¡matter¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡large¡¡highly¡¡complex¡¡atoms£»¡¡which¡¡have¡¡formed¡¡the¡¡simpler¡¡elements¡¡by¡¡radio¡­active¡¡or¡¡ray¡­less¡¡disintegration£¿¡¡¡¡Or¡¡did¡¡the¡¡primaeval¡¡substance¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡isolated¡¡electrons£»¡¡which¡¡have¡¡slowly¡¡come¡¡together¡¡to¡¡form¡¡the¡¡elements£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡have¡¡left¡¡here¡¡and¡¡there¡¡an¡¡anomaly¡¡such¡¡as¡¡that¡¡illustrated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡unstable¡¡family¡¡of¡¡uranium¡¡and¡¡radium£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡some¡¡such¡¡course¡¡are¡¡returning¡¡to¡¡their¡¡state¡¡of¡¡primaeval¡¡simplicity£¿


INDEX¡£

Abraxas¡¡grossulariata¡£

Acquired¡¡characters£»¡¡transmission¡¡of¡£

Acraea¡¡johnstoni¡£

Adaptation¡£

Adloff¡£

Adlumia¡¡cirrhosa¡£

Agassiz£»¡¡A¡£

Agassiz£»¡¡L¡£

Alexander¡£

Allen£»¡¡C¡£A¡£

Alternation¡¡of¡¡generations¡£

Ameghino¡£

Ammon£»¡¡O¡££»¡¡Works¡¡of¡£

Ammonites£»¡¡Descent¡¡of¡£

Amphidesmus¡¡analis¡£

Anaea¡¡divina¡£

Andrews£»¡¡C¡£W¡£

Angiosperms£»¡¡evolution¡¡of¡£

Anglicus£»¡¡Bartholomaeus¡£

Ankyroderma¡£

Anomma¡£

Antedon¡¡rosacea¡£

Antennularia¡¡antennina¡£

Anthropops¡£

Ants£»¡¡modifications¡¡of¡£

Arber£»¡¡E¡£A¡£N¡££»¡¡and¡¡J¡£¡¡Parkin£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡Angiosperms¡£

Archaeopteryx¡£

Arctic¡¡regions£»¡¡velocity¡¡of¡¡development¡¡of¡¡life¡¡in¡£

Ardigo¡£

Argelander¡£

Argyll£»¡¡Huxley¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡of¡£

Aristotle¡£

Arrhenius¡£

Asterias£»¡¡Loeb¡¡on¡¡hybridisation¡¡of¡£

Autogamy¡£

Avena¡¡fatua¡£

Avenarius¡£

Bacon£»¡¡on¡¡mutability¡¡of¡¡species¡£

Baehr£»¡¡von£»¡¡on¡¡Cytology¡£

Baer£»¡¡law¡¡of¡¡von¡£

Bain¡£

Baldwin£»¡¡J¡£M¡£

Balfour£»¡¡A¡£J¡£

Ball£»¡¡J¡£

Barber£»¡¡Mrs¡¡M¡£E¡££»¡¡on¡¡Papilio¡¡nireus¡£

Barclay£»¡¡W¡£

Barratt¡£

Bary£»¡¡de¡£

Bates£»¡¡H¡£W¡££»¡¡on¡¡Mimicry¡£¡¡Letters¡¡from¡¡Darwin¡¡to¡£¡¡elsewhere¡£

Bateson£»¡¡A¡£

BATESON£»¡¡W¡££»¡¡on¡¡¡¨Heredity¡¡and¡¡Variation¡¡in¡¡Modern¡¡lights¡¨¡£¡¡on¡¡discontinuous¡¡evolution¡£¡¡on¡¡hybridisation¡£

Bateson£»¡¡W¡£¡¡and¡¡R¡£P¡£¡¡Gregory¡£

Bathmism¡£

Beche£»¡¡de¡¡la¡£

Beck£»¡¡P¡£

Becquerel£»¡¡H¡£

Beebe£»¡¡C¡£W¡££»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡plumage¡¡of¡¡birds¡£¡¡on¡¡sexual¡¡selection¡£

Beguyer¡¡de¡¡Chancourtois¡£

Bell's¡¡£¨Sir¡¡Charles£©¡¡¡¨Anatomy¡¡of¡¡Expression¡¨¡£

Belopolsky¡£

Belt£»¡¡T¡££»¡¡on¡¡Mimicry¡£

Beneden£»¡¡E¡£¡¡van¡£

Benson£»¡¡M¡£

Bentham£»¡¡G¡££»¡¡on¡¡Darwin's¡¡species¡­theory¡£¡¡on¡¡geographical¡¡distribution¡£

