the antiquities of the jews-1-第207章

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account　of　their　entire　virtuous　conduct；　both　in　the　actions　of
their　lives　and　their　discourses　also。

4。　But　the　doctrine　of　the　Sadducees　is　this：　That　souls　die　with
the　bodies；　nor　do　they　regard　the　observation　of　any　thing
besides　what　the　law　enjoins　them；　for　they　think　it　an　instance
of　virtue　to　dispute　with　those　teachers　of　philosophy　whom　they
frequent：　but　this　doctrine　is　received　but　by　a　few；　yet　by
those　still　of　the　greatest　dignity。　But　they　are　able　to　do
almost　nothing　of　themselves；　for　when　they　become　magistrates；
as　they　are　unwillingly　and　by　force　sometimes　obliged　to　be；
they　addict　themselves　to　the　notions　of　the　Pharisees；　because
the　multitude　would　not　otherwise　bear　them。

5。　The　doctrine　of　the　Essens　is　this：　That　all　things　are　best
ascribed　to　God。　They　teach　the　immortality　of　souls；　and　esteem
that　the　rewards　of　righteousness　are　to　be　earnestly　striven
for；　and　when　they　send　what　they　have　dedicated　to　God　into　the
temple；　they　do　not　offer　sacrifices　（3）　because　they　have　more
pure　lustrations　of　their　own；　on　which　account　they　are　excluded
from　the　common　court　of　the　temple；　but　offer　their　sacrifices
themselves；　yet　is　their　course　of　life　better　than　that　of　other
men；　and　they　entirely　addict　themselves　to　husbandry。　It　also
deserves　our　admiration；　how　much　they　exceed　all　other　men　that
addict　themselves　to　virtue；　and　this　in　righteousness；　and
indeed　to　such　a　degree；　that　as　it　hath　never　appeared　among　any
other　men；　neither　Greeks　nor　barbarians；　no；　not　for　a　little
time；　so　hath　it　endured　a　long　while　among　them。　This　is
demonstrated　by　that　institution　of　theirs；　which　will　not　suffer
any　thing　to　hinder　them　from　having　all　things　in　common；　so
that　a　rich　man　enjoys　no　more　of　his　own　wealth　than　he　who　hath
nothing　at　all。　There　are　about　four　thousand　men　that　live　in
this　way；　and　neither　marry　wives；　nor　are　desirous　to　keep
servants；　as　thinking　the　latter　tempts　men　to　be　unjust；　and　the
former　gives　the　handle　to　domestic　quarrels；　but　as　they　live　by
themselves；　they　minister　one　to　another。　They　also　appoint
certain　stewards　to　receive　the　incomes　of　their　revenues；　and　of
the　fruits　of　the　ground；　such　as　are　good　men　and　priests；　who
are　to　get　their　corn　and　their　food　ready　for　them。　They　none　of
them　differ　from　others　of　the　Essens　in　their　way　of　living；　but
do　the　most　resemble　those　Dacae　who　are　called　Polistae　（4）
＇dwellers　in　cities＇。

6。　But　of　the　fourth　sect　of　Jewish　philosophy；　Judas　the
Galilean　was　the　author。　These　men　agree　in　all　other　things　with
the　Pharisaic　notions；　but　they　have　an　inviolable　attachment　to
liberty；　and　say　that　God　is　to　be　their　only　Ruler　and　Lord。
They　also　do　not　value　dying　any　kinds　of　death；　nor　indeed　do
they　heed　the　deaths　of　their　relations　and　friends；　nor　can　any
such　fear　make　them　call　any　man　lord。　And　since　this　immovable
resolution　of　theirs　is　well　known　to　a　great　many；　I　shall　speak
no　further　about　that　matter；　nor　am　I　afraid　that　any　thing　I
have　said　of　them　should　be　disbelieved；　but　rather　fear；　that
what　I　have　said　is　beneath　the　resolution　they　show　when　they
undergo　pain。　And　it　was　in　Gessius　Florus's　time　that　the　nation
began　to　grow　mad　with　this　distemper；　who　was　our　procurator；
and　who　occasioned　the　Jews　to　go　wild　with　it　by　the　abuse　of
his　authority；　and　to　make　them　revolt　from　the　Romans。　And　these
are　the　sects　of　Jewish　philosophy。

CHAPTER　2。

Now　Herod　And　Philip　Built　Several　Cities　In　Honor　Of　Caesar。
Concerning　The　Succession　Of　Priests　And　Procurators；　As　Also
What　Befell　Phraates　And　The　Parthians。

