history of friedrich ii of prussia v 16-第8章
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〃Such march of the Russians； on behalf of Human Liberty； in pay of Britannic Majesty； is a surprising fact； and considerably discomposes the French。 Who bestir themselves in Sweden and elsewhere against Russia and it： with no result；except perhaps the incidental one； of getting our esteemed old friend Guy Dickens； now Sir Guy； dismissed from Stockholm； and we hope put on half…pay on his return home。〃 ＇Adelung； vi。 250； 302：Sir Guy； not yet invalided； 〃went to Russia；〃 and other errands。＇
MARSHAL KEITH COMES TO PRUSSIA （September； 1747）。
〃Much hustling and intriguing；〃 it appears； in regard to the Captaincy of these Russians。 Concerning which there is no word worthy to be said；except for one reason only； That it finished off the connection of General Keith with Russia。 That this of seeing Repnin； his junior and inferior； preferred to him； was； of many disgusts； the last drop which made the cup run over；and led the said General to fling it from him； and seek new fields of employment。 From Hamburg； having got so far； he addresses himself； 1st September； 1747； to Friedrich； with offer of service； who grasps eagerly at the offer： 〃Feldmarschall your rank； income； 1；200 a year； income； welcome； all suitable：〃and； October 28th； Feldmarschall Keith finishes； at Potsdam； a long Letter to his Brother Lord Marischal； in these words； worth giving； as those of a very clear…eyed sound observer of men and things： 〃I have now the honor； and； which is still more； the pleasure； of being with the King at Potsdam； where he ordered me to come；〃 17th current； 〃two days after he declared me Fieldmarshal： Where I have the honor to dine and sup with him almost every day。 He has more wit than I have wit to tell you； speaks solidly and knowingly on all kinds of subjects； and I am much mistaken if； with the experience of Four Campaigns； he is not the best Officer of his Army。 He has several persons；〃 Rothenburg； Winterfeld； Swedish Rudenskjold （just about departing）； not to speak of D'Argens and the French； 〃with whom he lives in almost the familiarity of a friend；but has no favorite；and shows a natural politeness for everybody who is about him。 For one who has been four days about his person； you will say I pretend to know a great deal of his character： but what I tell you； you may depend upon。 With more time； I shall know as much of him as he will let me know；and all his Ministry knows no more。〃 ＇Varnhagen van Ense； Leben des Feldmarschalls Jakob Keith （Berlin； 1844；） p。 100； Adelung； vi。 244。＇
A notable acquisition to Friedrich；and to the two Keiths withal； for Friedrich attached both of them to his Court and service； after their unlucky wanderings； and took to them both； in no common degree。 As will abundantly appear。
While that Russia Corps was marching out of Moscow； Cocceji and his Commissions report from Pommern； that the Pomeranian Law…stables are completely clear； that the New Courts have； for many months back； been in work； and are now； at the end of the Year； fairly abreast with it； according to program；have 〃decided of Old… Pending Lawsuits 2；400； all that there were （one of them 200 years old； and filling seventy Volumes）； and of the 994 New ones； 772； not one Lawsuit remaining over from the previous Year。〃 A highly gratifying bit of news to his Majesty； who answers emphatically； EUGE！ and directs that the Law Hercules proceed now to the other Provinces；to the Kur…Mark； now； and Berlin itself；with his salutary industries。 Naming him 〃Grand Chancellor；〃 moreover； that is to say； under a new title； Head of Prussian Law；old Arnim； 〃Minister of Justice；〃 having shown himself disaffected to Law…Reform； and got rebuked in consequence； and sulkily gone into private life。 ＇Stenzel； iv。 321； Ranke； iii。 389。＇
In February of this Year； 1747； Friedrich had something like a stroke of apoplexy； 〃sank suddenly motionless； one day；〃 and sat insensible； perhaps for half an hour： to the terror and horror of those about him。 Hemiplegia； he calls it； rush of blood to the head；probably indigestion； or gouty humors； exasperated by over… fatigue。 Which occasioned great rumor in the world； and at Paris； to Voltaire's horror； reports of his death。 He himself made light of the matter： ＇To Voltaire； 22d February； 1747 （ OEuvres de Frederic； xxii。 164）； see IB。 164 n。＇ and it did not prove to have been important； was never followed by anything similar through his long life； and produced no change in his often… wavering health； or in his habits； which were always steady。 He is writing MEMOIRS； settling 〃Colonies〃 （on his waste moors）； improving Harbors。 Waiting when this European War will end； politely deaf to the offers of Britannic Majesty as to taking the least personal share in it。
Chapter III。
EUROPEAN WAR FALLS DONE： TREATY OF AIX…LA…CHAPELLE。
The preparations for Campaign 1748 were on a larger scale than ever。 Britannic Subsidies； a New Parliament being of willing mind； are opulent to a degree； 192；000 men； 60；000 Austrians for one item； shall be in the Netherlands；coupled with this remarkable new clause； 〃And they are to be there in fact； and not on paper only；〃 and with a tare…and…tret of 30 or 40 per cent； as too often heretofore！ Holland； under its new Stadtholder； is stanch of purpose； if of nothing else。 The 35；000 Russians； tramping along； are actually dawning over the horizon； towards Teutschland；King Friedrich standing to arms along his Silesian Border； vigilant 〃Cordon of Troops all the way；〃 in watch of such questionable transit。 ＇In ADELUNG； vi。 110； 143； 167； 399 （〃April； 1747…August； 1748〃）； account of the more and more visible ill…will of the Czarina： 〃jealousy〃 about Sweden； about Dantzig； Poland； &c。 &c。＇ Britannic Majesty and Parliament seem resolute to try； once more； to the utmost； the power of the breeches…pocket in defending this sacred Cause of Liberty so called。