Bentham£»¡¡Jeremy¡£

Bergson£»¡¡H¡£

Berkeley¡£

Berthelot¡£

Betham£»¡¡Sir¡¡W¡£

Bickford£»¡¡E¡££»¡¡experiments¡¡on¡¡degeneration¡¡by¡£

Bignonia¡¡capreolata¡£

Biophores¡£

Birds£»¡¡geological¡¡history¡¡of¡£

Blanford£»¡¡W¡£T¡£

Blaringhem£»¡¡on¡¡wounding¡£

Blumenbach¡£

Bodin¡£

Boltwood£»¡¡B¡£B¡£

Bonald£»¡¡on¡¡war¡£

Bonnet¡£

Bonney£»¡¡T¡£G¡£

Bonnier£»¡¡G¡£

Bopp£»¡¡F¡££»¡¡on¡¡language¡£

BOUGLE¡¡C¡££»¡¡on¡¡¡¨Darwinism¡¡and¡¡Sociology¡¨¡£

Bourdeau¡£

Bourget£»¡¡P¡£

Boutroux¡£

Boveri£»¡¡T¡£

Brachiopods£»¡¡history¡¡of¡£

Brassica£»¡¡hybrids¡¡of¡£

Brassica¡¡Napus¡£

Broca¡£

Brock£»¡¡on¡¡Kant¡£

Brown£»¡¡Robert¡£

Brugmann¡¡and¡¡Osthoff¡£

Brugmann¡£

Brunetiere¡£

Bruno£»¡¡on¡¡Evolution¡£

Buch£»¡¡von¡£

Bucher£»¡¡K¡£

Buckland¡£

Buckle¡£

Buffon¡£

Burchell£»¡¡W¡£J¡£

Burck£»¡¡W¡£

Burdon¡­Sanderson£»¡¡J¡££»¡¡letter¡¡from¡£

BURY£»¡¡J¡£B¡££»¡¡on¡¡¡¨Darwinism¡¡and¡¡History¡¨¡£

Butler£»¡¡A¡£G¡£

Butler£»¡¡Samuel¡£

Butschli£»¡¡O¡£

Butterflies£»¡¡mimicry¡¡in¡£¡¡sexual¡¡characters¡¡in¡£

Cabanis¡£

Campbell¡£

Camels£»¡¡geological¡¡history¡¡of¡£

Camerarius£»¡¡R¡£J¡£

Candolle£»¡¡A¡£¡¡de¡£

Cannon¡¡and¡¡Davenport£»¡¡experiments¡¡on¡¡Daphniae¡¡by¡£

Capsella¡¡bursapastoris¡£

Carneri¡£

Castnia¡¡linus¡£

Catasetum¡¡barbatum¡£

Catasetum¡¡tridentatum¡£

Caterpillars£»¡¡variation¡¡in¡£

Celosia£»¡¡variability¡¡of¡£

Cereals£»¡¡variability¡¡in¡£

Cesnola£»¡¡experiments¡¡on¡¡Mantis¡¡by¡£

Chaerocampa£»¡¡colouring¡¡of¡£

Chambers£»¡¡R¡££»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Vestiges¡¡of¡¡Creation¡¨¡¡by¡£

Chromosomes¡¡and¡¡Chromomeres¡£

Chun¡£

Cieslar£»¡¡experiments¡¡by¡£

Circumnutation£»¡¡Darwin¡¡on¡£

Claus¡£

Cleistogamy¡£

Clerke£»¡¡Miss¡¡A¡£

Clodd£»¡¡E¡£

Cluer¡£

Clytus¡¡arietis¡£

Coadaptation¡£

Codrington¡£

Cohen¡¡and¡¡Peter¡£

Collingwood¡£

Colobopsis¡¡truncata¡£

Colour£»¡¡E¡£B¡£¡¡Poulton¡¡on¡¡The¡¡Value¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Struggle¡¡for¡¡life¡¡of¡£¡¡influence¡¡and¡¡temperature¡¡on¡¡changes¡¡in¡£¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡Sexual¡¡Selection¡£

Colours£»¡¡incidental¡£¡¡warning¡£

Comte£»¡¡A¡£

Condorcet¡£

Cope¡£

Coral¡¡reefs£»¡¡Darwin's¡¡work¡¡on¡£

Correlation¡¡of¡¡organisms£»¡¡Darwin's¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡£