1。　When　Cyrenius　had　now　disposed　of　Archelaus's　money；　and　when
the　taxings　were　come　to　a　conclusion；　which　were　made　in　the
thirty…seventh　year　of　Caesar's　victory　over　Antony　at　Actium；　he
deprived　Joazar　of　the　high　priesthood；　which　dignity　had　been
conferred　on　him　by　the　multitude；　and　he　appointed　Ananus；　the
son　of　Seth；　to　be　high　priest；　while　Herod　and　Philip　had　each
of　them　received　their　own　tetrarchy；　and　settled　the　affairs
thereof。　Herod　also　built　a　wall　about　Sepphoris；　（which　is　the
security　of　all　Galilee；）　and　made　it　the　metropolis　of　the
country。　He　also　built　a　wall　round　Betharamphtha；　which　was
itself　a　city　also；　and　called　it　Julias；　from　the　name　of　the
emperor's　wife。　When　Philip　also　had　built　Paneas；　a　city　at　the
fountains　of　Jordan；　he　named　it　Cesarea。　He　also　advanced　the
village　Bethsaids；　situate　at　the　lake　of　Gennesareth；　unto　the
dignity　of　a　city；　both　by　the　number　of　inhabitants　it
contained；　and　its　other　grandeur；　and　called　it　by　the　name　of
Julias；　the　same　name　with　Caesar's　daughter。

2。　As　Coponius；　who　we　told　you　was　sent　along　with　Cyrenius；　was
exercising　his　office　of　procurator；　and　governing　Judea；　the
following　accidents　happened。　As　the　Jews　were　celebrating　the
feast　of　unleavened　bread；　which　we　call　the　Passover；　it　was
customary　for　the　priests　to　open　the　temple…gates　just　after
midnight。　When；　therefore；　those　gates　were　first　opened；　some　of
the　Samaritans　came　privately　into　Jerusalem；　and　threw　about
dead　men's　bodies；　in　the　cloisters；　on　which　account　the　Jews
afterward　excluded　them　out　of　the　temple；　which　they　had　not
used　to　do　at　such　festivals；　and　on　other　accounts　also　they
watched　the　temple　more　carefully　than　they　had　formerly　done。　A
little　after　which　accident　Coponius　returned　to　Rome；　and　Marcus
Ambivius　came　to　be　his　successor　in　that　government；　under　whom
Salome；　the　sister　of　king　Herod；　died；　and　left　to　Julia；
＇Caesar's　wife；＇　Jamnia；　all　its　toparchy；　and　Phasaelis　in　the
plain；　and　Arehelais；　where　is　a　great　plantation　of　palm　trees；
and　their　fruit　is　excellent　in　its　kind。　After　him　came　Annius
Rufus；　under　whom　died　Caesar；　the　second　emperor　of　the　Romans；
the　duration　of　whose　reign　was　fifty…seven　years；　besides　six
months　and　two　days　（of　which　time　Antonius　ruled　together　with
him　fourteen　years；　but　the　duration　of　his　life　was
seventy…seven　years）；　upon　whose　death　Tiberius　Nero；　his　wife
Julia's　son；　succeeded。　He　was　now　the　third　emperor；　and　he　sent
Valerius　Gratus　to　be　procurator　of　Judea；　and　to　succeed　Annius
Rufus。　This　man　deprived　Ananus　of　the　high　priesthood；　and
appointed　Ismael；　the　son　of　Phabi；　to　be　high　priest。　He　also
deprived　him　in　a　little　time；　and　ordained　Eleazar；　the　son　of
Ananus；　who　had　been　high　priest　before；　to　be　high　priest；　which
office；　when　he　had　held　for　a　year；　Gratus　deprived　him　of　it；
and　gave　the　high　priesthood　to　Simon；　the　son　of　Camithus；　and
when　he　had　possessed　that　dignity　no　longer　than　a　year；　Joseph
Caiaphas　was　made　his　successor。　When　Gratus　had　done　those
things；　he　went　back　to　Rome；　after　he　had　tarried　in　Judea
eleven　years；　when　Pontius　Pilate　came　as　his　successor。

