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Science£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡of¡¡a¡¡high¡¡and¡¡satisfactory¡¡character£»¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡a¡¡deduction¡¡of¡¡causes¡¡and¡¡effects£»¡¡shewing¡¡us¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡that¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡is¡¡so£»¡¡but¡¡why¡¡it¡¡is¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡and¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡otherwise¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡rest¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡empirical£»¡¡and£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡narrowness¡¡of¡¡human¡¡wit¡¡may¡¡often¡¡drive¡¡us¡¡to¡¡this£»¡¡yet¡¡it¡¡is¡¡essentially¡¡of¡¡a¡¡lower¡¡order¡¡and¡¡description¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡it¡¡depends¡¡for¡¡its¡¡authority¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡example£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡examples£»¡¡so¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡a¡¡contrary¡¡nature¡¡may¡¡continually¡¡come¡¡in£»¡¡to¡¡weaken¡¡its¡¡force£»¡¡or¡¡utterly¡¡to¡¡subvert¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡the¡¡affair¡¡is¡¡made¡¡still¡¡worse£»¡¡when¡¡we¡¡see£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡craniology£»¡¡that¡¡all¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡deduced¡¡£¨as¡¡here¡¡from¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡mind£©¡¡would¡¡persuade¡¡us¡¡to¡¡believe£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡connection¡¡between¡¡the¡¡supposed¡¡indications£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡things¡¡pretended¡¡to¡¡be¡¡indicated¡£

Craniology£»¡¡or¡¡phrenology£»¡¡proceeds¡¡exactly¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡train£»¡¡as¡¡chiromancy£»¡¡or¡¡any¡¡of¡¡those¡¡pretended¡¡sciences¡¡which¡¡are¡¡built¡¡merely¡¡on¡¡assumption¡¡or¡¡conjecture¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡first¡¡delineations¡¡presented¡¡to¡¡the¡¡public£»¡¡marked¡¡out£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡have¡¡said£»¡¡the¡¡scull¡¡into¡¡compartments£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡a¡¡country¡¡delineated¡¡on¡¡a¡¡map¡¡is¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡districts¡£¡¡¡¡Geography¡¡is¡¡a¡¡real¡¡science£»¡¡and¡¡accordingly£»¡¡like¡¡other¡¡sciences£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡slow¡¡and¡¡gradual¡¡in¡¡its¡¡progress¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡an¡¡early¡¡stage¡¡travellers¡¡knew¡¡little¡¡more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡shores¡¡and¡¡islands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mediterranean¡£¡¡¡¡Afterwards£»¡¡they¡¡passed¡¡the¡¡straits¡¡of¡¡Hercules£»¡¡and¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡length¡¡the¡¡habitable¡¡world¡¡was¡¡distributed¡¡into¡¡three¡¡parts£»¡¡Europe£»¡¡Asia£»¡¡and¡¡Africa¡£¡¡¡¡More¡¡recently£»¡¡by¡¡many¡¡centuries£»¡¡came¡¡the¡¡discovery¡¡of¡¡America¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡but¡¡the¡¡other¡¡day¡¡comparatively£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡found¡¡the¡¡extensive¡¡island¡¡of¡¡New¡¡Holland¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Southern¡¡Ocean¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡ancient¡¡geographers¡¡placed¡¡an¡¡elephant¡¡or¡¡some¡¡marine¡¡monster¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vacant¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡their¡¡maps£»¡¡to¡¡signify¡¡that¡¡of¡¡these¡¡parts¡¡they¡¡knew¡¡nothing¡£¡¡¡¡Not¡¡so¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡Gall¡£¡¡¡¡Every¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his¡¡globe¡¡of¡¡the¡¡human¡¡Scull£»¡¡at¡¡least¡¡with¡¡small¡¡exceptions£»¡¡is¡¡fully¡¡tenanted£»¡¡and¡¡he£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡single¡¡arm£»¡¡has¡¡conquered¡¡a¡¡world¡£

