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heir　contemporaries；　and　it　was　very　late；　and　with　great　difficulty；　that　the　Romans　became　known　to　the　Greeks。　Nay；　those　that　were　reckoned　the　most　exact　historians　（and　Ephorus　for　one）　were　so　very　ignorant　of　the　Gauls　and　the　Spaniards；　that　he　supposed　the　Spaniards；　who　inhabit　so　great　a　part　of　the　western　regions　of　the　earth；　to　be　no　more　than　one　city。　Those　historians　also　have　ventured　to　describe　such　customs　as　were　made　use　of　by　them；　which　they　never　had　either　done　or　said；　and　the　reason　why　these　writers　did　not　know　the　truth　of　their　affairs　was　this；　that　they　had　not　any　commerce　together；　but　the　reason　why　they　wrote　such　falsities　was　this；　that　they　had　a　mind　to　appear　to　know　things　which　others　had　not　known。　How　can　it　then　be　any　wonder；　if　our　nation　was　no　more　known　to　many　of　the　Greeks；　nor　had　given　them　any　occasion　to　mention　them　in　their　writings；　while　they　were　so　remote　from　the　sea；　and　had　a　conduct　of　life　so　peculiar　to　themselves？

13。　Let　us　now　put　the　case；　therefore；　that　we　made　use　of　this　argument　concerning　the　Grecians；　in　order　to　prove　that　their　nation　was　not　ancient；　because　nothing　is　said　of　them　in　our　records：　would　not　they　laugh　at　us　all；　and　probably　give　the　same　reasons　for　our　silence　that　I　have　now　alleged；　and　would　produce　their　neighbor　nations　as　witnesses　to　their　own　antiquity？　Now　the　very　same　thing　will　I　endeavor　to　do；　for　I　will　bring　the　Egyptians　and　the　Phoenicians　as　my　principal　witnesses；　because　nobody　can　complain　Of　their　testimony　as　false；　on　account　that　they　are　known　to　have　borne　the　greatest　ill…will　towards　us；　I　mean　this　as　to　the　Egyptians　in　general　all　of　them；　while　of　the　Phoenicians　it　is　known　the　Tyrians　have　been　most　of　all　in　the　same　ill　disposition　towards　us：　yet　do　I　confess　that　I　cannot　say　the　same　of　the　Chaldeans；　since　our　first　leaders　and　ancestors　were　derived　from　them；　and　they　do　make　mention　of　us　Jews　in　their　records；　on　account　of　the　kindred　there　is　between　us。　Now　when　I　shall　have　made　my　assertions　good；　so　far　as　concerns　the　others；　I　will　demonstrate　that　some　of　the　Greek　writers　have　made　mention　of　us　Jews　also；　that　those　who　envy　us　may　not　have　even　this　pretense　for　contradicting　what　I　have　said　about　our　nation。

14。　I　shall　begin　with　the　writings　of　the　Egyptians；　not　indeed　of　those　that　have　written　in　the　Egyptian　language；　which　it　is　impossible　for　me　to　do。　But　Manetho　was　a　man　who　was　by　birth　an　Egyptian；　yet　had　he　made　himself　master　of　the　Greek　learning；　as　is　very　evident；　for　he　wrote　the　history　of　his　own　country　in　the　Greek　tongue；　by　translating　it；　as　he　saith　himself；　out　of　their　sacred　records；　he　also　finds　great　fault　with　Herodotus　for　his　ignorance　and　false　relations　of　Egyptian　affairs。　Now　this　Manetho；　in　the　second　book　of　his　Egyptian　History；　writes　concerning　us　in　the　following　manner。　I　will　set　down　his　very　words；　as　if　I　were　to　bring　the　very　man　himself　into　a　court　for　a　witness：　〃There　was　a　king　of　ours　whose　name　was　Timaus。　Under　him　it　came　to　pass；　I　know　not　how；　that　God　was　averse　to　us；　and　there　came；　after　a　surprising　manner；　men　of　ignoble　birth　out　of　the　eastern　parts；　and　had　boldness　enough　to　make　an　expedition　into　our　country；　and　with　ease　subdued　it　by　force；　yet　without　our　hazarding　a　battle　with　them。　So　when　they　had　gotten　those　that　governed　us　under　their　power；　they　afterwards　burnt　down　our　cities；　and　demolished　the　temples　of　the　gods；　and　used　all　the　inhabitants　after　a　most　barbarous　manner；　nay；　some　they　slew；　and　led　their　children　and　their　wives　into　slavery。　