°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÃûÖøµç×ÓÊé > ÓÈÀûÎ÷˹עÊÍ >

µÚ21ÕÂ

ÓÈÀûÎ÷˹עÊÍ-µÚ21ÕÂ

С˵£º ÓÈÀûÎ÷˹עÊÍ ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



£Û61£ÝµÚ°ËÕ¿ªÍ·²¿·ÖÌáµ½ÓÐÈËÈû¸ø²¼Â¬Ä·Ò»ÕÅдÓС°ÒÔÀûÑÇÀ´ÁË¡±×ÖÑùµÄ´«µ¥£¬Ëû°ÑËüÈà³ÉÒ»ÍŶª¸øÁ˺£Å¸¡£
£Û62£Ý»·µÀÇÅ£¬¼ûµÚÎåÕÂ×¢£Û17£Ý¡£
£Û63£ÝÕâÊÇΪÍþ×ȵÂÄ·¡£Ï£ÀûµÄµê×÷¹ã¸æµÄ¶ÓÎ飬²¼Â¬Ä·ÔøΪ¸ÃµêÍÆÏú¹ýÎüÄ«Ö½¡£²Î¿´µÚÁùÕÂ×¢£¨£Ý34£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û64£ÝÉֹ̼°ÀÈλÓÚÀû·ÆºÓÄÏ°¶¡£´Ó̹ÆÕ¶û¾Æ°É¼äͨµ½Î¤ÁÖ¶ÙÂëÍ·£¬ÀÈÄÚÓÐÊéÊУ¬¡£ºÚºýºýµÄ±³Ó°¡¨Ö¸²¼Â¬Ä·¡£
£Û65£ÝÔ­ÎĽÔΪÒâ´óÀûÓï¡£
£Û66£Ý¾Ý°¬¶ûÂüµÄ¡¶Õ²Ä·Ë¹¡£ÇÇÒÁ˹¡·£¨µÚ185Ò³£©£¬Ò»¾Å0ËÄÄêʮһÔÂÇÇÒÁ˹ÔÚ²¨À­µÄ²®Àû×ÈѧУ½ÌÊ飬´ÎÄê¶þÔÂÓÖתÍùµÄÀïÑÅ˹ÌصIJ®Àû×ÈѧУÈν̡£ÕâÀ×÷Õß½èÓÃÁËÕâÁ½ËùѧУµÄУ³¤°¢¶ûÃ×´ïŵ¡£°¢¶ûµÙ¸¥ÄáµÄÐÕÃû¡£
£Û67£ÝÖ¸°ÂÀû¸¥¡£¸ç¶ûµÂ˹ÃÜ˹£¨1780¡­1774£©µÄµñÏñ¡£ËûÊÇÓ¢¹úÊ«ÈË¡¢¾ç×÷¼Ò¡¢Ð¡Ëµ¼Ò£¬³öÉúÔÚ°®¶ûÀ¼£¬±ÏÒµÓÚ¶¼°ØÁÖ´óѧÈýһѧԺ¡£ÆäµñÏñ¼´ÊúÔÚ¸ÃѧԺÄÚ¡£
£Û68£ÝÖ¸Ó¢¹úÓο͡£
£Û69£ÝÒ»£Û73£ÝÔ­ÎĽÔΪÒâ´óÀûÓï¡£¡°²»Á÷ѪµÄÎþÉü¡±ÊÇË«¹ØÓҲ¿ÉÒÔ×÷ÃÖÈö½â¡£¹Å´úÓøáÑò¼Àì룬ҮöÕÌá³öÓÃÃæ±ýºÍÆÏÌѾÆÀ´´úÌæ¡£²Î¿´µÚÒ»ÕÂ×¢£Û7£Ý¡£
£Û74£ÝºàÀû¡¨¸ñÀ­¶Ù£¨1746Ò»1820£©£¬°®¶ûÀ¼ÕþÖμң¬¡¡Ò»Æ߰˶þÄêÆÈʹӢ¹ú¸øÓè°®¶ûÀ¼Á¢·¨¶ÀÁ¢Ô˶¯µÄÁìÐä¡£Òé»á´óÏ㨺ó¸ÄΪ°®¶ûÀ¼ÒøÐдóÏã©Ç°Êú×ÅËûµÄÒ»Ó¦ËÜÏñ£¬¸ß¾ÙÓÒÊÖ×ö±çÂÛµÄ×ËÊÆ¡£Ô­ÏñÊÇÇàÍ­ÖýµÄ£¬²¢·Çʯµñ¡£
£Û75£ÝÒ»£Û79£ÝÔ­ÎĽÔΪÒâ´óÀûÓï¡£
£Û80£ÝºóÎÄÖÐ˵Ã÷£¬¸ßÔ­Ê¿±ø×é³ÉµÄÕâÖ§ÀÖ¶ÓÔÚУ԰ÖÐ×àÆðÁËͨË׸èÇú£¨ÎÒµÄÒâÖÐÈËÊÇλԼ¿Ë¿¤¹ÃÄ¡£²Î¿´±¾ÕÂ×¢£Û2l6£Ý¡£
£Û81£©µË¶÷С½ãÊDz©ÒÁÀ¼µÄÃØÊé¡£ºóÎÄÖÐдµ½£¬²¼Â¬Ä·±»¿ØÔø¸øËý´ò¹ýµç»°£¬ËµÁËЩ²»¿°Èë¶úµÄ»°¡£²Î¿´µÚÊ®ÎåÕÂ×¢£Û594£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û82£Ý¡¶°×ÒÂÅ®¡·ÊÇÓ¢¹úÉñÃØС˵¼ÒÍþ¶û»ù¡£¿ÆÁÖ˹£¨1824Ò»1889£©ËùÖø¾ªÏÕС˵¡£