3。　And　now　Herod　the　tetrarch；　who　was　in　great　favor　with
Tiberius；　built　a　city　of　the　same　name　with　him；　and　called　it
Tiberias。　He　built　it　in　the　best　part　of　Galilee；　at　the　lake　of
Gennesareth。　There　are　warm　baths　at　a　little　distance　from　it；
in　a　village　named　Emmaus。　Strangers　came　and　inhabited　this
city；　a　great　number　of　the　inhabitants　were　Galileans　also；　and
many　were　necessitated　by　Herod　to　come　thither　out　of　the
country　belonging　to　him；　and　were　by　force　compelled　to　be　its
inhabitants；　some　of　them　were　persons　of　condition。　He　also
admitted　poor　people；　such　as　those　that　were　collected　from　all
parts；　to　dwell　in　it。　Nay；　some　of　them　were　not　quite　free…men；
and　these　he　was　benefactor　to；　and　made　them　free　in　great
numbers；　but　obliged　them　not　to　forsake　the　city；　by　building
them　very　good　houses　at　his　own　expenses；　and　by　giving　them
land　also；　for　he　was　sensible；　that　to　make　this　place　a
habitation　was　to　transgress　the　Jewish　ancient　laws；　because
many　sepulchers　were　to　be　here　taken　away；　in　order　to　make　room
for　the　city　Tiberias　（5）　whereas　our　laws　pronounce　that　such
inhabitants　are　unclean　for　seven　days。　（6）

4。　About　this　time　died　Phraates；　king　of　the　Parthians；　by　the
treachery　of　Phraataces　his　son；　upon　the　occasion　following：
When　Phraates　had　had　legitimate　sons　of　his　own；　he　had　also　an
Italian　maid…servant；　whose　name　was　Thermusa；　who　had　been
formerly　sent　to　him　by　Julius　Caesar；　among　other　presents。　He
first　made　her　his　concubine；　but　he　being　a　great　admirer　of　her
beauty；　in　process　of　time　having　a　son　by　her；　whose　name　was
Phraataces；　he　made　her　his　legitimate　wife；　and　had　a　great
respect　for　her。　Now　she　was　able　to　persuade　him　to　do　any　thing
that　she　said；　and　was　earnest　in　procuring　the　government　of
Parthia　for　her　son；　but　still　she　saw　that　her　endeavors　would
not　succeed；　unless　she　could　contrive　how　to　remove　Phraates's
legitimate　sons　＇out　of　the　kingdom；＇　so　she　persuaded　him　to
send　those　his　sons　as　pledges　of　his　fidelity　to　Rome；　and　they
were　sent　to　Rome　accordingly；　because　it　was　not　easy　for　him　to
contradict　her　commands。　Now　while　Phraataces　was　alone　brought
up　in　order　to　succeed　in　the　government；　he　thought　it　very
tedious　to　expect　that　government　by　his　father's　donation　＇as
his　successor＇；　he　therefore　formed　a　treacherous　design　against
his　father；　by　his　mother's　assistance；　with　whom；　as　the　report
went；　he　had　criminal　conversation　also。　So　he　was　hated　for　both
these　vices；　while　his　subjects　esteemed　this　＇wicked＇　love　of
his　mother　to　be　no　way　inferior　to　his　parricide；　and　he　was　by
them；　in　a　sedition；　expelled　out　of　the　country　before　he　grew
too　great；　and　died。　But　as　the　best　sort　of　Parthians　agreed
together　that　it　was　impossible　they　should　be　governed　without　a
king；　while　also　it　was　their　constant　practice　to　choose　one　of
the　family　of　Arsaces；　＇nor　did　their　law　allow　of　any　others；
and　they　thought　this　kingdom　had　been　sufficiently　injured
already　by　the　marriage　with　an　Italian　concubine；　and　by　her
issue；＇　they　sent　ambassadors；　and　called　Orodes　＇to　take　the
crown＇；　for　the　multitude　would　not　otherwise　have　borne　them；
and　though　he　was　accused　of　very　great　cruelty；　and　was　of　an
untractable　temper；　and　prone　to　wrath；　yet　still　he　was　one　of
the　family　of　Arsaces。　However；　they　made　a　conspiracy　against
him；　and　slew　him；　and　that；　as　some　say；　at　a　festival；　and
among　their　sacrifices；　（for　it　is　the　universal　custom　there　to
carry　their　swords　with　them；）　but；　as　the　more　general　report
is；　they　slew　him　when　they　had　drawn　him　out　a　hunting。　So　they
sent　ambassadors　to　Rome；　and　desired　they　would　send　one　of
those　that　were　there　as　pledges　to　be　their　king。　Accordingly；
Vonones　was　preferred　before　the　rest；　and　sent　to　them　（for　he
seemed　capable　of　such　great　fortune；　which　two　of　the　greatest
kingdoms　under　the　sun　now　offered　him；　his　own　and　a　foreign
one）。　However；　the　barbarians　soon　changed　their　minds；　they
being　naturally　of　a　mutable　disposition；　upon　the　supposal　that
this　man　was　not　worthy　to　be　their　governor；　for　they　could　not
think　of　obeying　the　commands　of　one　that　had　been　a　slave；　（for
so　they　called　those　that　had　been　hostages；）　nor　could　they　bear
the　ignominy　of　that　name；　and　this　was　the　more　intolerable