At　length　they　made　one　of　themselves　king；　whose　name　was　Salatis；　he　also　lived　at　Memphis；　and　made　both　the　upper　and　lower　regions　pay　tribute；　and　left　garrisons　in　places　that　were　the　most　proper　for　them。　He　chiefly　aimed　to　secure　the　eastern　parts；　as　fore…seeing　that　the　Assyrians；　who　had　then　the　greatest　power；　would　be　desirous　of　that　kingdom；　and　invade　them；　and　as　he　found　in　the　Saite　Nomos；　＇Sethroite；＇　a　city　very　proper　for　this　purpose；　and　which　lay　upon　the　Bubastic　channel；　but　with　regard　to　a　certain　theologic　notion　was　called　Avaris；　this　he　rebuilt；　and　made　very　strong　by　the　walls　he　built　about　it；　and　by　a　most　numerous　garrison　of　two　hundred　and　forty　thousand　armed　men　whom　he　put　into　it　to　keep　it。　Thither　Salatis　came　in　summer　time；　partly　to　gather　his　corn；　and　pay　his　soldiers　their　wages；　and　partly　to　exercise　his　armed　men；　and　thereby　to　terrify　foreigners。　When　this　man　had　reigned　thirteen　years；　after　him　reigned　another；　whose　name　was　Beon；　for　forty…four　years；　after　him　reigned　another；　called　Apachnas；　thirty…six　years　and　seven　months；　after　him　Apophis　reigned　sixty…one　years；　and　then　Janins　fifty　years　and　one　month；　after　all　these　reigned　Assis　forty…nine　years　and　two　months。　And　these　six　were　the　first　rulers　among　them；　who　were　all　along　making　war　with　the　Egyptians；　and　were　very　desirous　gradually　to　destroy　them　to　the　very　roots。　This　whole　nation　was　styled　Hycsos；　that　is；　Shepherd…kings：　for　the　first　syllable　Hyc；　according　to　the　sacred　dialect；　denotes　a　king；　as　is　Sos　a　shepherd；　but　this　according　to　the　ordinary　dialect；　and　of　these　is　compounded　Hycsos：　but　some　say　that　these　people　were　Arabians。〃　Now　in　another　copy　it　is　said　that　this　word　does　not　denote　Kings；　but；　on　the　contrary；　denotes　Captive　Shepherds；　and　this　on　account　of　the　particle　Hyc；　for　that　Hyc；　with　the　aspiration；　in　the　Egyptian　tongue　again　denotes　Shepherds；　and　that　expressly　also；　and　this　to　me　seems　the　more　probable　opinion；　and　more　agreeable　to　ancient　history。　＇But　Manetho　goes　on＇：　〃These　people；　whom　we　have　before　named　kings；　and　called　shepherds　also；　and　their　descendants；〃　as　he　says；　〃kept　possession　of　Egypt　five　hundred　and　eleven　years。〃　After　these；　he　says；　〃That　the　kings　of　Thebais　and　the　other　parts　of　Egypt　made　an　insurrection　against　the　shepherds；　and　that　there　a　terrible　and　long　war　was　made　between　them。〃　He　says　further；　〃That　under　a　king；　whose　name　was　Alisphragmuthosis；　the　shepherds　were　subdued　by　him；　and　were　indeed　driven　out　of　other　parts　of　Egypt；　but　were　shut　up　in　a　place　that　contained　ten　thousand　acres；　this　place　was　named　Avaris。〃　Manetho　says；　〃That　the　shepherds　built　a　wall　round　all　this　place；　which　was　a　large　and　a　strong　wall；　and　this　in　order　to　keep　all　their　possessions　and　their　prey　within　a　place　of　strength；　but　that　Thummosis　the　son　of　Alisphragmuthosis　made　an　attempt　to　take　them　by　force　and　by　siege；　with　four　hundred　and　eighty　thousand　men　to　lie　rotund　about　them；　but　that；　upon　his　despair　of　taking　the　place　by　that　siege；　they　came　to　a　composition　with　them；　that　they　should　leave　Egypt；　and　go；　without　any　harm　to　be　done　to　them；　whithersoever　they　would；　and　that；　after　this　composition　was　made；　they　went　away　with　their　whole　families　and　effects；　not　fewer　in　number　than　two　hundred　and　forty　thousand；　and　took　their　journey　from　Egypt；　through　the　wilderness；　for　Syria；　but　that　as　they　were　in　fear　of　the　Assyrians；　who　had　then　the　dominion　over　Asia；　they　built　a　city　in　that　country　which　is　now　called　Judea；　and　that　large　enough　to　contain　this　great　number　of　men；　and　called　it　Jerusalem。　（9）　Now　Manetho；　in　another　book　of　his；　says；　〃That　this　nation；　thus　called　Shepherds；　were　also　called　Captives；　in　their　sacred　books。〃　And　this　account　of　his　is　the　truth；　for　feeding　of　sheep　was　the　employment　of　our　forefathers　in　the　most　ancient　ages　（10）　and　as　they　led　such　a　wandering　life　in　feeding　sheep；　they　were　called　Shepherds。　Nor　was　it　without　reason　that　they　were　called　Captives　by　the　Egyptians；　since　one　of　our　ancestors；　Joseph；　told　the　king　of　Egypt　that　he　was　a　captive；　and　afterward　sent　for　his　brethren　into　Egypt　by　the　king's　permission。　But　as　for　these　matters；　I　shall　make　a　more　exact　inquiry　about　them　elsewhere。　（11）

