descartes¡¯ reason discourse(µÑ¿¨¶ûµÄÍÆÀí)-µÚ11ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
being¡¡rarefied£»¡¡passes¡¡from¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡extremities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arteries£»¡¡
causes¡¡certain¡¡of¡¡its¡¡parts¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡the¡¡members¡¡at¡¡which¡¡they¡¡arrive£»¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡occupy¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡expelled¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
according¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡situation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡shape£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡smallness¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pores¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
they¡¡¡¡meet£»¡¡¡¡some¡¡rather¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡flow¡¡¡¡into¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡parts£»¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡same¡¡
way¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sieves¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡observed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡act£»¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡variously¡¡
perforated£»¡¡serve¡¡to¡¡separate¡¡different¡¡species¡¡of¡¡grain£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡
place£»¡¡what¡¡above¡¡all¡¡is¡¡here¡¡worthy¡¡of¡¡observation£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡generation¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡animal¡¡spirits£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡like¡¡a¡¡very¡¡subtle¡¡wind£»¡¡or¡¡rather¡¡a¡¡very¡¡pure¡¡
and¡¡vivid¡¡flame¡¡which£»¡¡continually¡¡ascending¡¡in¡¡great¡¡abundance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
heart¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brain£»¡¡thence¡¡penetrates¡¡through¡¡the¡¡nerves¡¡into¡¡the¡¡muscles£»¡¡
and¡¡gives¡¡motion¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡members£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡to¡¡account¡¡for¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡blood¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡agitated¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡penetrating£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡fittest¡¡¡¡to¡¡
pose¡¡these¡¡spirits£»¡¡proceeding¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡brain£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡
suppose¡¡any¡¡other¡¡cause£»¡¡than¡¡simply£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡arteries¡¡which¡¡carry¡¡them¡¡
thither¡¡proceed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡direct¡¡lines£»¡¡and¡¡that£»¡¡according¡¡
to¡¡the¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡mechanics¡¡which¡¡are¡¡the¡¡same¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡when¡¡
many¡¡objects¡¡tend¡¡at¡¡once¡¡to¡¡the¡¡same¡¡point¡¡where¡¡there¡¡is¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡
room¡¡for¡¡all¡¡£¨as¡¡is¡¡the¡¡case¡¡with¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡which¡¡flow¡¡forth¡¡
from¡¡the¡¡left¡¡cavity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡and¡¡tend¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡brain£©£»¡¡the¡¡weaker¡¡
and¡¡less¡¡agitated¡¡parts¡¡must¡¡necessarily¡¡be¡¡driven¡¡aside¡¡from¡¡that¡¡point¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡stronger¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡alone¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡reach¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡expounded¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡
matters¡¡with¡¡sufficient¡¡minuteness¡¡in¡¡the¡¡treatise¡¡which¡¡I¡¡formerly¡¡thought¡¡
of¡¡publishing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡after¡¡these£»¡¡I¡¡had¡¡shown¡¡what¡¡must¡¡be¡¡the¡¡fabric¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡nerves¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡muscles¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡body¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡animal¡¡¡¡¡¡spirits¡¡
contained¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡move¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡members£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡heads¡¡
shortly¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡struck¡¡¡¡¡¡off¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡move¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡bite¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡earth£»¡¡
although¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡animated£»¡¡what¡¡changes¡¡must¡¡take¡¡place¡¡in¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡to¡¡
produce¡¡waking£»¡¡sleep£»¡¡and¡¡dreams£»¡¡how¡¡light£»¡¡sounds£»¡¡odors£»¡¡tastes£»¡¡heat£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡41¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡42¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DISCOURSE¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡RIGHTLY¡¡CONDUCTING¡¡THE¡¡REASON£»¡¡AND¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEEKING¡¡TRUTH¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡SCIENCES¡¡
and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡external¡¡objects¡¡impress¡¡it¡¡with¡¡different¡¡ideas¡¡
by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡senses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hunger£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thirst£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡internal¡¡
affections¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡likewise¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impress¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡divers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas£»¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
understood¡¡by¡¡the¡¡mon¡¡sense¡¡£¨sensus¡¡munis£©¡¡in¡¡which¡¡these¡¡ideas¡¡
are¡¡received£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡memory¡¡which¡¡retains¡¡them£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fantasy¡¡which¡¡can¡¡
change¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡ways£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡pose¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡means£»¡¡¡¡¡¡distributing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡animal¡¡¡¡¡¡spirits¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
muscles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡cause¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡body¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡move¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡
different¡¡ways£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡suited£»¡¡whether¡¡to¡¡the¡¡objects¡¡that¡¡are¡¡
presented¡¡to¡¡its¡¡senses¡¡or¡¡to¡¡its¡¡internal¡¡affections£»¡¡as¡¡can¡¡take¡¡place¡¡in¡¡our¡¡
own¡¡case¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡the¡¡guidance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nor¡¡will¡¡this¡¡appear¡¡at¡¡all¡¡
strange¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡acquainted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡variety¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡movements¡¡
performed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡automata£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡moving¡¡¡¡¡¡machines¡¡¡¡¡¡fabricated¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡
human¡¡industry£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡with¡¡help¡¡of¡¡but¡¡few¡¡pieces¡¡pared¡¡with¡¡the¡¡
great¡¡multitude¡¡of¡¡bones£»¡¡muscles£»¡¡nerves£»¡¡arteries£»¡¡veins£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡
that¡¡are¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡body¡¡of¡¡each¡¡animal¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡persons¡¡will¡¡look¡¡upon¡¡
this¡¡body¡¡as¡¡a¡¡machine¡¡made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡inparably¡¡
better¡¡arranged£»¡¡and¡¡adequate¡¡to¡¡movements¡¡more¡¡admirable¡¡than¡¡is¡¡any¡¡
machine¡¡of¡¡human¡¡invention¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡here¡¡I¡¡specially¡¡stayed¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that£»¡¡
were¡¡there¡¡such¡¡machines¡¡exactly¡¡resembling¡¡organs¡¡and¡¡outward¡¡form¡¡an¡¡
ape¡¡or¡¡any¡¡other¡¡irrational¡¡animal£»¡¡we¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡no¡¡means¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡
that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡in¡¡any¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡a¡¡different¡¡nature¡¡from¡¡these¡¡animals£»¡¡but¡¡
if¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡machines¡¡¡¡¡¡bearing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡image¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡bodies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡capable¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
imitating¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡actions¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡morally¡¡¡¡¡¡possible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡
remain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tests¡¡¡¡whereby¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡
therefore¡¡really¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡these¡¡the¡¡first¡¡is¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡never¡¡use¡¡words¡¡
or¡¡other¡¡signs¡¡arranged¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡is¡¡petent¡¡to¡¡us¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡
declare¡¡our¡¡thoughts¡¡to¡¡others£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡we¡¡may¡¡easily¡¡conceive¡¡a¡¡machine¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡constructed¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡emits¡¡¡¡¡¡vocables£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡emits¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡
correspondent¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡external¡¡¡¡¡¡objects¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡cause¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
change¡¡in¡¡its¡¡organs£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡if¡¡touched¡¡in¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡place¡¡it¡¡may¡¡
demand¡¡what¡¡we¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡say¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡if¡¡in¡¡another¡¡it¡¡may¡¡cry¡¡out¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡hurt£»¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡like£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡arrange¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡variously¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
appositely¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡reply¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡its¡¡presence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lowest¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡42¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡43¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DISCOURSE¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡RIGHTLY¡¡CONDUCTING¡¡THE¡¡REASON£»¡¡AND¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEEKING¡¡TRUTH¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡SCIENCES¡¡
grade¡¡of¡¡intellect¡¡can¡¡do¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡second¡¡test¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡although¡¡such¡¡machines¡¡
might¡¡execute¡¡many¡¡things¡¡with¡¡equal¡¡or¡¡perhaps¡¡greater¡¡perfection¡¡than¡¡
any¡¡of¡¡us£»¡¡they¡¡would£»¡¡without¡¡doubt£»¡¡fail¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡others¡¡from¡¡which¡¡it¡¡
could¡¡be¡¡discovered¡¡that¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡act¡¡from¡¡knowledge£»¡¡but¡¡solely¡¡from¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disposition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡organs£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡universal¡¡
instrument¡¡that¡¡is¡¡alike¡¡available¡¡on¡¡every¡¡occasion£»¡¡these¡¡organs£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
contrary£»¡¡need¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡arrangement¡¡for¡¡each¡¡particular¡¡action£»¡¡whence¡¡
it¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡morally¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡exist¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡machine¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
diversity¡¡of¡¡organs¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡enable¡¡it¡¡to¡¡act¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡occurrences¡¡of¡¡
life£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way¡¡in¡¡which¡¡our¡¡reason¡¡enables¡¡us¡¡to¡¡act¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Again£»¡¡by¡¡means¡¡
of¡¡these¡¡two¡¡tests¡¡we¡¡may¡¡likewise¡¡know¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡men¡¡and¡¡
brutes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡highly¡¡deserving¡¡of¡¡remark£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡men¡¡so¡¡dull¡¡
and¡¡stupid£»¡¡not¡¡even¡¡idiots£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡incapable¡¡of¡¡joining¡¡together¡¡different¡¡
words£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡thereby¡¡¡¡¡¡constructing¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡declaration¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
thoughts¡¡understood£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡other¡¡animal£»¡¡
however¡¡¡¡¡¡perfect¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡happily¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstanced£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nor¡¡
does¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡inability¡¡¡¡¡¡arise¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡want¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡organs£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡observe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
magpies¡¡and¡¡parrots¡¡can¡¡utter¡¡words¡¡like¡¡ourselves£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡yet¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡
speak¡¡as¡¡we¡¡do£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡they¡¡understand¡¡what¡¡they¡¡say£»¡¡
in¡¡place¡¡of¡¡which¡¡men¡¡born¡¡deaf¡¡and¡¡dumb£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡not¡¡less£»¡¡but¡¡rather¡¡
more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡brutes£»¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡the¡¡organs¡¡which¡¡others¡¡use¡¡in¡¡speaking£»¡¡
are¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡habit¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡spontaneously¡¡¡¡¡¡inventing¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡signs¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
discover¡¡their¡¡thoughts¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who£»¡¡being¡¡usually¡¡in¡¡their¡¡pany£»¡¡have¡¡
leisure¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡learn¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡language¡£¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡proves¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡brutes¡¡
have¡¡less¡¡reason¡¡than¡¡man£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡they¡¡have¡¡none¡¡at¡¡all£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡we¡¡see¡¡that¡¡
very¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡required¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡enable¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡person¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡speak£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡
inequality¡¡of¡¡capacity¡¡is¡¡observable¡¡among¡¡animals¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡species£»¡¡as¡¡
well¡¡as¡¡among¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡since¡¡some¡¡are¡¡more¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡instructed¡¡
than¡¡others£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡incredible¡¡that¡¡the¡¡most¡¡perfect¡¡ape¡¡or¡¡parrot¡¡of¡¡its¡¡species£»¡¡
should¡¡not¡¡in¡¡this¡¡be¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡most¡¡stupid¡¡infant¡¡of¡¡its¡¡kind¡¡or¡¡at¡¡least¡¡to¡¡
one¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡crack¡brained£»¡¡¡¡¡¡unless¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡soul¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡brutes¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡
wholly¡¡different¡¡from¡¡ours¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡we¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡confound¡¡speech¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡natural¡¡movements¡¡which¡¡indicate¡¡the¡¡passions£»¡¡and¡¡can¡¡be¡¡imitated¡¡by¡¡
machines¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡manifested¡¡by¡¡animals£»¡¡nor¡¡must¡¡it¡¡be¡¡thought¡¡with¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡43¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡44¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡DISCOURSE¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡METHOD¡¡OF¡¡RIGHTLY¡¡CONDUCTING¡¡THE¡¡REASON£»¡¡AND¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SEEKING¡¡TRUTH¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡SCIENCES¡¡
certain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ancients£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡brutes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡speak£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡although¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡
understand¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡language¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡case£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
endowed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡organs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡analogous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡ours£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡easily¡¡
municate¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡thoughts¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡fellows¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡
worthy¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡remark£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡animals¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡manifest¡¡
more¡¡industry¡¡than¡¡we¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡of¡¡their¡¡actions£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡animals¡¡are¡¡yet¡¡
observed¡¡to¡¡show¡¡none¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡all¡¡in¡¡many¡¡¡¡others£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstance¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡does¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡prove¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡endowed¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡
mind£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡would¡¡thence¡¡follow¡¡that¡¡they¡¡possessed¡¡greater¡¡reason¡¡than¡¡
any¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡us£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡surpass¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡things£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡contrary£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡
proves¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡reason£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡nature¡¡which¡¡acts¡¡in¡¡
them¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡disposition¡¡of¡¡their¡¡organs£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thus¡¡it¡¡is¡¡seen£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡
clock¡¡¡¡¡¡posed¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡wheels¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡weights¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hours¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
measure¡¡time¡¡more¡¡exactly¡¡than¡¡we¡¡with¡¡all¡¡our¡¡skin¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡had¡¡after¡¡this¡¡described¡¡the¡¡reasonable¡¡soul£»¡¡and¡¡shown¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡
by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡be¡¡educed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡matter£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡other¡¡things¡¡of¡¡
which¡¡I¡¡had¡¡spoken£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡expressly¡¡created£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡
sufficient¡¡that¡¡it¡¡be¡¡lodged¡¡in¡¡the¡¡human¡¡body¡¡exactly¡¡like¡¡a¡¡pilot¡¡in¡¡a¡¡ship£»¡¡
unless¡¡perhaps¡¡to¡¡move¡¡its¡¡members£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
joined¡¡and¡¡united¡¡more¡¡closely¡¡to¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡have¡¡sensations¡¡and¡¡
appetites¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡ours£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡constitute¡¡a¡¡real¡¡man¡£¡¡I¡¡here¡¡entered£»¡¡in¡¡
conclusion£»¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soul¡¡at¡¡considerable¡¡length£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡
is¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡moment£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡error¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡deny¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
existence¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡an¡¡error¡¡which¡¡I¡¡think¡¡I¡¡have¡¡already¡¡sufficiently¡¡refuted£»¡¡
there¡¡is¡¡none¡¡that¡¡is¡¡more¡¡powerful¡¡in¡¡leading¡¡feeble¡¡minds¡¡astray¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
straight¡¡path¡¡of¡¡virtue¡¡than¡¡the¡¡supposition¡¡that¡¡the¡¡soul¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brutes¡¡is¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡own£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡consequently¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