the women of the french salons-第21章

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y　…　Anecdote　of　Mme。　du　Deffandthe　Salon　an　Engine　of　Political　PowerGreat　Influence　of　WomenSalons　Defined　　　Literary　DinnersEtiquette　of　the　SalonsAn　Exotic　on　American　Soil。

The　traits　which　strike　us　most　forcibly　in　the　lives　and　characters　of　the　women　of　the　early　salons；　which　colored　their　minds；　ran　through　their　literary　pastimes；　and　gave　a　distinctive　flavor　to　their　conversation；　are　delicacy　and　sensibility。　　It　was　these　qualities；　added　to　a　decided　taste　for　pleasures　of　the　intellect；　and　an　innate　social　genius；　that　led　them　to　revolt　from　the　gross　sensualism　of　the　court；　and　form；　upon　a　new　basis；　a　society　that　has　given　another　complexion　to　the　last　two　centuries。　　The　natural　result　was；　at　first；　a　reign　of　sentiment　that　was　often　over…strained；　but　which　represented　on　the　whole　a　reaction　of　morality　and　refinement。　　The　wits　and　beauties　of　the　Salon　Bleu　may　have　committed　a　thousand　follies；　but　their　chivalrous　codes　of　honor　and　of　manners；　their　fastidious　tastes；　even　their　prudish　affectations；　were　open　though　sometimes　rather　bizarre　tributes　to　the　virtues　that　lie　at　the　very　foundation　of　a　well…ordered　society。　　They　had　exalted　ideas　of　the　dignity　of　womanhood；　of　purity；　of　loyalty；　of　devotion。　　The　heroines　of　Mlle。　de　Scudery；　with　their　endless　discourses　upon　the　metaphysics　of　love；　were　no　doubt　tiresome　sometimes　to　the　blase　courtiers；　as　well　as　to　the　critics；　but　they　had　their　originals　in　living　women　who　reversed　the　common　traditions　of　a　Gabrielle　and　a　Marion　Delorme；　who　combined　with　the　intellectual　brilliancy　and　fine　courtesy　of　the　Greek　Aspasia　the　moral　graces　that　give　so　poetic　a　fascination　to　the　Christian　and　medieval　types。　　Mme。　de　la　Fayette　painted　with　rare　delicacy　the　old　struggle　between　passion　and　duty；　but　character　triumphs　over　passion；　and　duty　is　the　final　victor。　　In　spite　of　the　low　standards　of　the　age；　the　ideal　woman　of　society；　as　of　literature；　was　noble；　tender；　modest；　pure；　and　loyal。

But　the　eighteenth　century　brings　new　types　to　the　surface。　　The　precieuses；　with　their　sentimental　theories　and　naive　reserves；　have　had　their　day。　　It　is　no　longer　the　world　of　Mme。　de　Rambouillet　that　confronts　us　with　its　chivalrous　models；　its　refined　platonism；　and　its　flavor　of　literature；　but　rather　that　of　the　epicurean　Ninon；　brilliant；　versatile；　free；　lax；　skeptical；　full　of　intrigue　and　wit；　but　without　moral　sense　of　spiritual　aspiration。　　Literary　portraits　and　ethical　maxims　have　given　place　to　a　spicy　mixture　of　scandal　and　philosophy；　humanitarian　speculations　and　equivocal　bons　mots。　　It　is　piquant　and　amusing；　this　light　play　of　intellect；　seasoned　with　clever　and　sparkling　wit；　but　the　note　of　delicacy　and　sensibility　is　quite　gone。　　Society　has　divested　itself　of　many　crudities　and　affectations　perhaps；　but　it　has　grown　as　artificial　and　self…　conscious　as　its　rouged　and　befeathered　leaders。

The　woman　who　presided　over　these　centers　of　fashion　and　intelligence　represent　to　us　the　genius　of　social　sovereignty。　　We　fall　under　the　glamour　of　the　luminous　but　factitious　atmosphere　that　surrounded　them。　　We　are　dazzled　by　the　subtlety　and　clearness　of　their　intellect；　the　brilliancy　of　their　wit。　　Their　faults　are　veiled　by　the　smoke　of　the　incense　we　burn　before　them；　or　lost　in　the　dim　perspective。　　It　is　fortunate；　perhaps；　for　many　of　our　illusions；　that　the　golden　age；　which　is　always　receding；　is　seen　at　such　long　range　that　only　the　softly　colored　outlines　are　visible。　　Men　and　women　are　transfigured　in　the　rosy　light　that　rests　on　historic　heights　as　on　far…off　mountain　tops。　　But　if　we　bring　them　into　closer　view；　and　turn　on　the　pitiless　light　of　truth；　the　aureole　vanishes；　a　thousand　hidden　defects　are　exposed；　and　our　idol　stands　out　hard　and　bare；　too　often　divested　of　its　divinity　and　its　charm。

