history of friedrich ii of prussia v 16-第44章
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on those Seas； and to ponderate or preponderate there； according to the real amount of weight they and their errand have？ OR； English to have their ears torn off； and imperious French…Spanish Bourbons； grounding on extinct Pope's…meridians； GLOIRE and other imaginary bases； to take command？〃 The incalculable Yankee Nations； shall they be in effect YANGKEE （〃English〃 with a difference）； or FRANGCEE （〃French〃 with a difference）？ A Question not to be closed by Diplomatic putty； try as you will！
By Treaty of Utrecht （1713）； 〃all Nova Scotia ＇ACADIE as then called＇； with Newfoundland and the adjacent Islands；〃 was ceded to the English； and has ever since been possessed by them accordingly。 Unluckily that Treaty omitted to settle a Line of Boundary to landward； or westward； for their 〃NOVA SCOTIA；〃 or generally； a Boundary from NORTH TO SOUTH between the British Colonies and the French in those parts。
The Treaty of Aix…la…Chapelle； eager to conclude itself； stipulated； with great distinctness； that Cape Breton； all its guns and furnishings entire； should be restored at once （France extremely anxious on that point）； but for the rest had； being in such haste； flung itself altogether into the principle of STATUS… QUO…ANTE； as the short way for getting through。 The boundary in America was vaguely defined； as 〃now to be what it had been before the War。〃 It had； for many years before the War； been a subject of constant altercation。 ACADIE； for instance； the NOVA SCOTIA of the English since Utrecht time； the French maintained to mean only 〃the Peninsula〃； or Nook included between the Ocean Waters and the Bay of Fundy。 And； more emphatic still； on the 〃Isthmus〃 （or narrow space； at northwest； between said Bay and the Ocean or the Gulf of St。 Lawrence） they had built 〃Forts：〃 〃Stockades；〃 or I know not what； 〃on the Missaquish〃 （HODIE Missiquash）； a winding difficult river； northmost of the Bay of Fundy's rivers； which the French affirm to be the real limit in that quarter。 The sparse French Colonists of the interior； subjects of England； are not to be conciliated by perfect toleration of religion and the like； but have an invincible proclivity to join their Countrymen outside； and wish well to those Stockades on the Missiquash。 It must be owned； too； the French Official People are far from scrupulous or squeamish； show energy of management； and are very skilful with the Indians； who are an important item。 Canada is all French； has its Quebecs； Montreals； a St。 Lawrence River occupied at all the good military points； and serving at once as bulwark and highway。
Southward and westward； France； in its exuberant humor； claims for itself The whole Basin of the St。 Lawrence； and the whole Basin of the Mississippi as well： 〃Have not we Stockades； Castles； at the military points； Fortified Places in Louisiana itself？〃 Yes；and how many Ploughed Fields bearing Crop have you？ It is to the good Plougher； not ultimately to the good Cannonier； that those portions of Creation will belong？ The exuberant intention of the French is； after getting back Cape Breton； 〃To restrict those aspiring English Colonies；〃 mere Ploughers and Traders； hardly numbering above one million； 〃to the Space eastward of the Alleghany Mountains；〃 over which they are beginning to climb； 〃and southward of that Missiquash； or； at farthest； of the Penobscot and Kennebunk〃 （rivers HODIE in the State of Maine）。 ＇La Gallisonniere； Governor of Canada's DESPATCH； 〃Quebec； 15th January； 1749〃 （cited in Bancroft； History of the United States； Boston； 1839； et seq。）。 〃The English Inhabitants are computed at 1；051；000； French （in Canada 45；000； in Louisiana 7；000）； in all 52；000：〃 History of British Dominions in North America （London； 1773）； p。 13。 Bancroft （i。 154） counts the English Colonists in 〃1754 about 1；200；000。〃＇ That will be a very pretty Parallelogram for them and their ploughs and trade…packs： we； who are 50；000 odd； expert with the rifle far beyond them； will occupy the rest of the world。 Such is the French exuberant notion： and； October； 1745； before signature at Aix…la…Chapelle； much more before Delivery of Cape Breton； the Commandant at Detroit （west end of Lake Erie） had received orders； 〃To oppose peremptorily every English Establishment not only thereabouts； but on the Ohio or its tributaries； by monition first； and then by force； if monition do not serve。〃
Establishments of any solidity or regularity the English have not in those parts； beyond the Alleghanies all is desert： 〃from the Canada Lakes to the Carolinas； mere hunting…ground of the Six Nations； dotted with here and there an English trading…house； or adventurous Squatter's farm：〃to whom now the French are to say： 〃Home you； instantly； and leave the Desert alone！〃 The French have distinct Orders from Court； and energetically obey the same； the English have indistinct Orders from Nature； and do not want energy； or mind to obey these： confusions and collisions are manifold； ubiquitous； continual。 Of which the history would be tiresome to everybody； and need only be indicated here by a mark or two of the main passages。