Correlation¡¡of¡¡parts¡£

Corydalis¡¡claviculata¡£

Cournot¡£

Couteur£»¡¡Col¡£¡¡Le¡£

Crooks£»¡¡Sir¡¡William¡£

Cruger£»¡¡on¡¡Orchids¡£

Cunningham¡¡and¡¡Marchand£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡brain¡£

Curie£»¡¡M¡£¡¡and¡¡Mme¡£

Cuvier¡£

Cycadeoidea¡¡dacotensis¡£

Cycads£»¡¡geological¡¡history¡¡of¡£

Cystidea£»¡¡an¡¡ancient¡¡group¡£

Cytology¡¡and¡¡heredity¡£

Cytolysis¡¡and¡¡fertilisation¡£

Czapek¡£

Dalton's¡¡atomic¡¡theory¡£

Dana£»¡¡J¡£D¡££»¡¡on¡¡marine¡¡faunas¡£

Danaida¡¡chrysippus¡£

Danaida¡¡genutia¡£

Danaida¡¡plexippus¡£

Dante¡£

Dantec£»¡¡Le£»

Darwin£»¡¡Charles£»¡¡as¡¡an¡¡Anthropologist¡£¡¡on¡¡ants¡£¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¨Beagle¡¨¡¡Voyage¡£¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Biology¡¡of¡¡Flowers¡£¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Botanist¡£¡¡his¡¡influence¡¡on¡¡Botany¡£¡¡and¡¡S¡£¡¡Butler¡£¡¡at¡¡Cambridge¡£¡¡on¡¡Cirripedia¡£¡¡on¡¡climbing¡¡plants¡£¡¡on¡¡colour¡£¡¡on¡¡coral¡¡reefs¡£¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Descent¡¡of¡¡Man¡£¡¡his¡¡work¡¡on¡¡Drosera¡£¡¡at¡¡Edinburgh¡£¡¡his¡¡influence¡¡on¡¡Animal¡¡Embryology¡£¡¡on¡¡Geographical¡¡Distribution¡£¡¡his¡¡work¡¡on¡¡Earthworms¡£¡¡evolutionist¡¡authors¡¡referred¡¡to¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨Origin¡¨¡¡by¡£¡¡and¡¡E¡£¡¡Forbes¡£¡¡on¡¡the¡¡geological¡¡record¡£¡¡and¡¡Geology¡£¡¡his¡¡early¡¡love¡¡for¡¡geology¡£¡¡his¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Geological¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡London¡£¡¡and¡¡Haeckel¡£¡¡and¡¡Henslow¡£¡¡and¡¡History¡£¡¡and¡¡Hooker¡£¡¡and¡¡Huxley¡£¡¡on¡¡ice¡­action¡£¡¡on¡¡igneous¡¡rocks¡£¡¡on¡¡Lamarck¡£¡¡on¡¡Language¡£¡¡his¡¡Scientific¡¡Library¡£¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Linnean¡¡Society¡£¡¡and¡¡Lyell¡£¡¡and¡¡Malthus¡£¡¡on¡¡Patrick¡¡Matthew¡£¡¡on¡¡mental¡¡evolution¡£¡¡on¡¡Mimicry¡£¡¡a¡¡¡¨Monistic¡¡Philosopher¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡on¡¡the¡¡movements¡¡of¡¡plants¡£¡¡on¡¡Natural¡¡Selection¡£¡¡a¡¡¡¨Naturalist¡¡for¡¡Naturalists¡£¡¨¡¡on¡¡Paley¡£

Darwin£»¡¡Charles£»¡¡his¡¡Pangenesis¡¡hypothesis¡£¡¡on¡¡the¡¡permanence¡¡of¡¡continents¡£¡¡his¡¡personality¡£¡¡his¡¡influence¡¡on¡¡Philosophy¡£¡¡predecessors¡¡of¡£¡¡his¡¡views¡¡on¡¡religion£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡his¡¡influence¡¡on¡¡religious¡¡thought¡£¡¡his¡¡influence¡¡on¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡religions¡£¡¡his¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡research¡£¡¡and¡¡Sedgwick¡£¡¡on¡¡Sexual¡¡Selection¡£¡¡the¡¡first¡¡germ¡¡of¡¡his¡¡species¡¡theory¡£¡¡on¡¡H¡£¡¡Spencer¡£¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡his¡¡success

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