£Û83£ÝÂêÀö¡¨ÈûÎ÷¶û¡£º£ÒÀ£¨1840Ò»1886£©£¬Å®×÷¼Ò£¬Ö÷ҪдÑÔÇéС˵¡£
£Û84£©ÕâÊÇÍÐÄ·¡£Â޳ร´ýËùÉè¼ÆµÄÒ»ÖÖ±êʾÈüÂí½ÚÄ¿µÄ×°Ö᣼û±¾ÕºóÎÄ¡£
£Û85£ÝÎ÷°Â²©¶ûµÂ¡£ÎÖ¶û·ò¡£Íж÷£¨1768Ò»1798£©£¬°®¶ûÀ¼¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåÕß¡£¡¡¡¡Ò»Æ߾ŶþÄ꣬ÔÚ¶¼°ØÁÖÕÙ¿ªÌìÖ÷½Ìͽ´ú±í´ó»á£¬Ç¿ÆÈÒé»áͨ¹ýÌìÖ÷½Ìͽ½â¾È·¨°¸¡£Ò»Æ߾ŰËÄêËûÂÊÁìÈýǧʿ±ø·¢¶¯¿¹Ó¢¸ïÃü£¬Ê§°Üºó±»²¶¡£¼´½«±»´¦½ÊÐÌÇ°£¬×ÔɱÉíËÀ¡£Ò»°ÙÄêºó£¬°®¶ûÖ÷ÈË×ÅÊÖÔÚ¸ñÀ­·ò¶Ù½Ö¶ÔÃæµÄʥ˹µÙ·Ò²ÝƺÉÏΪÆäÊúÁ¢µñÏñ¡£µ«Ì¨×ù¿¢¹¤ºó£¬±ã¸éÖÃÏÂÀ´¡£
£Û86£ÝÂêÀö¡£¿ÏµÂ¶û£¨1874Ò»1964£©£¬Ó¢¹úÅ®¸èÊÖ¡¢Ï²È¡ÑÝÔ±¡£
£Û87£ÝÖ¸ÔÚ¹úÍõÕò¶«ÂëÍ·¾ÙÐеĶÌìÒôÀֻᣬ²Î¿´µÚ¶þÕÂ×¢£Û10£Ý¡£
£Û88£ÝËÕÎ÷¡£ÄÚ¸ñ¶ûÊǺǻù¡£ÄÚ¸ñ¶û£¨²Î¿´µÚÊ®¶þÕÂ×¢£Ûl14£Ý£©µÄ½ãÃá£ÔÚÒ»¾Å0ËÄÄ꣬¹úÍõÕòÖÁÉÙÓÐÈý¸ö»®´¬¾ãÀÖ²¿¡£
£Û89£Ý±´¶û·¨Ë¹ÌØΪ´Ë°®¶ûÀ¼Ê׸®¡£
£Û90£ÝÕâÀ³¡Ãæתµ½ÖÖ×ѹÈÎïÉ̵êµÄ¿â·¿£¬²Î¿´µÚÁùÕÂ×¢£§13£Ý¡£ÕâÔ­ÊÇÊ¥ÂêÀöÑÇÐÞµÀÔºµÄ»áÒéÌü¡£
£Û91£Ý¾îÆïÊ¿ÍÐÂí˹£¬²Î¿´µÚÈýÕÂ×¢£Û151£Ý¡£
£Û92£ÝÓ¢¹úÕþ¸®ÒÔÊÕÂòѡƱµÈÊÖ¶ÎÈ¡µÃ¶àÊý£¬ÓÚÒ»°Ë00Äê°ËÔÂÒ»ÈÕͨ¹ýÁ˺ϲ¢ÌõÔ¼£¬Ê¹´ó²»Áе½µß£¨Ó¢¸ñÀ¼ºÍËÕ¸ñÀ¼£©ºÍ°®¶ûÀ¼ÒÔÁªºÏÍõ¹úµÄÃûÒå½áºÏÔÚÒ»Æð¡£ÓÚÊÇ£¬°®¶ûÀ¼Òé»á²¢ÈëÓ¢¹úÒé»á£¬¶ûºó°®¶ûÀ¼ÒøÐм´Ç¨ÈëÔ­Òé»á´óÏá£
£Û93£Ý¡°Ëû¡±Ö¸¾îÆïÊ¿ÍÐÂí˹¡£
£Û94£ÝÖ¸¶¼°ØÁÖÊÐÕþµäÀñ¹ÙÔ¼º²¡£»ô»ªµÂ¡£°ÍÄù¶û£¬´Ë¿ÌËûÕýÔÚ¶¼°ØÁÖÃæ°ü¹«Ë¾ÏÂÆå¡£
£Û95£ÝÊ®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÄ©Ò¶£¬Ó¢¹úÔø´óÁ¿±Å¿Ú½Ç¶¹ÃæºÍÒ¬×Ó·Û£¨ÌáÁ¶Ò¬ÓͺóʣϵÄÔü×Ó£©£¬ÓÃÀ´Î¹Å£¡£ÕâЩƽ°å³µÊǰ¿µÄÚ¶ûÔËÊ乫˾µÄ¡£
£Û96£ÝÖ¸À­Ë¼¿Æ·Ç£¨¼û±¾ÕÂ×¢£Û44£Ý£©µÄÒ»×ùÒþÐÞÔº¡£
£Û97£ÝÈøÁÖ˹ÊǶ¼°ØÁÖÎ÷ÄÏÊ®°ËÓ¢ÀïµÄÒ»×ùÕò×Ó¡£
£Û98£Ý·Æ´Ä¶«À­µÂ¼Ò×åÊÇÊ®¶þÊÀ¼Í³õÓ¢Òá°®¶ûÀ¼Íû×壬»ù¶û´ú¶û²®¾ôÕâÒ»Ö§ÓÈÆäÏÔºÕ¡£