In 1749； three things had occurred worth mention。 FIRST； Captain Coram； a public…spirited half…pay gentleman in London； originator of the Foundling Hospital there； had turned his attention to the fine capabilities and questionable condition of NOVA SCOTIA； with few inhabitants； and those mostly disaffected； and； by many efforts now forgotten； had got the Government persuaded to despatch （June； 1749） a kind of Half…pay or Military Colony to those parts： 〃more than 1；400 persons disbanded officers； soldiers and marines； under Colonel Edward Cornwallis；〃 Brother of the since famous Lord Cornwallis。 ＇Coxe's Pelham； ii。 113。＇ Who landed； accordingly； on that rough shore； stockaded themselves in； hardily endeavoring and enduring； and next year； built a Town for themselves； Town of HALIFAX （so named from the then Lord Halifax； President of the Board of Trade）； which stands there； in more and more conspicuous manner； at this day。 Thanks to you； Captain Coram； though the ungrateful generations （except dimly in CORAM Street； near your Hospital） have lost all memory of you； as their wont is。 Blockheads； never mind them。
The SECOND thing is； an 〃Ohio Company〃 has got together in Virginia； Governor there encouraging； Britannic Majesty giving Charter （March； 1749）； and what is still easier； 〃500；000 Acres of Land〃 in those Ohio regions； since you are minded to colonize there in a fixed manner。 Britannic Majesty thinks the Country 〃between the Monongahela and the Kanahawy〃 （southern feeders of Ohio） will do best； but is not particular。 Ohio Company； we shall find； chose at last； as the eligible spot； the topmost fork or very Head of the Ohio；where Monongahela River from south and Alleghany River from north unite to form 〃The Ohio；〃 where stands； in our day； the big sooty Town of Pittsburg and its industries。 Ohio Company was laudably eager on this matter； Land…Surveyor in it （nay； at length； 〃Colonel of a Regiment of 150 men raised by the Ohio Company〃） was Mr。 George Washington； whose Family had much promoted the Enterprise； and who was indeed a steady…going； considerate； close… mouthed Young Gentleman； who came to great distinction in the end。
French Governor （La Gallisonniere still the man）； getting wind of this Ohio Company still in embryo； anticipates the birth； sends a vigilant Commandant thitherward； 〃with 300 men； To trace and occupy the Valleys of the Ohio and of the St。 Lawrence； as far as Detroit。〃 That officer 〃buries plates of lead；〃 up and down the Country； with inscriptions signifying that 〃from the farthest ridge； whence water trickled towards the Ohio； the Country belonged to France； and nails the Bourbon Lilies to the forest…trees； forbidding the Indians all trade with the English； expels the English traders from the towns of the Miamis； and writes to the Governor of Pennsylvania； requesting him to prevent all farther intrusion。〃 Vigilant Governors； these French； and well supported from home。 Duquesne； the vigilant successor of La Gallisonniere （who is now wanted at home； for still more important purposes； as will appear）； finding 〃the lead plates〃 little regarded； sends； by and by； 500 new soldiers from Detroit into those Ohio parts （march of 100 miles or so）；〃the French Government having； in this year 1750； shipped no fewer than 8；000 men for their American Garrisons；〃and where the Ohio Company venture on planting a Stockade； tears it tragically out； as will be seen！
The THIRD thing worth notice； in 1749； and still more in the following year and years； had reference to Nova Scotia again。 One La Corne； 〃a recklessly sanguinary partisan〃 （military gentleman of the Trenck； INDIGO…Trenck species）； nestles himself （winter； 1749…50） on that Missiquash River； head of the Bay of Fundy； in the Village of Chignecto； which is admittedly English ground； though inhabited by French。 La Corne compels； or admits； the Inhabitants to swear allegiance to France again； and to make themselves useful in fortifying； not to say in drilling；with an eye to military work。 Hearing of which； Colonel Cornwallis and incipient Halifax are much at a loss。 They in vain seek aid from the Governor of Massachusetts （〃Assembly to be consulted first； to be convinced； Constitutional rights：Nothing possible just； at once〃）；and can only send a party of 400 men； to try and recover Chignecto at any rate。 April 20th； 1750； the 400 arrive there； order La Corne instantly to go。 Bourbon Flag is waving on his dikes； this side the Missiquash： high time that he and it were gone。 〃Village Priest ＇flamingly orthodox； as all these Priests are； all picked for the business＇； with his own hands； sets fire to the Church in Chignecto； 〃inhabitants burn their houses； and escape across the river；La Corne as rear…guard。 La Corne； across the Missiquash； declares； That； to a certainty； he is now on French ground； that he will； at all hazards； defend the Territory here； and maintain every inch of it；〃till regular Commissioners ＇due ever since the Treaty of Aix； had not that ROMISH…KING Business been so pressing＇ have settled what the Boundary between the two Countries is。〃Chignecto being ashes； and the neighboring population gone； Cornwallis and his Four Hundred had to return to Halifax。
It was not till Autumn following； that Chignecto could be solidly got hold of by the Halifax people； nor till a long time after； that La Corne could be dislodged from his stockades； and sent packing。 ＇ Gentleman's Magazine； xx。 539； 295。＇ September； 1750； a new Expedition on Chignecto found the place populous again； Indians； French 〃Peasants〃 （seemingly Soldiers of a sort）； who stood very fiercely behind their defences； and needed a determined on…rush； and 〃volley close into their noses；〃 before disappearing。 This was reckoned the first military bloodshed （if this were really military on the French side）。 And in November following； some small British Cruiser on those Coasts； falling in with a French Brigantine； from Quebec； evidently carrying military stores and solacements for La Corne； seized the same； by force of battle； since not otherwise；three men lost to the British； five to the Fre