To　do　justice　to　these　women；　we　must　take　the　point　of　view　of　an　age　that　was　corrupt　to　the　core。　　It　is　needless　to　discuss　here　the　merits　of　the　stormy；　disenchanting　eighteenth　century；　which　was　the　mother　of　our　own；　and　upon　which　the　world　is　likely　to　remain　hopelessly　divided。　But　whatever　we　may　think　of　its　final　outcome；　it　can　hardly　be　denied　that　this　period；　which　in　France　was　so　powerful　in　ideas；　so　active　in　thought；　so　teeming　with　intelligence；　so　rich　in　philosophy；　was　poor　in　faith；　bankrupt　in　morals；　without　religion；　without　poetry；　and　without　imagination。　　The　divine　ideals　of　virtue　and　renunciation　were　drowned　in　a　sea　of　selfishness　and　materialism。　　The　austere　devotion　of　Pascal　was　out　of　fashion。　　The　spiritual　teachings　of　Bossuet　and　Fenelon　represented　the　out…worn　creeds　of　an　age　that　was　dead。　　It　was　Voltaire　who　gave　the　tone；　and　even　Voltaire　was　not　radical　enough　for　many　of　these　iconoclasts。　　〃He　is　a　bigot　and　a　deist；〃　exclaimed　a　feminine　disciple　of　d'Holbach's　atheism。　　The　gay；　witty；　pleasure…loving　abbe；　who　derided　piety；　defied　morality；　was　the　pet　of　the　salon；　and　figured　in　the　worst　scandals；　was　a　fair　representative　of　the　fashionable　clergy　who　had　no　attribute　of　priesthood　but　the　name；　and　clearly　justified　the　sneers　of　the　philosophers。　　Tradition　had　given　place　to　private　judgment　and　in　its　first　reaction　private　judgment　knew　no　law　but　its　own　caprices。　　The　watchword　of　intellectual　freedom　was　made　to　cover　universal　license；　and　clever　sophists　constructed　theories　to　justify　the　mad　carnival　of　vice　and　frivolity。　　〃As　soon　as　one　does　a　bad　action；　one　never　fails　to　make　a　bad　maxim；〃　said　the　clever　Marquise　de　Crequi。　　〃As　soon　as　a　school　boy　has　his　love　affairs；　he　wishes　no　more　to　say　his　prayers；　and　when　a　woman　wrongs　her　husband；　she　tries　to　believe　no　more　in　God。〃

The　fact　that　this　brilliant　but　heartless　and　epicurean　world　was　tempered　with　intellect　and　taste　changed　its　color　but　not　its　moral　quality。　　Talent　turned　to　intrigue；　and　character　was　the　toy　of　the　scheming　and　flexible　brain。　　The　maxims　of　La　Rochefoucauld　were　the　rule　of　life。　　Wit　counted　for　everything；　the　heart　for　nothing。　　The　only　sins　that　could　not　be　pardoned　were　stupidity　and　awkwardness。　　〃Bah！　　He　has　only　revealed　every　one's　secret；〃　said　Mme。　du　Defand　to　an　acquaintance　who　censured　Helvetius　for　making　selfishness　the　basis　of　all　human　actions。　　To　some　one　who　met　this　typical　woman　of　her　time；　in　the　gay　salon　of　Mme。　de　Marchais；　and　condoled　with　her　upon　the　death　of　her　lifelong　friend　and　lover；　Pont　de　Veyle；　she　quietly　replied；　〃Alas！　　He　died　this　evening　at　six　o〃clock；　otherwise　you　would　not　see　me　here。〃　　〃My　friend　fell　ill；　I　attended　him；　he　died；　and　I　dissected　him〃　was　the　remark　of　a　wit　on　reading　her　satirical　pen　portrait　of　the　Marquise　du　Chatelet。　　This　cold　skepticism；　keen　analysis；　and　undisguised　heartlessness　strike　the　keynote　of　the　century　which　was　socially　so　brilliant；　intellectually　so　fruitful；　and　morally　so　weak。