£Û99£©²Î¿´±¾ÕÂ×¢£Û52£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û100£Ý»ðÒ©ÒõıָһÁù0ÎåÄêÓ¢¹úÌìÖ÷½ÌͽÔڵؽÑÀïÂñÏÂÕ¨Ò©£¬Æóͼը»ÙÒé»á£¬Õ¨ËÀÓ¢Íõղķ˹һÊÀµÄ°¸¼þ¡£Õâ¸ö¼Æ»®Î´Ë죬ȫÌå²ÎÓëÕß¾ù±»»÷±Ð»ò´¦¾ö¡£´Ó´Ë£¬ÌìÖ÷½ÌͽԽ·¢Ôâµ½ÆȺ¦¡£²Î¿´µÚ¾ÅÕÂ×¢£Û368£Ý¡£
£Û101£ÝµÚ°Ë´ú»ù¶û´ú¶û²®¾ô£¨1456Ò»15l3£©½ÜÀ­µÂ¡£·Æ´Ä½ÜÀ­µÂÓÚÒ»ËľÅÎåÄêÓë¿ËÀ×´óÖ÷½ÌÄÖ·­£¬×Ý»ðÉÕµôÁË¿¨Éá¶û´ó½ÌÌá£
£Û1O2£Ý¡°´ó¡±£¬Ô­ÎÄÊÇ°®¶ûÀ¼Óï¡£
£Û103£ÝÌÀÄ·¡£Â޳รÌØÔÚµÚÊ®ÎåÕÂÖØгöÏÖ£¬²Î¿´¸ÃÕÂ×¢£Û187£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û104£Ýµ±ÄêµÄÂÉʦָÊúÁ¢ÔÚ·¨Ôº´óÏÃÖÐÌüµÄÖøÃû·¨¹Ù¼°ÂÉʦµÄµñÏñ¡£
£Û105£Ý¸ßµÈ·¨ÔºµÄ½¨ÖþÊÇÒ»Æß°ËÁùÄê¿¢¹¤µÄ£¬×øÂäÓÚ¶¼°ØÁÖÊÐÎ÷²¿£¬ÒÔ¸»ÀöÌûÊÖø³Æ¡£Ò»¾Å¶þ¶þÄêÔÚÄÚÕ½Öб»»Ù¡£
£Û106£ÝÍÂÀ²ÊÈÊÇÒ»Ê׸èµÄµþ¾ä£¬²Î¿´µÚÎåÕµÚÒ»¶Î¡£
£Û107£Ý¾Ý±¨ÔØ£¬ÌÀÄ·¡£Â޳รÌØ£¨²Î¿´µÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û257£Ý£©ÓÚÒ»¾Å0¡¡ÎåÄêÎåÔÂÁùÈÕ´î¾È¹ýÒòÖж¾Æø¶ø»èÃÔ¹ýÈ¥µÄÏÂˮͨ¹¤ÈË¡£ÔÚС˵ÖУ¬ÇÇÒÁ˹°ÑÕâÒ»ÉƾٵÄÈÕÆÚÒÆÇ°ÁËÒ»Äê¡£
£Û108£Ý¡°È¨ÕÈ¡±ÊDzμӰ¢Ë¹¿ÆÌØÈüÂí»á£¨²Î¿´µÚÎåÕÂ×¢£Û95£Ý£©µÄһƥÂí¡£
£Û109£ÝÖ¸·ï»Ë¹«Ô°³µµÀ¡£µ±Ê±°®¶ûÀ¼×ܶ½¹ÙÛ¡¾ÍÔÚÕâ×ù¹«Ô°Àï¡£
£Û110£Ý¡¶ïýÂ󻨶ù¿ª¡·ÊÇ°®µÂ»ª¡£·Ñ´Ä²ª¶û×÷´Ê¡¢ºàÀû¡£±ÈÉáÆÕ£¨1786Ò»1855£©ÅäÇúµÄÒ»Ê׸èÃû¡£Ô­À´Óиö¸±±êÌâ½Ð¡°ÎÒ¿É°®µÄ¼ò¡±¡£ÕâÀï°Ñ¡°Àû°Â²¨µÂ¡±¸Ä³ÉÕý±êÌ⣬¡°ïýÂ󻨶ù¿ª¡±¸Ä³É¸±±êÌ⣬ÒÔ±ã°ÑÀû°Â²¨µÂ¡£²¼Â¬Ä·Á¬Ãû´øÐÕÌ×Óá£È¡Bloom£¨²¼Â¬Ä·£©Óë¡°»¨¶ù¿ª¡±µÄË«¹ØÖ®Òâ¡£
£Û111£ÝÕâÊÇÒѹÊÅÁÌØÀï¿Ë¡¨µÏ¸ñÄÉĵÄÒŹ¡£ÏÂÎÄÖеIJé¶û˹¡£¿¨Ã·Â×¾ôÊ¿£¬ÔÚµÚÊ®ÎåÕ£¨¼û¸ÃÕÂ×¢£Û834£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ£©ÖÐÖØÐÂÌá¼°¡£
£Û112£ÝÑç»áÊÇΪ¸Ð»¯ÔºÄ¼¾è¶ø¾Ù°ìµÄ¡£²Î¿´µÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û54£Ý¡£