15。　But　now　I　shall　produce　the　Egyptians　as　witnesses　to　the　antiquity　of　our　nation。　I　shall　therefore　here　bring　in　Manetho　again；　and　what　he　writes　as　to　the　order　of　the　times　in　this　case；　and　thus　he　speaks：　〃When　this　people　or　shepherds　were　gone　out　of　Egypt　to　Jerusalem；　Tethtoosis　the　king　of　Egypt；　who　drove　them　out；　reigned　afterward　twenty…five　years　and　four　months；　and　then　died；　after　him　his　son　Chebron　took　the　kingdom　for　thirteen　years；　after　whom　came　Amenophis；　for　twenty　years　and　seven　months；　then　came　his　sister　Amesses；　for　twenty…one　years　and　nine　months；　after　her　came　Mephres；　for　twelve　years　and　nine　months；　after　him　was　Mephramuthosis；　for　twenty…five　years　and　ten　months；　after　him　was　Thmosis；　for　nine　years　and　eight　months；　after　him　came　Amenophis；　for　thirty　years　and　ten　months；　after　him　came　Orus；　for　thirty…six　years　and　five　months；　then　came　his　daughter　Acenchres；　for　twelve　years　and　one　month；　then　was　her　brother　Rathotis；　for　nine　years；　then　was　Acencheres；　for　twelve　years　and　five　months；　then　came　another　Acencheres；　for　twelve　years　and　three　months；　after　him　Armais；　for　four　years　and　one　month；　after　him　was　Ramesses；　for　one　year　and　four　months；　after　him　came　Armesses　Miammoun；　for　sixty…six　years　and　two　months；　after　him　Amenophis；　for　nineteen　years　and　six　months；　after　him　came　Sethosis；　and　Ramesses；　who　had　an　army　of　horse；　and　a　naval　force。　This　king　appointed　his　brother；　Armais；；　to　be　his　deputy　over　Egypt。〃　＇In　another　copy　it　stood　thus：　After　him　came　Sethosis；　and　Ramesses；　two　brethren；　the　former　of　whom　had　a　naval　force；　and　in　a　hostile　manner　destroyed　those　that　met　him　upon　the　sea；　but　as　he　slew　Ramesses　in　no　long　time　afterward；　so　he　appointed　another　of　his　brethren　to　be　his　deputy　over　Egypt。＇　He　also　gave　him　all　the　other　authority　of　a　king；　but　with　these　only　injunctions；　that　he　should　not　wear　the　diadem；　nor　be　injurious　to　the　queen；　the　mother　of　his　children；　and　that　he　should　not　meddle　with　the　other　concubines　of　the　king；　while　he　made　an　expedition　against　Cyprus；　and　Phoenicia；　and　besides　against　the　Assyrians　and　the　Medes。　He　then　subdued　them　all；　some　by　his　arms；　some　without　fighting；　and　some　by　the　terror　of　his　great　army；　and　being　puffed　up　by　the　great　successes　he　had　had；　he　went　on　still　the　more　boldly；　and　overthrew　the　cities　and　countries　that　lay　in　the　eastern　parts。　But　after　some　considerable　time；　Armais；　who　was　left　in　Egypt；　did　all　those　very　things；　by　way　of　opposition；　which　his　brother　had　forbid　him　to　do；　without　fear；　for　he　used　violence　to　the　queen；　and　continued　to　make　use　of　the　rest　of　the　concubines；　without　sparing　any　of　them；　nay；　at　the　persuasion　of　his　friends　he　put　on　the　diadem；　and　set　up　to　oppose　his　brother。　But　then　he　who　was　set　over　the　priests　of　Egypt　wrote　letters　to　Sethosis；　and　informed　him　of　all　that　had　happened；　and　how　his　brother　had　set　up　to　oppose　him：　he　therefore　returned　back　to　Pelusium　immediately；　and　recovered　his　kingdom　again。　The　country　also　was　called　from　his　name　Egypt；　for　Manetho　says；　that　Sethosis　was　himself　called　Egyptus；　as　was　his　brother　Armais　called　Danaus。〃

16。　This　is　Manetho's　account。　And　evident　it　is　from　the　numbe