The　liberty　and　complaisance　of　the　domestic　relations　were　complete。　　It　is　true　there　were　examples　of　conjugal　devotion；　for　the　gentle　human　affections　never　quite　disappear　in　any　atmosphere；　but　the　fact　that　they　were　considered　worthy　of　note　sufficiently　indicates　the　drift　of　the　age。　　In　the　world　of　fashion　and　of　form　there　was　not　even　a　pretense　of　preserving　the　sanctity　of　marriage；　if　the　chronicles　of　the　time　are　to　be　credited。　　It　was　simply　a　commercial　affair　which　united　names　and　fortunes；　continued　the　glory　of　the　families；　replenished　exhausted　purses；　and　gave　freedom　to　women。　　If　love　entered　into　it　at　all；　it　was　by　accident。　　This　superfluous　sentiment　was　ridiculed；　or　relegated　to　the　bourgeoisie；　to　whom　it　was　left　to　preserve　the　tradition　of　household　virtues。　　Every　one　seems　to　have　accepted　the　philosophy　of　the　irrepressible　Ninon；　who　〃returned　thanks　to　God　every　evening　for　her　esprit；　and　prayed　him　every　morning　to　be　preserved　from　follies　of　the　heart。〃　　If　a　young　wife　was　modest　or　shy；　she　was　the　object　of　unflattering　persiflage。　　If　she　betrayed　her　innocent　love　for　her　husband；　she　was　not　of　the　charmed　circle　of　wit　and　good　tone　which　frowned　upon　so　vulgar　a　weakness；　and　laughed　at　inconvenient　scruples。

〃Indeed；〃　says　a　typical　husband　of　the　period；　〃I　cannot　conceive　how；　in　the　barbarous　ages；　one　had　the　courage　to　wed。　　The　ties　of　marriage　were　a　chain。　　Today　you　see　kindness；　liberty；　peace　reign　in　the　bosom　of　families。　　If　husband　and　wife　love　each　other；　very　well；　they　live　together；　they　are　happy。　　If　they　cease　to　love；　they　say　so　honestly；　and　return　to　each　other　the　promise　of　fidelity。　　They　cease　to　be　lovers；　they　are　friends。　　That　is　what　I　call　social　manners；　gentle　manners。〃　　This　reign　of　the　senses　is　aptly　illustrated　by　the　epitaph　which　the　gay；　voluptuous；　and　spirtuelle　Marquise　de　Boufflers　wrote　for　herself：

Ci…git　dans　une　paix　profonde　Cette　Dame　de　Volupte　Qui；　pour　plus　grande　surete；　Fit　son　paradis　de　ce　monde。

〃Courte　et　bonne；〃　said　the　favorite　daughter　of　the　Regent；　in　the　same　spirit。

It　is　against　such　a　background　that　the　women　who　figure　so　prominently　in　the　salons　are　outlined。　　Such　was　the　air　they　breathed；　the　spirit　they　imbibed。　　That　it　was　fatal　to　the　finer　graces　of　character　goes　without　saying。　　Doubtless；　in　quiet　and　secluded　nooks；　there　were　many　human　wild　flowers　that　had　not　lost　their　primitive　freshness　and　delicacy；　but　they　did　not　flourish　in　the　withering　atmosphere　of　the　great　world。　　The　type　in　vogue　savored　of　the　hothouse。　　With　its　striking　beauty　of　form　and　tropical　richness　of　color；　it　had　no　sweetness；　no　fragrance。　　Many　of　these　women　we　can　only　consider　on　the　worldly　and　intellectual　side。　　Sydney　Smith　has　aptly　characterized　them　as　〃women　who　violated　the　common　duties　of　life；　and　gave　very　pleasant　little　suppers。〃　　But　standing　on　the　level　of　a　time　in　which　their　faults　were　mildly　censured；　if　at　all；　their　characteristic　gifts　shine　out　with　marvelous　splendor。　　It　is　from　this　standpoint　alone　that　we　can　present　them；　drawing　the　friendly　mantle　of　silence　over　grave　weaknesses　and　fatal　errors。

In　this　century；　in　which　women　have　so　much　wider　scope；　when　they　may　paint；　carve；　act；　sing；　write；　enter　professional　life；　or　do　whatever　talent　and　inclination　dictate；　without　loss　of　dignity　or　prestige；　unless　they　do　it　ill；and　perhaps　even　this　exception　is　a　trifle　superfluous；it　is　difficult　to　understand　fully；　or　estimate　correctly；　a　society　in　which　the　best　feminine　intellect　was　centered　upon　the　art　of　entertaining　and　of　wielding　an　indirect　power　through　the　minds　of　men。　　These　Frenchwomen　had　all　the　vanity　that　lies　at　the　bottom　of　the　Gallic　character；　but　when　the　triumphs　of　youth　were　over；　the　only　legitimate　path　to　individual　distinction　was　that　of　social　influence。　　This　was　attained　through　personal　charm；　supplemented　by　more　or　less　cleverness；　or　through　the　gift　of　creating　a　society　that　cast　about　them　an　illusion　of　talent　of　which　they　were　often　only　the　reflection。　　To　these　two　classes　belong　the　queens　of　the　salons。　　But　the　most　famous　of　them　only　carried　to　the　point　of　genius　a　talent　that　was　universal。

In　its　best　estate　a　brilliant　social