£Û113£ÝÇ°ÎÄÔø½»´ú²¼Â¬Ä·Ö®ÆÞĦÀò¶ªÓ²±Ò¸øÉ˱øʱ£¬°ÑÅÆ×ÓÅöµôÁË¡£ÏÖÔÚËýÓÖ½«ÅÆ×Ó¹Ò»ØÔ­´¦¡£²Î¿´±¾ÕÂ×¢£Û58£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û114£Ý°Ù¹ûÏÚ±ý£¬ÔÚÈâÄ©Àï²óÉ϶çËéµÄÆ»¹û¡¢ÆÏÌѸɡ¢´×Àõ¡¢ÌÇëçÄûÃʵȣ¬½þÔÚ°×À¼µØÀï×ö³ÉÏÚ¡£
£Û115£ÝÕâÀïÌ×ÓÃÓɺúÀû°²¡£ÂÞ²¼À׶àÅäÇúµÄ¶àÂÜÎ÷¡£ÌØÀï˹Ëù×÷ÊãÇéÊ«¡¶Á賿Èýµã¡·£¨1921£©µÄ´Ê¾ä£¬Ö»ÊÇ°Ñ¡°Èý¡±¸Ä³ÉÁË¡°¼¸¡±¡£ÏÂÎÄÖеĿËÀï˹¡£¿¨ÀûÄÏ£¬¼ûµÚÆßÕÂ×¢£Û156£Ý¡£
£Û116£Ý¡°¿´°¡¡­¡­êØ¡±Ò»Óï³ö×ÔÂõ¿Ë¶û¡£ÍþÁ®¡£°Í¶û·òËù×÷¸è¾ç¡¶Î§¹¥ÂÞÇжû¡·£¨1835£©µÚlÄ»ÖеÄËÄÖسª£¨²»ÊǶþÖسª£©¡£
£Û117£ÝÔ­ÎÄ×÷PinPrick£¬ÓеÄ×¢¼Ò˵£º´Ë¼äº¬ÓС°Ð¡Ð¡µÄÒõ¾¥¡±Ö®Òâ¡£
£Û118£Ý¡¶ÂêÀöÑÇ¡£Ãɿ˵ĺ§ÈËÃØÎÅ¡·£¨Å¦Ô¼£¬1836£©ÊÇÒ»²¿½Ò¶¼ÓÄôóÃÉÌØÀû¶ûÒ»×ùÌìÖ÷½ÌÐÞŮԺÄÚÄ»µÄÊé¡£ÄÚÈÝ´¿ÊôÄóÔì¡£³ö°æºó£¬¡¡²éÃ÷×÷Õß²¢·ÇÏñ±¾ÈËËùÐû³ÆµÄÄÇÑùÊÇ´ÓÐÞŮԺÀïÌÓ³öÀ´µÄ£¬µ«²¢Î´Ó°Ïì´ËÊéµÄÏú·¡£ÏÂÎÄÖеġ¶½Ü×÷¡·ÊÇÊ®Æß¡¢Ê®°ËÊÀ¼ÍÁ÷ÐÐÓÚÓ¢¹úµÄÒ»±¾¹ØÓÚÐÔµÄα¿ÆѧÊ飬α³ÆΪÑÇÀí˹¶àµÂËùÖø¡£
£Û119£ÝÆÕÀ︣ÒÁÌ«Ì«ÕýÔÚÒ½ÔºÀï´ý²ú¡£²Î¿´µÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û77£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û120£ÝÀû°Â²¨µÂ¡£·â¡£ÔúºÕ¶û¡ª¡ªË÷ºÕ£¨1836Ò»1895£©£¬°ÂµØÀûС˵¼Ò£¬ÒÔÃèдɫÇéÊÜÅ°¿ñµÄ±ä̬ÐÄÀíÖø³Æ¡£ÊÜÅ°¿ñ£¨masochism£©Ò»´Ê¼´Ô´ÓÚËûµÄÐÕ£¨Masoch£©¡£¡¶ÓÌÌ«ÇøµÄ¹ÊÊ¡·£¨Ö¥¼Ó¸ç£¬1894£©µÄÖ÷Ö¼ÊÇ·´¶ÔÆȺ¦ÓÌÌ«ÈË¡£
£Û121£ÝÂå·ò²®Æ棨Lovebirch£©Ò»Ãû¡¢ÓÉ°®£¨love£©ºÍèëÖ¦£¨birch£©¶þ´Ê×é³É¡£èëÖ¦Ò»°ãÓÃÀ´Ì巣ѧͯ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÒÔÊÜÅ°¿ñΪÖ÷ÌâµÄС˵×÷ÕßϲÓÃÕâ¸ö±ÊÃû¡£
£Û122£ÝÀ­ÎÚ¶ûÊÇ¡¶ÍµÇéµÄ¿ìÀÖ¡·Ò»Êé֮ŮÖ÷È˹«µÄÇéÈË¡£ºóÎÄÖеġ°ÇúÏß¡±¡£Ô­ÎÄΪ·¨Óï¡£
£Û123£ÝÖ¸µ±Ì춼°ØÁÖÈýһѧԺËù¾ÙÐеÄ×ÔÐгµÈü¡£
£Û124£ÝÔ¼º²¾Ë¾Ë£¬²Î¿´µÚÈýÕÂ×¢£Û32£Ý¡£