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¡¨Every¡¡person¡¡was¡¡desirous¡¡to¡¡know¡¡what¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Gall¡¡would¡¡say¡¡about¡¡T£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡known¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house¡¡as¡¡a¡¡thief¡¡full¡¡of¡¡cunning£»¡¡and¡¡who£»¡¡having¡¡several¡¡times¡¡made¡¡his¡¡escape£»¡¡wore¡¡an¡¡additional¡¡iron¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡surprising£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡in¡¡him¡¡far¡¡less¡¡of¡¡the¡¡organ¡¡of¡¡cunning£»¡¡than¡¡in¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡prisoners¡£¡¡¡¡However¡¡it¡¡was¡¡proved£»¡¡that¡¡examples£»¡¡and¡¡conversation¡¡with¡¡other¡¡thieves¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house£»¡¡had¡¡suggested¡¡to¡¡him¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡for¡¡his¡¡escape£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡stupidity¡¡which¡¡he¡¡possesses¡¡was¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡his¡¡being¡¡retaken¡£¡¨

¡¨We¡¡were¡¡much¡¡surprised¡¡to¡¡be¡¡told£»¡¡that¡¡M¡££»¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Gall¡¡had¡¡not¡¡discovered¡¡the¡¡organ¡¡of¡¡representation£»¡¡possessed¡¡extraordinary¡¡abilities¡¡in¡¡imitating¡¡the¡¡voice¡¡of¡¡animals£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡were¡¡convinced¡¡after¡¡enquiries£»¡¡that¡¡his¡¡talent¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡one£»¡¡but¡¡acquired¡¡by¡¡study¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡related¡¡to¡¡us¡¡that£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Prussian¡¡soldier¡¡garrisoned¡¡at¡¡Berlin£»¡¡he¡¡used¡¡to¡¡deceive¡¡the¡¡waiting¡¡women¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Foundling¡¡Hospital¡¡by¡¡imitating¡¡the¡¡voice¡¡of¡¡exposed¡¡infants£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡counterfeited¡¡the¡¡cry¡¡of¡¡a¡¡wild¡¡drake£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡officers¡¡were¡¡shooting¡¡ducks¡£¡¨

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In¡¡Spurzheim's¡¡delineation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡human¡¡head¡¡I¡¡find¡¡six¡¡divisions¡¡of¡¡organs¡¡marked¡¡out¡¡in¡¡the¡¡little¡¡hemisphere¡¡over¡¡the¡¡eye£»¡¡indicating¡¡six¡¡different¡¡dispositions¡£¡¡¡¡Must¡¡there¡¡not¡¡be¡¡in¡¡this¡¡subtle¡¡distribution¡¡much¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡arbitrary¡¡and¡¡sciolistic£¿

It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡regretted£»¡¡that¡¡no¡¡person¡¡skilful¡¡in¡¡metaphysics£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡human¡¡mind£»¡¡has¡¡taken¡¡a¡¡share¡¡in¡¡this¡¡investigation¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡errors¡¡and¡¡much¡¡absurdity¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡statements¡¡of¡¡these¡¡theorists£»¡¡if¡¡a¡¡proper¡¡division¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡between¡¡those¡¡attributes¡¡and¡¡propensities£»¡¡which¡¡by¡¡possibility¡¡a¡¡human¡¡creature¡¡may¡¡bring¡¡into¡¡the¡¡world¡¡with¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡which£»¡¡being¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arbitrary¡¡institutions¡¡of¡¡society£»¡¡must¡¡be¡¡indebted¡¡to¡¡those¡¡institutions¡¡for¡¡their¡¡origin¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡endeavoured¡¡in¡¡a¡¡former¡¡Essay£§41£§¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡this¡¡distinction£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡shew¡¡how£»¡¡though¡¡a¡¡human¡¡being¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡born¡¡with¡¡an¡¡express¡¡propensity¡¡towards¡¡any¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡infinite¡¡pursuits¡¡and¡¡occupations¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡civilised¡¡society£»¡¡yet¡¡that¡¡he¡¡may¡¡be¡¡fitted¡¡by¡¡his¡¡external¡¡or¡¡internal¡¡structure¡¡to¡¡excel¡¡in¡¡some¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡pursuits¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡another¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡all¡¡this¡¡is¡¡overlooked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡phrenologists¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡remark¡¡the¡¡various¡¡habits¡¡and¡¡dispositions£»¡¡the¡¡virtues¡¡and¡¡the¡¡vices£»¡¡that¡¡display¡¡themselves¡¡in¡¡society¡¡as¡¡now¡¡constituted£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡once¡¡and¡¡without¡¡consideration¡¡trace¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡structure¡¡that¡¡we¡¡bring¡¡into¡¡the¡¡world¡¡with¡¡us¡£

£§41£§¡¡See¡¡above£»¡¡Essay¡¡II¡£


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