Breeches…pocket MINUS most other requisites： alas； with such methods as you have； what can come of it？ Royal Highness of Cumberland is a valiant man； knowing of War little more than the White Horse of Hanover does；certain of ruin again； at the hands of Marechal de Saxe。 So think many； and have their dismal misgivings。 〃Saxe having eaten Bergen…op…Zoom before our eyes； what can withstand the teeth of Saxe？〃 In fact； there remains only Maestricht； of considerable； and then Holland is as good as his！ As for King Louis； glory； with funds running out； and the pot ceasing to boil； has lost its charm to an afflicted France and him。 King Louis's wishes are known； this long while；and Ligonier； generously dismissed by him after Lauffeld； has brought express word to that effect； and outline of the modest terms proposed in one's hour of victory； with pot ceasing to boil。
On a sudden； too； 〃March 18th；〃wintry blasts and hailstorms still raging；Marechal de Saxe； regardless of Domestic Hunger； took the field； stronger than ever。 Manoeuvred about； bewildering the mind of Royal Highness and the Stadtholder （〃Will he besiege Breda？ Will he do this； will he do that？〃）poor Highness and poor Stadtholder； who 〃did not agree well together；〃 and had not the half of their forces come in； not to speak of handling them when come！ Bewilderment of these two once completed； Marechal de Saxe made 〃a beautiful march upon Maestricht； 〃 and； April 15th； opened trenches； a very Vesuvius of artillery； before that place； Royal Highness gazing into it； in a doleful manner； from the adjacent steeple…tops。 Royal Highness； valor's self； has to admit： 〃Such an outlook； not half of us got together！ The 60；000 Austrians are but 30；000； the In fact； you will have to make Peace； what else？〃 ＇His Letters； in Coxe's Pelham （〃March 29th…April 2d； 1748〃）； i。 405…410。＇ Nothing else； as has been evident to practical Official People （especially to frugal Pelham； Chesterfield and other leading heads） for these two months last past。
In a word； those 35；000 Russians are still far away under the horizon； when thoughts of a new Congress； 〃Congress of Aix…la… Chapelle；〃 are busying the public mind： 〃Mere moonshine again？〃 〃Something real this time？〃And on and from March 17th （Lord Sandwich first on the ground； and Robinson from Vienna coming to help）； the actual Congress begins assembling there。 April 24th； the Congress gets actually to business； very intent on doing it； at least the three main parties； France； England； Holland； are supremely so。 Who； finding； for five diligent days； nothing but haggle and objection on the part of the others； did by themselves meet under cloud of night； 〃night of April 29th…30th；〃 andbring the Preliminaries to perfection。 And have them signed before daybreak； which is； in effect； signing； or at least fixing as certain； the Treaty itself； so that Armistice can ensue straightway； and the War essentially end。
A fixed thing； the Purseholders having signed。 On the safe rear of which； your recipient Subsidiary Parties can argue and protest （as the Empress…Queen and her Kaunitz vehemently did； to great lengths）； and gradually come in and finish。 Which； in the course of the next six months； they all did； Empress…Queen and Excellency Kaunitz not excepted。 And so； October 18th； 1748； all details being； in the interim； either got settled； or got flung into corners as unsettleable （mostly the latter）；Treaty itself was signed by everybody； and there was 〃Peace of Aix…la…Chapelle。〃 Upon which； except to remark transiently how inconclusive a conclusion it was； mere end of war because your powder is run out； mere truce till you gather breath and gunpowder again； we will spend no word in this place。 ＇Complete details in ADELUNG； vi。 225…409： 〃October； 1747；〃 Ligonier returning； and first rumor of new Congress （226）； 〃17th March； 1748；〃 Sandwich come （323）； 〃April 29th…30th；〃 meet under cloud of night （326）； Kaunitz protesting （339）： 〃2d August；〃 Russians to halt and turn （397）； 〃are over into the Oberpfalz； magazines ahead at Nurnberg；〃 in September； get to Bohmen again； and winter there： 〃18th October； 1748；〃 Treaty finished （398； 409）； Treaty itself given （IB。； Beylage； 44）。 See Gentleman's Magazine； and OLD NEWSPAPERS of 1748； Coxe's Pelham； ii。 7…41； i。 366…416。＇
〃The Treaty of Aix…la…Chapelle was done in a hurry and a huddle； greatly to Maria Theresa's disgust。 'Why not go on with your expenditures； ye Sea…Powers？ Can money and life be spent better？ I have yet conquered next to nothing for the Cause of Liberty and myself！' But the Sea…Powers were tired of it； the Dutch especially； who had been hoisted with such difficulty； tended strongly； New Stadtholder notwithstanding； to plump down again into stable equilibrium on the broad…bottom principle。 Huddle up the matter； end it； well if you can； any way end it。 The Treaty contained many Articles； now become forgettable to mankind。 There is only One Article； and the Want of One； which shall concern us in this place。 The One Article is： guarantee by all the European Powers to Friedrich's Treaty of Dresden。 Punctually got as bargained for； French especially willing； Britannic Majesty perhaps a little languid； but his Ministers positive on the point； so that Friedrioh's Envoy had not much difficu