£Û125£Ý¿ËÄÏ£¬²Î¿´µÚÎåÕÂ×¢£Û4£Ý¡£
£Û126£Ý°´ÕÕ»ù¶½½ÌµÄ¹Ûµã£¬ÓÉÓÚÓÌÌ«ÈËʹµÃ¾ÈÊÀÖ÷Ò®öÕ±»¶¤ËÀÔÚÊ®×Ö¼ÜÉÏ£¬Õâ¸öÃñ×å±ãÓÀÔ¶Ôâµ½ÌìÇ´¡£
£Û127£Ý°´µÏ´ïÀÕ˹¼Ò¸½½üÓÐÒ»×ùÓÉÌìÖ÷½ÌÐÞÅ®¾­¹ÜµÄĪÄῨ¹Ñ¸¾¾È¼ÃÔº¡£
£Û128£ÝÍþÁ®¡£¿ËÀïÃô˹ʵÓÐÆäÈË£¬ÊDzèÒ¶ºÍ¾ÆÀàµÄÅú·¢ÉÌ¡£ÕâÀ¿ËÄÏÕýÏòËû¶µÊÛ²èÒ¶¡£
£Û129£Ý²Î¿´µÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û274£Ý¡£ÕâÒ»ÏûÏ¢¼ûÖîµ±ÌìµÄ¶¼°ØÁÖ¸÷±¨¶Ë¡£
£Û130£ÝÎÒÖ¸¿ËÄÏ¡£
£Û131£Ý¿¼ÀûÉñ¸¸ÔøÔÚ¡¶Ò»¸öÒÕÊõ¼ÒÄêÇáʱµÄдÕÕ¡·ÖгöÏÖ¹ý¡£ËûÒòÇ·ÁËÂÀ±ã¡£½ÜµÄ¸ßÀû´û£¬ÀDZ·²»¿°¡£
£Û132£Ý˹¿ÆÌØÊǶ¼°ØÁÖµÄÒ»¼Ò¸ß¼¶·þ×°µê¡£
£Û133£Ý»ù¶û´ú½Ö¶û¾ãÀÖ²¿Êǵ±Ê±¶¼°ØÁÖÊ×ÇüÒ»Ö¸µÄÓ¢Òá°®¶ûÀ¼È˾ãÀÖ²¿¡£
£Û134£ÝÂí·ÆïÊ¿Ò»Óï³ö×ÔͬÃûϲ¸è¾ç£¨¶¼°ØÁÖ£¬1891£©£¬çêÎ÷¡£¸¥Â×Ææ×÷´Ê£¬ºÀ˹¶Ù¡£¿ÆÀû˹¶ÙÅäÇú¡£ÕâÀïÊÇË«¹ØÓ¼È×÷À¹Â·Ôô½â£¬ÓÖº¬ÓÐÁ÷¶¯ÍÆÏúÔ±µÄÒâ˼¡£
£Û135£ÝÒûÁÏ£¬Ö¸²è¡£
£Û136£Ý±±µÌλÓÚÀû·ÆºÓ¶«¿ÚÈ뺣´¦µÄ±±°¶£¬¸ôºÓÓë¾ôÊ¿ÂëÍ·Ò£Ò£Ïà¶Ô¡£
£Û137£Ý¡°ÒÔÀûÑÇÀ´ÁË¡±£¬¼û±¾ÕÂ×¢£Û61£Ý¡£
£Û138£Ý°£Ã×ÌØ£¬²Î¿´µÚÁùÕÂ×¢£Û186£Ý¡£
£Û139£Ý²Î¿´¡¶¾ÉÔ¼¡£ÁÐÍõ¼ÍÉÏ¡·µÚ21ÕµÚ19½Ú£ºÉÏÖ÷½ÐÏÈÖªÒÔÀûÑÇת¸æÑǹþ£º¡°¹·ÔÚʲôµØ·½ÌòÄò®µÄѪ£¬Ò²ÒªÔÚÄÇÀïÌòÄãµÄѪ£¡¡±
£Û140£Ý¶¼°ØÁÖµÄÒ»ÖÖ×÷¶Ì;ÓÎÀÀµÄÇá¿ìÈýÂÖÂí³µ¡£ÖмäÓиö·Å¶«Î÷µĄ̈×Ó£¬×óÓÒÁ½¸ö³µÂÖÉϸ÷Éè±Ë´Ë±³ÏòµÄ×ùϯ¡£
£Û141£ÝµÙçêÀ×ÀïÊǶ¼°ØÁÖÎ÷ÄÏÆßÊ®°ËÓ¢Àï´¦µÄ³ÇÕò¡£
£Û142£ÝÇÇÄÉ¡£°ÍÁÖ¶Ù£¨1760Ò»1834£©£¬°®¶ûÀ¼·¨Âɼң¬Àúʷѧ¼Ò£¬ÖøÓС¶°®¶ûÀ¼ÀúÊ·»ØÒ伡·£¨ÉϾí1809£¬Ï¾í1833£©ºÍ¡¶µ±´ú¸öÈ˼ûÎż¡·£¨1827Ò»1832£©¶þÊé¡£
£Û143£Ý°®µÂ»ª¡£·Æ»ñ½ÜÀ­µÂÑ«¾ô£¨1763Ò»1798£©£¬Ò»Æ߾ŰËÄê°®¶ûÀ¼¿¹Ó¢¸ïÃüµÄÖ÷Òª²ß»®Õß¡£¸ïÃü֮ǰ£¬ËûµÄͬÃËÕß±»²¶¡£ËûÒ²ÔÚ¼¤ÁÒµÄÕ½¶·ÖÐÊÜÉË£¬¶ã²ØÆðÀ´¡£Ò»Ì죬ËûÔÚµº½Ö¸½½ü˦µô×·²¶Õ߶¼°ØÁÖÊÐפ¾ü¾ü¹ÙºàÀû¡£²é¶û˹¡£Èû¶ûÉÙУ£¬ÌÓµ½ËûµÄÖ§³ÖÕßÄá¹ÅÀ­Ë¹¡£Ä«·Æ¼ÒÀï¡£µ«ÓÉÓÚ¸¥ÀÊÎ÷˹¡£Ï£½ð˹£¨²Î¿´µÚÆßÕÂ×¢
£Û66£Ý£©¸æÃÜ£¬´ÎÈÕÈÔ±»²¶¡£ºóÒòÉËÊƹýÖØËÀÓÚÓüÖС£
£Û144£Ý·Æ´Ä½ÜÀ­µÂÓÚÌÓÍöÆڼ䣬ÔøÔÚÓÑÈËĪÒÁÀ­²®¾ô£¨1754Ò»1824£©¼ÒºóÃæµÄÂí¾ÇÀïÓëÆÞ×ÓÅÁ÷À­Ïà»á¡£
£Û145£ÝÔ¼º²¡£¿­¶û˹¡£Ó¢¸ñÀ­Ä·£¬²Î¿´µÚÁùÕÂ×¢£Û19£Ý£¬¡°ËûÃÇÔÚºÚ°µÐ°¶ñµÄÈÕ×ÓÀïͦÉí¶ø³ö¡±Òý×ÔÓ¢¸ñÀ­Ä·ÎªÁ˼ÍÄîÒ»Æ߾ŰËÄêÆðÒå¶ø×÷µÄ¡¶¼ÍÄîËÀÕß¡·£¨1843£©Ò»Ê«¡£¸ÃÊ«Ê×¾äÊÇ£º¡°Ë­º¦ÅÂ̸µ½Ò»Æ߾ŰËÄê¡£¡±
£Û146£ÝÒý×Ô¸èÒ¥¡¶ÍÆƽͷµÄС»ï×Ó¡·£¬²Î¿´µÚÁùÕÂ×¢£Û19£Ý¡£ÂÞ˹ÊÇ°®¶ûÀ¼¶«Äϲ¿µÄÕò×Ó¡£ÐÅÌìÖ÷½ÌµÄ°®¶ûÀ¼Å©ÃñÆðÒå¾üÔÚÒ»Æ߾ŰËÄêÁùÔÂÎåÈÕµÄÂÞ˹°üΧսÖб»Ó¢¾ü»÷À£¡£
£Û147£Ý¿ËÄÏÕý×ßÔÚ»ªÌØÁé´óµÀÉÏ£¬¸ô×ÅÀû·ÆºÓ¿ÉÒÔÍûµ½±±°¶µÄÅí²¼ÂÞ¿ËÂëÍ·¡£
£Û148£Ý±¦Ê¯½³Ö¸ÍÐÂí˹¡£À­Èû¶û£¬ËûÔÚÀû·ÆºÓÒÔÄÏ¡¢Óë֮ƽÐеĽ¢¶Ó½ÖÉÏ¿ªÁËÒ»ãݵêÆÌ¡£
£Û149£ÝÒ¶Ö¥ÔÚ¡¶¿­¶ûÌصÄÀèÃ÷¡£Ê³±¦Ê¯Õß¡·£¨1893£©ÖÐÔøÕâÑùÃèÊö¿­¶ûÌصĵØÓü»Ã¾°£º¡°±¦Ê¯ÉÁ˸ןìºìÂÌÂ̵Ĺ⣬ºï×ÓÎÞ±ÈÌ°À·µØÍÌʳ×ÅËüÃÇ¡£¡±
£Ûl50£Ý¡°Ð¡Âó¡­¡­ÓÀÔ¶¡±£¬Ç°ÎÄÖУ¬Ë¹µÙ·ÒÔø°ÑÏÄÍ޵ĶÇƤ±È×÷Ò»¶Ñ°×ɫСÂ󡣲ο´µÚÈýÕÂ×¢£Û20£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Ûl5l£ÝÕâÊÇ˹µÙ·Òµ±ÌìÔ糿ÔÚº£Ì²ÉÏÓö¼ûµÄÁ½¸öÀÏåý£¬²Î¿´ÆªÈýÕÂ×¢£Û15£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û152£Ý¡°Íâ½ç¡­¡­²«¶¯¡±£¬ÏµÌ×ÓÃÃÀ¹úС˵¼Òղķ˹¡£À³¶÷¡£°¬Â×£¨1849¡­1925£©ËùÖøС˵¡¶ÄÁ³¡¾«Éñ¡·£¨Å¦Ô¼£¬1903£©µÚ125Ò³µÄÓî¾ä¡£
£Û153£ÝÕâÀ˹µÙ·ÒÔÚ»ØÒäµ±ÌìËûÔÚͼÊé¹Ý·¢±íµÄÒéÂÛ¡£²Î¿´µÚ¾ÅÕÂ×¢£Û488£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û154£Ý¡°´ó¡­¡­×¼Ê±¡±£¬ÕâʱÆÚµÙ·ÒÕý¾­¹ýÍþÁ®¡£ÎÖ¶ûʲµÄÖÓ±íµê£¬Ëü×øÂäÔÚ±´µÂ¸£µÂ·ÉÏ£¬ÃÅÅÆÒ»ºÅ¡£
£Ûl55£ÝÇ°ÎÄÖÐ˹µÙ·ÒÒÔ³°ÅªµÄ̬¶È¶Ô´ýÌìÖ÷ºÍÓîÖæ¡£ÑÛÏÂËû¾­¹ýÖÓ±íµê£¬¸Ðµ½ÓîÖæÔËÐеþÍÏñÖÓ±íÒ»°ã׼ʱ¡£È»¶øËû²»È¥Ö±½ØÁ˵±µØ±í´ïÕâÒ»ÐÄÇ飬ȴ½èÓÃÁ˹þÄ·À³ÌØΪÁË×°·èÂôɵ£¬¹ÊÒâ˵¸ø²¨ÂåÄù˹ÌýµÄ¡°Äã˵µÃ¡­¡­ÕýÊÇ¡±Õâ¾ä»°¡£¼û¡¶¹þÄ·À³ÌØ¡·µÚ2Ä»µÚ2³¡¡£
£Û156£ÝÒ»°ËÁù0ÄêËÄÔ£¬Ó¢¹úÈ­»÷ÊÖÌÀÄ·¡£ÈûҮ˹£¨1826Ò»1865£©ÔÚÓ¢¹úººÆÕ¿¤·¨¶÷²®ÀÕÓ­Õ½ÃÀ¹úÈ­»÷ÊÖÔ¼º²¡£Ï£ÄÏ£¨1833Ò»1873£©£¬Õù¶á¹ú¼Ê¹Ú¾ü¡£¾­Á½Ð¡Ê±ËÄÊ®¶þ¸ö»ØºÏºó£¬ÑÛ¿´Ï£Äϼ´½«»ñʤ¡£È»¶ø¹ÛÖÚ³åÉϱÈÈų̈£¬²ÃÅÐÔ±Ö»µÃÅÐÕⳡ±ÈÈüΪƽ¾Ö£¬Ë«·½²¢Áйھü¡£
£Û157£Ý¡¶°®¶ûÀ¼Ñø·äÈË¡·ÊÇ°®¶ûÀ¼Ñø·äЭ»áÔÚ¶¼°ØÁÖ·¢ÐеÄÔ¿¯¡£
£Û158£Ý°¢¶û˹£¨·¨¹ú¶«±±²¿ÂåÁÖµÄÒ»¸öСÕò¡¢Î»ÓÚĦÔó¶ûºÓÉÏ£©µØ·½µÄ½ÌÊ¿Çí£­°ÍÆÕµÙ˹ÌØ¡£ÂêÀû¡£Î¬°¢Äᣨ1786Ò»1859£©¡¡ÒÔÄܹ»¶´²ìÏòËûâã»ÚµÄ½ÌͽµÄÄÚÐĻÖø³Æ£¬ËùÒÔÕâÀï°Ñ·¨¹úÉñ¸¸ÄÂÄþËùÖø¡¶°¢¶û˹½ÌÊ¿´«¼Ç¡·¡¡£¨°Í¶ûµÄĦ£¬1865£©Ò»ÊéµÄÊéÃû¼ÓÉÏ¡°Ææ¼£¡±¶þ×Ö¡£
£Û159£Ý¡°Äê¡­¡­ÀÕ˹¡±£¬Ô­ÎÄΪÀ­¶¡ÎÄ¡£
£Û160£Ý¡¶Ä¦Î÷¾­Êé¡·Ö¸¡¶¾ÉԼȫÊé¡·ÖеÄÇ°5¾í£¬ËùνµÚ8¡¢9¾íÊÇαÔìµÄ£¬¿¯µÇÃØ·½¡¢·¨ÊõµÈµÈ¡£
£Û161£Ý´óÎÀ£¨¹«ÔªÇ°l1ÊÀ¼Í£­Ç°962£©ÊǹÅÒÔÉ«ÁйúµÚ¶þ´ú¹úÍõ£¬Æäʼ£¼û¡¶¾ÉÔ¼¡£ÁÐÍõ¼Í¡·¡£´óÎÀÍõÓùçôÉϵÄͼ°¸ÊÇÓÉÁ½¸öµÈ±ßÈý½ÇÐÎÖصþ¶ø³ÉµÄÁù½ÇÐΡ£ÔÚÓÌÌ«½ÌÖУ¬ÕâÏóÕ÷¼ªÏé¡£
£Û162£Ý¡°ÊÜ¡­¡­±£Óӵġ­¡­£¡°¡ÃÇ¡±£¬ÕâÊÇÓÉÎ÷°àÑÀÓï¡¢ÖйÅʱÆÚµÄÎ÷°àÑÀ£­°¢À­²®Óï»ìºÏ¶ø³ÉµÄÖäÓÖмä¼ÐÓдí±ð×Ö¡£
£Û163£Ý¾Ý¡¶Ä¦Î÷¾­Êé¡·µÚ8¡¢9¾í£¬±ËµÃ¡£ÈøÀ¼¿¨ÊÇÒ»×ùÖøÃûµÄÎ÷°àÑÀÌØÀ­ÆÕÅÉÐÞµÀÔºµÄÔº³¤¡£
£Û164£ÝÕâÀ˹µÙ·Ò°ÑÔ¼°¢»ùÄ·µÄÀ­¶¡ÎÄÔ¤ÑÔ£¨²Î¿´µÚÈýÕÂ×¢£Û48£Ý£©Òë³Éº¬ÓÐÏ·ÚÊÒâζµÄÓ¢Óï¡£
£Û165£ÝÖ¸²éÀíÒ»ÊÀ£¨1600Ò»1649£©£¬ËûÊÇ˹ͼ¶ûÌØÍõÊÒÖеڶþ¸ö¼Ì³ÐÓ¢¹úºÍ°®¶ûÀ¼Íõ루1625Ò»1649ÔÚ룩µÄ¡£
£Û166£ÝÖ¸ÓÌÌ«Ãñ×å¡£
£Û167£Ý¸ß¸ö¶ùÔ¼º²ÐÕ·¶Äþ£¬²Î¿´µÚÆßÕÂ×¢£Û26£Ý¡£
£Û168£ÝÔ­ÎÄΪÒâ´óÀûÒôÀÖÊõÓï¡£
£Û169£ÝË÷¶ûÈû¶ûÊÇ°®¶ûÀ¼ÓïÊÕË°¹ÝÉáµÄÒôÒ룬½¨ÓÚÊ®ËÄÊÀ¼Í³õ£¬×øÂäÔÚÀû·ÆºÓÒÔÄÏ£¬¶¼°ØÁÖÖÐÑëÇø¡£Ò»°Ë0ÁùÄê²ð»Ù£¬Ö»Ê£Á˸öµØÃû¡£Ô­ÎÄ×÷Ford¡¡of¡¡Hurdles¡£ÔÚ°®¶ûÀ¼ÓïÖУ¬ÎªAth¡¡Cliath£¨ÑÇ˹¿ËÀ³Ë¹£©¡£¶¼°ØÁֵİ®¶ûÀ¼Ãû³ÆBaile¡¡Atha¡¡Cliath£¨ÑÇÈø¿ËÀ³Ë¹Ö®µØ£©¼´Óɴ˶øÀ´¡£ÏÖÈÔÓÃÓÚÓÊ´Á¡£
£Û170£ÝÂÞ¿ËÊÇ·¨¾¯³¤£¬¼ûµÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û199£Ý¡£
£Û171£ÝÂÞ±¾¹ÅÀ­£¨Ô¼1836Ò»1894£©£¬ÄÏÂÞµÂÎ÷ÑÇ´ó¶÷µÂ±´ÀÕ£¨ÂíËþ±´ÀÕ£©µÄ¹úÍõ£¬ÔøÍçÇ¿µÖ¿¹Ó¢¹úÖ³ÃñͳÖΣ¬µ«ËûµÄÍõ¹úÖÕÓÚÒ»°Ë¾ÅÈýÄêʮԱ»ÏûÃð¡£ÁÖÆæºÀ¶÷ÊÇ°®¶ûÀ¼Ð×ÊÖղķ˹¡£ÎÖ¶ûʲµÄ»¯Ãû¡£±»ÅÐÎÞÆÚͽÐÌ£¨1895£©ºó£¬ÌÓÍùÃÀ¹ú¡£ÒÔºóÓÖDZ»Ø°®¶ûÀ¼²¢ÔÙ¶È˦µô¾¯²ìµÄ×·²¶£¬ÌÓ֮زز¡£ËûÊÇÐÁ¸ñµÄϲ¾ç¡¶Î÷·½ÊÀ½çµÄ»¨»¨¹«×Ó¡·£¨1907£©ÖеÄÄÐÖ÷½Ç¿ËÀï˹µÙ¡£ÂíºéµÄÔ­ÐÍÖ®Ò»¡£
£Û172£Ý²©µÂ¼ÓÊÇÒ»¼Ò¾Æ³§¸½ÉèµÄ¾Æ°É¼ä¡£
£Û173£Ý°´ÕÕÓÌÌ«È˵ĹßÀý£¬Ã¿ÄêÔÚÓâÔ½½Ú¿ÉÒÔÊÍ·ÅÒ»ÃûÇô·¸¡£µ±ÂÞÂí×ܶ½±ËÀ­¶àÈÃÓÌ̫ȺÖÚ×öÑ¡Ôñʱ£¬ËûÃÇÈ´ÇéÔ¸ÊÍ·ÅÐ×ɱ·¸°ÍÀ­°Í£¬¶ø°ÑÒ®öÕ¶¤ÔÚÊ®×Ö¼ÜÉÏ¡£²Î¿´¡¶Ô¼º²¸£Òô¡·µÚ18ÕµÚ39ÖÁ40½Ú¡£ÕâÀïÖ¸·Å¸ßÀû´ûµÄÂÀ±ã¡£½Ü¡£
£Û174£Ý¿ÏÄáµÏС½ãºÍ¶Å˿С½ãÊÇ°ÂÃɵ·¹µêµÄÅ®ÊÌ¡£²Î¿´µÚʮһÕÂ×¢£Û1£Ý¼°ÓйØÕýÎÄ¡£
£Û175£ÝÍþÁ®¡£²©ÒÁµÂÊǶ¼°ØÁÖ»ù¶½½ÌÇàÄê»á£¨²Î¿´µÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û4£Ý£©×ܸÉÊ¡£
£Û176£ÝÕâÊÇÏÄÂå¿ËÔÚÓâÆÚ²»»¹±ØÐë¸îÒ»°õÈâµÄÌõ¼þÏ£¬´ðÓ¦½èÇ®¸ø°²¶«Äá°Âºó£¬ºóÕßËù˵µÄ»°¡£¼û¡¶ÍþÄá˹ÉÌÈË¡·µÚlÄ»µÚ3³¡¡£
£Û177£Ýղķ˹¡£J¡£ºàÀû£¬µ±Ê±ÎªÊÐÕþÌüµÄÖ´ÊÂÖúÀí¡£ÏÂÎÄÖеĿËÀ³¶ûÎÝ£¬Ô­ÎÄΪ·¨Ó²Î¿´µÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û177£Ý¡£
£Û178£Ý½Ü¿Ë¡£ÄÂÄáµÄÄڵܼ´±«²ª¡£¶àÀ¼£¬²Î¿´µÚ°ËÕÂ×¢£Û181£Ý¡£
£Û179£Ý¼´¶¼°ØÁÖÊи±ÃØÊ鳤¼ªÃס£ºàÀû¡£
£Û180£ÝÒÔÃÀ¹ú°®¹úÕߺÍÕþÖμҺàÀû¡£¿ËÀ³£¨1777Ò»1852£©ÃüÃûµÄÑ©ÇÑÑÌ¡£
£Û181£Ý¸Ç¶ûÓï¼´°®¶ûÀ¼Óʮ¾ÅÊÀ¼Í³õÒ¶ÒÔÀ´£¬Òé»áÀïÔøÓÐÈ˳«µ¼Ìá¸ß°®¶ûÀ¼ÓïµØλµÄÔ˶¯¡£
£Û182£ÝÕâÀïÌ×ÓÃÒâ´óÀûÒ®öÕ»á»áÊ¿Ç

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨1£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